Modern Pharmaceutical Market Research Articles

Economic perspectives in pharmaceuticals: market dynamics and pricing of medications

Background: Analysing the modern pharmaceutical market is crucial for making management decisions, forming strategies, and ensuring competitiveness in this sector. Aim: Determination of the impact of various economic factors of the pharmaceutical industry on market conditions and development of economically justified areas of cost formation in the pharmaceutical market. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of scientific publications in the search databases Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, and Google Scholar was conducted. Statistical research methods used are observation, index and regression analysis. The methods of benchmarking analysis and interpretation were applied. Results: A detailed examination of published works by scientists and doctors has highlighted critical problems in forming the cost of medicinal products in the pharmaceutical market. The use of medicines worldwide and in individual countries has been considered, and a trend of increasing revenue in the global pharmaceutical market has been identified. The main approaches to forming pricing models in the pharmaceutical industry have been summarised. The peculiarities of the formation of EU legislation on the registration, production, sale, and quality control of medicinal products have been highlighted. The characteristics of the functioning of reimbursement programmes in certain countries worldwide have been described. A benchmarking analysis of the pharmaceutical market economy in Ukraine and the European Union has been conducted. Conclusions: The main directions for improving pricing policy in the modern pharmaceutical market have been outlined. It has been established that the main directions for forming the cost of medicinal products are expenses on research and development, costs of goods sold and patent expenses, marketing and advertising, regulatory and permitting procedures, and market competition.

Marketing research of the ukrainian pharmaceutical market of medicines for cognitive impairment

The war in Ukraine causes people constant nervous tension and stress, as a result, there is an increase in the number of cases of diseases of the nervous system. It has been established that worsening of cognitive impairment is more often diagnosed, so there is a need for proper rational pharmacotherapy. The presence of cognitive impairment occurs in almost 30% of patients with post-COVID syndrome and in 70% of patients in the first 6 months after a stroke. Nootropic drugs are increasingly being used to restore and improve cognitive function. The aim of our research was to study the range of drugs of the ATC group N06B X «Various psychostimulants and nootropics», which are presented on the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine as of February 2024 for formation of needed offers of domestic and foreign drugs during wartime, optimization of meeting the needs of patients with cognitive impairment, and relevance of drugs development by domestic manufacturers. In order to conduct marketing research, an analytical review of information sources on the reference group of drugs registered on the Ukrainian market (psychostimulants and nootropics) was used: The State Register of Drugs, the Compendium, instructions for the use of drugs. The methods of our research were information search, generalization, marketing research, graphical and mathematical and statistical methods. The results of the analysis of the ATC of group N06B X «Various psychostimulants and nootropics» showed that 17 active pharmaceutical ingredients are registered in the modern pharmaceutical market of Ukraine, which are represented by 156 trade names (TN). We conducted a study of the range of drugs ATC of the N06B X group «Various psychostimulants and nootropics» depending on the country of manufacture. It has been established that the drugs of this group are represented by 12 countries. Analysis of the nomenclature in the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine showed that 95 TN are produced by 24 Ukrainian manufacturers, 61 TN – by 20 foreign manufacturers. It was found that pramiracetam and phenylpiracetam preparations are represented only by foreign manufacturers, which indicates the need to introduce to the market new drugs of domestic production. In the studied assortment of drugs of the reference group, 90% of the total number are monocomponent drugs. The most common forms of drugs in this group are solutions for injection (40%) and tablets (35). The largest share of such dosage forms as solutions for injection and tablets is represented by cytocoline and piracetam preparations, which indicates a high need for such dosage forms of this group of drugs in the treatment of cognitive impairment. The results of the study may be relevant in the formation of the necessary assortment of drugs in pharmacies to meet the needs of patients with cognitive impairments.

Competition protection and social orientation in the pharmaceutical market: Regional aspects

In the article the processes connected with the development of the domestic pharmaceutical market and the formation of biopharmaceutical and medical clusters, as well as the nuclear educational cluster in the Kaluga Oblast are studied. The results of the conducted scientific work allowed to formulate a number of features characterizing the modern pharmaceutical market: positive dynamics of development, state support of the competitive environment, reliance on innovative projection of digital technologies and the triple helix model, clearly expressed social function of providing the population with medicines. Proven long-term development prospects and effective results of the implementation of cluster policy, carried out within the framework of domestic and international trends, leading countries and companies of the world, integrating technological innovation (bioengineering, biotechnology, biomedicine). In recent years, the provisions of the Strategy for the Development of the Pharmaceutical Industry of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030 have been actively implemented. Kaluga Oblast is purposefully improving its activities on the formation of modern cluster policy, the priority direction of which is the development of the cluster of innovative pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, bioengineering and biotechnology. The creative orientation of nuclear and radiological scientists in their scientific research was not limited to narrow specialization, but made a breakthrough in pharmacology, medicine and biology. And innovative knowledge is brought to the stage of commercialization, objectively giving a new projection to the conditions of formation of the pharmaceutical market, which acquires features of constructive competition, creating socially oriented mechanisms of cost management, which leads to lower prices of medicines.

Possibilities of complex pharmacology protection of neurons and vessels of the brain in conditions of polymorbidity

Cerebrovascular pathology is currently one of the leading medical and social problems of our time, and the vast majority of vascular diseases of the brain belong to chronic disorders of cerebral blood circulation – cerebral atherosclerosis, stratification and aneurysms of cerebral arteries, progressive vascular leukoencephalopathy, hypertensive encephalopathy, non-purulent thrombosis of cerebral veins or venous sinuses, etc. The main link in the pathogenesis of these diseases is chronic ischemia of the brain. The prerequisite for safe pharmacotherapy of these conditions is the use of drugs containing biologically active substances of natural origin. It is advisable to use combined medicines as much as possible, which significantly reduces the main risks of polypharmacy, simplifies therapy regimens, increases compliance and significantly increases the economic availability of treatment. Combined means are the most successful and convenient. The modern pharmaceutical market of Ukraine offers a fairly small number of combined medicines, among which Vazavital Neuro and Graciven deserve special attention, the combined use of which is the most appropriate

An investigation on availability and efficacy of anti-anemic drugs for pigs in the Ukrainian pharmaceuticals

Antianemic drugs are used to prevent anemia, majorly iron deficiency anemia. Drugs with such pharmacological action are especially relevant for piglets, as animals of this species at this age are particularly sensitive to iron deficiency. The present investigation aimed at studying the pharmaceutical market of antianemic drugs registered in Ukraine during 2017-2022. It should be noted that if the drug is registered, it has been checked for safety according to the food industry standards of Ukraine. In 2017, the national market of veterinary iron-containing drugs was represented by 13 drugs from the group QB03A “Antianemic drugs. Drugs of iron”, according to the АТС-vet classification. The range of these drugs by 38 % was provided by pharmaceutical products of Ukrainian manufacturers: "O.L.KAR-AgroZooVet-Service", "Pharmaton", "Brovapharma", "Experimental production of the Institute of Epizootology", "Biopharm", and "Vetsintez". Imported products (62 %) were represented by Pharmacosmos, Merial, Koofavet , "Vugen B&G" , "Biovet Pulawy", "Interchem Verken De Adelaar", and "Bioveta". In general, the modern pharmaceutical market of veterinary drugs in Ukraine during 2017–2022 was sufficiently provided with antianemic drugs for pigs and mostly imported drugs. The percentage of antianemic drugs of Ukrainian production prevailed in 2020, however the imported drugs of this pharmacological group's was higher in 2022. It can be concluded that the drugs of non-Ukrainian production predominated among antianemic drugs in Ukraine during 2017-2022. Based on the obtained results, we can state that in Ukraine there is a need for the development and/or production of domestic anti-anemic drugs. They must be effective and ensure a reduction in the dependence of the national pharmaceutical market of drugs of this group on foreign manufacturers.

Theoretical study of types of purchases and sales promotion in pharmacy

Domestic scientists made a significant contribution to the research of pharmacy sales marketing, means of sales promotion and the proper principles of the organization of pharmaceutical service to the population.
 But the modern pharmaceutical market is developing, and this requires research and generalization of methods of ethical stimulation of purchases by customers of pharmacies.
 Sales promotion is fundamentally different from advertising. Advertising only describes the advantages of the product and thereby psychologically increases the buyer’s confidence in the profitability of the purchase, and stimulation always offers the buyer something tangible in return if he decides to buy.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫХ ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ НОРМ НА УПРАВЛЕНИЕ АССОРТИМЕНТНОЙ ПОЛИТИКОЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ ОПТОВОЙ ТОРГОВЛИ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫМИ СРЕДСТВАМИ

Introduction. Continuous analysis of regulatory norms and their implementation is a significant factor that affects the efficiency of the wholesale segment of the pharmaceutical market in the dynamically evolving legal field. Aim. Summarize and analyze state institutional norms that affect the processes of managing the assortment policy of drug wholesalers in the modern pharmaceutical market. Material and Methods. The object of the study was the regulatory legal acts that influence the formation and management of the assortment policy in the wholesale segment of the pharmaceutical market. In the course of the work, methods of documentary observation and comparison, content analysis of legislative acts and regulatory legal documents were used. Results and discussion. It was revealed that the formation of the medicinal assortment is significantly influenced by institutional norms that determine the procedure for the circulation of medicines (state regulation of maximum selling prices, preferential provision of medicines for decreed groups of citizens, and others). It has been established that institutional norms, on the one hand, provide a guaranteed demand for pharmaceutical products of a reduced range, and on the other hand, limit profits due to state regulation of selling prices. However, the share of goods of this assortment does not exceed 15-20% in terms of the number of inventory units and 25% in terms of wholesale sales, which allows us to provide a stable, complete assortment with a high turnover and profitable commercial activity. Conclusion. Thus, state institutional norms have a significant impact on the formation of the product range of Russian pharmaceutical distributors, but this does not undermine the profitability of their economic activities and ensures the social responsibility of the business.

PHARMACEUTICAL DEVELOPMENT FOR PHLEBOPROTECTIVE AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY GELS: ANALYTICAL SUPPORT OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS

External soft dosage forms with a penetrating effect of different efficacy have proved promising in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Moreover, there are few such medicines on the modern pharmaceutical market, and replenishment of their assortment is relevant. Objective. The purpose of these studies is to develop external soft dosage forms for various purposes using penetrators, their technological features and analysis. Material and methods. The work used: purified micronized flavonoid fraction (diosmin+flavonoids in terms of hesperidin), which has a phleboprotec-tive effect; Tizol – aquacomplex of titanium glycerosolvate is a metal complex compound with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial action; L-arginine is an essential amino acid, a nitrogen donor; auxiliary substances: Polyethylene Oxide 400, Polyethylene Oxide 1500, Propylene Glycol-1,2. The studies were carried out using spectrophotometric determination, biopharmaceutical determination of a penetrator in a dental gel. Results. Optimal compositions of ointment and gel were developed, a general technological scheme of production was designed. Based on the analy-sis of the technological scheme, we recorded the critical stages of the process common to both objects. As for the methods for the quantitative anal-ysis of ointment with a flavonoid complex, they are validated. Studies on the microbiological purity of dental gel allowed us to make an unambiguous conclusion about the sterility of the gel. This, in turn, ensures the effectiveness of therapy with such a drug, due to the absence of side microbiological contamination during use, as well as the absence of the risk of concomitant diseases. Conclusion. As a result of the conducted research, compositions of external soft dosage forms of phleboprotective and dental profile containing pene-trating components were developed.

Метод аналізу ієрархій як механізм вибору стратегії розвитку фармацевтичного підприємства

The aim of the publication is to develop a method of hierarchy analysis for choosing the optimal market strategy for the development of a pharmaceutical enterprise. The article substantiates the need for continuous improvement of the decision support system of a pharmaceutical enterprise, which operates in conditions of constant changes in the external environment, to ensure the processes of continuous and stable growth of the enterprise. The main components of the external destabilizing factors of the modern pharmaceutical market, which require the introduction of special mechanisms for ensuring the continuity of the process of managerial changes for the contemporary domestic pharmaceutical enterprises, have been allocated. It is determined that one of the effective mechanisms for choosing the optimal market strategy for the development of a pharmaceutical enterprise is the method of analytical hierarchy as one that is simple in terms of mathematical tools and at the same time gives consistency to the conclusions obtained. The key strategies for the development of a pharmaceutical enterprise include: expanding the range of export-oriented pharmaceutical products; expanding the range of generic pharmaceutical products for sale in the domestic market; building own network of pharmacies for the retail sale of pharmaceuticals both of own production and of other manufacturers. The main indicators of efficiency of the pharmaceutical enterprise in the modern market environment are defined as follows: increase in marginal income; stability of functioning and strengthening of competitiveness; share of the additional sales market. The practical implementation of the method of analytical hierarchy for choosing the optimal market strategy for development is carried out on the example of PJSC «Fitofarm» as a pharmaceutical production and trade enterprise, which occupies a leading position in the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine and needs to maintain and improve it, taking into consideration the influence of modern challenges

Features of the economic condition of the pharmaceutical market

Today, the pharmaceutical industry has become an integral part of the health care system. The pharmaceutical industry has been identified as one of the largest and fastest growing industries. This is the main source of job creation and foreign exchange earnings for the country. It was determined that the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market under the influence of state policy contributes to the provision of affordable medicines to consumers, and also ensures fierce competition in the field of production, distribution and consumption between domestic and foreign manufacturers of pharmaceutical products. The conjuncture of the modern pharmaceutical market of Ukraine contributes to the growth of production volumes, the saturation of products among domestic and foreign enterprises, the dynamism of their registration activity, a free increase in the price of pharmaceutical products and medical products, and a decrease in the solvency of the population, which causes the predominant use of generics. The total volume of the pharmaceutical market in monetary and physical terms and the structure of sales of pharmaceutical products in terms of price niches were analysed. It has been determined that the growth rate of the pharmaceutical market, as a rule, exceeds the growth rate of GDP, as a result of which the market is the most attractive for entities from other industries to enter it. It was determined that the low purchasing power of the population and the insufficient level of state procurement of pharmaceutical goods affects the change in the structure of export and import operations in the industry. The main types of competition in the pharmaceutical market are singled out, taking into account the state of the economic state at the Ukrainian market of pharmaceutical products and statistics of its development. The problems faced by the pharmaceutical market and which ultimately affected the pharmaceutical market are outlined. Keywords: pharmaceutical market, pharmaceutical enterprises, pharmaceutical products, economic state.

«Management of a pharmaceutical organization» – practical communicative lectures in English

The conditions of the modern pharmaceutical market determine a number of additional requirements to the list of professional competencies of pharmaceutical employees who must be fluent in key aspects of management, search for new active substances, pharmaceutical development, preclinical and clinical studies, registration, as well as marketing and post-marketing research. Taking into account a rather wide and specific range of tasks of the pharmaceutical industry, today there is an urgent need to improve the training of future international-level pharmaceutical specialists with a focus on a more complete realization of their personal potential. The aim of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed methodology of a new format of training a special discipline in a foreign language at a non-linguistic pharmaceutical university. The paper presents the content and structure of the discipline Management in Pharmacy in a foreign language (English), as well as the features of the students groups formation and approaches to teaching, including the provision of materials in accordance with the level of language proficiency of students. The key points of interaction with residents for more efficient work and increasing their motivation in the educational process have been identified. The methodology for effective training of theoretical material in the discipline Management in Pharmacy was developed on the basis of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education SPCFU of the Ministry of Health of Russia, which combines the simultaneous study of theory and the possibility of practicing a foreign language. This method was called practical communicative lectures. The methodology was tested on university residents in the first term of the 2021-2022 academic year. Evaluation of the results of preliminary and final testing shows that absolutely all the students who took part in the experiment have improved their level of English proficiency. This indicates the high effectiveness of the course and methodology for the practice of a foreign language in terms of listening, speaking and reading of professional literature, as well as reducing the language barrier.

Analysis of pharmaceutical market of dietary supplements with green tea leaves extract

The aim of work is to study the assortment of dietary supplements with green tea leaves extract on the modern pharmaceutical market to further search for ways to improve and optimize pharmaceutical supply. Materials and methods. The assortment of dietary supplements with green tea leaves extract was studied basing on the search of dietary supplements in pharmacies of Ukraine in the internet resources. For study of assortment of dietary supplements, the following methods were used: marketing, statistical, logic and graphic. Results. The assortment of dietary supplements with green tea leaves extract has been analyzed. The results showed that the leaders in the number of manufacturers in the analyzed group of dietary supplements are the United States, Ukraine, and Poland, their part is 61 %, 16 % and 8 %, respectively. In terms of assortment, the United States ranks first – 66 %. Dietary supplements are presented in 6 dosage forms, most of them are capsules (60 %). It was determined that monopreparations predominate in the pharmaceutical market and account for 77 %. The price segmentation of the market of dietary supplements with green tea leaves extract has been provided, the results showed that most of these are dietary supplements in the price range of 200–500 UAH. The study of the company structure made it possible to identify leaders among foreign companies; the top three companies included Now Foods (27 %), Swanson (20 %), Puritan’s Pride (14 %). Conclusions. There are 42 dietary supplements with green tea leaves extract at the beginning of 2022 in Ukraine. On the temporary pharmaceutical market of Ukraine 84 % of dietary supplements with green tea extract are presented by foreign manufacturers, mainly by monopreparations, in the form of capsules and in the price range from 200 to 500 UAH.

Разработка гидрофильного геля на основе сульфатированного арабиногалактана

Introduction. The modern pharmaceutical market offers a very limited range of medicines for the prevention and treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. The original pharmacologically active compound based on the potassium salt of the sulfated derivative of arabinogalactan (Agsular®) is an analog of heparin. Aim. Development of a hydrophilic gel based on Agsular®. Materials and methods. Model compositions were prepared according to traditional methods of gels preparation. The physical and chemical properties of the obtained samples were evaluated by methods of potentiometry, dynamic rheology and dynamic light scattering. The microbiological purity of the gels during storage was also evaluated. Results. The optimal composition of the hydrophilic gel containing Agsular® (1.5%) as the active substance is substantiated. This is a water-aerosil-glycerol-containing composition (the mixture ratio being 1:2:13 respectively). Studies of pH, dynamic viscosity and zeta potential confirm the stability of this gel. The introduction of a preservative (Nipagin 0.1%) ensures the microbiological purity of the gel during storage. Conclusion. The developed hydrophilic gel is a promising mean of prevention and treatment of chronic venous insufficiency.

Understanding molecular mechanisms of biologics drug delivery and stability from NMR spectroscopy.

Protein therapeutics carry inherent limitations of membrane impermeability and structural instability, despite their predominant role in the modern pharmaceutical market. Effective formulations are needed to overcome physiological and physicochemical barriers, respectively, for improving bioavailability and stability. Knowledge of membrane affinity, cellular internalization, encapsulation, and release of drug-loaded carrier vehicles uncover the structural basis for designing and optimizing biopharmaceuticals with enhanced delivery efficiency and therapeutic efficacy. Understanding stabilizing and destabilizing interactions between protein drugs and formulation excipients provide fundamental mechanisms for ensuring the stability and quality of biological products. This article reviews the molecular studies of biologics using solution and solid-state NMR spectroscopy on structural attributes pivotal to drug delivery and stability. In-depth investigation of the structure-function relationship of drug delivery systems based on cell-penetrating peptides, lipid nanoparticles and polymeric colloidal, and biophysical and biochemical stability of peptide, protein, monoclonal antibody, and vaccine, as the integrative efforts on drug product design, will be elaborated.

EXPERIENCE IN DEVELOPING A WORKING PROGRAM AND APPROBATION OF THE DISCIPLINE "BASIS OF PHARMACEUTICAL ETHICS AND DEONTOLOGY"

The article discusses the experience of creating the work programs for the disciplines "Bioethics with the basics of deontology" and "Basics of pharmaceutical ethics and deontology" at the Department of organization, economics and history of pharmacy. The relevance of addressing this topic is that in the educational process of training a pharmacist there are no disciplines that give a first-year student an idea of what he will do in his future professional life, what tasks await him, what bioethical problems he will solve in his professional life. When developing of approaches to the creation of educational and methodological complexes, the main tasks of the discipline were formulated: consideration of the main stages of the formation and development of pharmaceutical ethics as an independent discipline; analysis of the main directions of pharmaceutical ethics with the studying of practical issues of the main problematics; developing ideas about the meaning of the activities of a pharmaceutical specialist in the modern pharmaceutical market within the framework of the ethical components of the profession. Approaches are described to the development of modules of the work program, of the choice of topics for classes and of the filling of the block "Students' independent work". A list of students' practical skills is offered: annotation and abstracting, compilation of grouping tables; application of methods of analysis in the study of ethical and deontological problems; conducting discussions
 and polemics; solving of situational problems in professional pharmaceutical activity from the standpoint of pharmaceutical ethics and deontology. It is concluded that it is possible to use the experience of the Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy in the development of work programs for the discipline "Basics of Pharmaceutical Ethics and Deontology" by other universities.

Проблемы и тенденции развития современного фармацевтического рынка

Проблемы и тенденции развития современного фармацевтического рынка

Research of the range of medication for pulmonary hypertension pharmacotherapy in adults in the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a group of rare diseases, malignant in nature, without optimal treatment quickly lead to death. Such patients usually require expensive, continuous and lifelong treatment. Therefore, the study of the assortment structure of drugs used for the treatment of drugs in adults in the domestic market of medicines (drugs) is very relevant.
 The aim of the study was to analyze the range of drugs for the pharmacotherapy of drugs in the modern pharmaceutical market of Ukraine. The object of the study was information on drugs registered in Ukraine, which are included in the protocol of treatment of patients with PH. In the process of research, system-review, graphic, documentary and marketing research methods were used. The result of the study showed that in the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine there are no drugs based on INN Epoprostenolum, Treprostinil, Beraprostum, Selexipagum, Macitentan, Tadalafilum, Vardenafilum, recommended by the Adapted clinical guidelines for the treatment of adult patients with PH and Unified clinical protocol of emergency, primary, secondary (specialized) and tertiary (hypersensitivity) medical care «Pulmonary hypertension in adults». Simultaneously INN Rivaroxabanum, Apixabanum, Dabigatranum etaxilatum, Iloprostum, Torasemide, Bosentanum, Ambrisentanum, Riociguat are included in the Unified clinical protocol of emergency, primary, secondary (specialized) and tertiary (hypersensitivity) medical care «Pulmonary hypertension in adults» and tertiary (hypersensitivity) Ukraine, however, are not included in the National List of Essential Medicines, which legally limits the possibility of their purchase by health care institutions for budget funds, but only centrally by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. The structure of drugs for the treatment of PH in adults according to the ATX classification indicates that the largest share have groups С03С – Diuretics – 36.47%, С08С – Selective calcium antagonists with a predominant effect on blood vessels – 32.94%.
 The import dependence of the pharmaceutical market of medication for PH treatment is relatively high and constitutes about 60% of the number of trade names of medication for PH pharmacotherapy that needs research in the directions of its expansion through import substitution and legislative settlement of questions of improving the accessibility of this medication group.

Development of soft dosage forms of pyrimidine derivatives based on carbopols

In the process of improving the technology for obtaining and expanding the range of dosage forms of known pharmaceutical substances, an important aspect is to reduce side effects and ensure ease of use. At the same time, medicines should provide the most important properties of pharmaceutical substances, namely, their most rapid and complete release from the base of the dosage form and penetration into the target organ, which should serve as factors in justifying formulations and technologies of effective and safe medicines [3, 4]. Due to the lesser manifestation of side effects and ease of use, soft dosage forms (gels, ointments) are among the most demanded dosage forms on the modern pharmaceutical market. The trend towards replacing hydrophobic bases in soft dosage forms with hydrophilic ones has been traced in pharmacy for quite a long time, since gels provide higher efficiency in application due to better penetration of pharmaceutical substances through the skin barrier relative to hydrophobic ointments. The presence of a polymer-gelling agent in gels determines not only the rheological properties of medicines, but also allows a highly dispersed solid phase of a pharmaceutical substance to be included in the network structure of a polymer and to maintain the dispersion of a pharmaceutical substance poorly soluble in water during storage. Methyluracil, also known as dioxomethyltetrahydropyrimidine, is a derivative of pyrimidine, a structural element of nucleic acids and is used in the treatment of diseases of various etiologies, mainly to improve the course of regeneration in damaged tissues. A significant disadvantage of methyluracil is its low solubility in water, which significantly affects the degree of release of the pharmaceutical substance from the base of the drug [1]. Due to the lack of methyluracil gels on the pharmaceutical market, their development using acrylic acid derivatives in order to improve the biopharmaceutical properties of a pharmaceutical substance is an important problem in pharmacy.

The development of elective discipline «Leadership in pharmacy» for training master of pharmacy, industrial pharmacy in Ukraine

The conditions of modern pharmaceutical market development require leadership at each level that lets not only respond rapidly and efficiently on the changes of the environment but initiate the necessary changes. Leaders as agents of changes can transform people’s values, to motivate and inspire, to form the vision of development of healthcare system and pharmaceutical sector taking into account the principles of system thinking for the provision of population with available, quality and safe pharmaceutical care and the improvement of their life.
 The aim of the work is the development of an elective discipline «Leadership in Pharmacy» for training Master of Pharmacy, Industrial Pharmacy.
 The literature review based on the data of international and foreign educational standards of higher pharmaceutical education, the current national educational standard, the experience of teaching subjects devoting to leadership in pharmacy both abroad and in Ukraine has been carried out. Such a scientific quantitative method as a survey has been used. 221 students from the School of Pharmacy at Bogomolets National Medical University have taken part in the survey.
 The recommendations of the International Pharmaceutical Federation pay attention to the advisability of forming leadership competencies for pharmaceutical workers. The national standards of higher pharmaceutical education in the USA, Great Britain, Australia, Canada include a specific list of leadership competencies. The domestic standard of higher education for getting a Master’s degree in Pharmacy, Industrial Pharmacy includes certain general competencies based on the leadership. Some leadership skills are listed as special competencies and they are reflected in the discipline «Pharmaceutical Management and Marketing». However, a discipline aimed at the complex and systematic formation of leadership competencies is not presented in the working educational plan for training Masters in the field of knowledge «Healthcare» and specialty «Pharmacy». About 70% of the School of Pharmacy students at Bogomolets National Medical University think that the materials devoted to leadership «worth including» to the educational program and 28% of them notice that «rather worth including». According to the students’ opinions, the most interesting leadership topics are traits of leaders aimed at the success, leadership and team, the formation of leadership strategy – 76%, 72% і 70% respectively. The structure of the elective discipline «Leadership in Pharmacy» with an indication of the aim, list of topics, and the desired educational outcomes (competencies) has been presented.
 The elective discipline «Leadership in Pharmacy» considering the formation of leadership skills at three successive levels, namely individual, team and organization has been developed. This discipline consists of the following modules: «Foundations of Leadership. Personal Leadership», «Leadership and Collaboration», «Leadership and Organizational Change».

Research antianemic action of the iron (IV) clathrochelate complexes on the sickling piglets

A lot of antianemic drugs for animals are presented on the modern pharmaceutical market of veterinary medicine, but they have several drawbacks. So finding new drugs with goal to treat ill animals by anemia and to prevent the iron deficiency anemia is a pressing issue. We previously reported the results of preclinical studies of iron in rare high valence IV. This allowed us to determine, supplement, and generalize the data on clinical studies of the new drugs with the active substance iron (IV) clathrochelate. Therefore, the article presents the results of studies of its antianemic effect on sickling piglets. Experiments were carried out on piglets-analogues neonates, which were divided into three groups: control and two experimental groups. Piglets were kept with sows on suckling. For the purpose of prevention iron deficiency anemia the traditional solution of iron dextran was administered once intramuscularly to piglets of I control group. The aqueous solution of iron (IV) clathrochelate complexes was administered once intramuscularly to piglets of II experimental group. Iron (IV) clathrochelate complexes was dissolved in a solvent of rheopolyglucin and administered once intramuscularly to piglets of III experimental group. 1 mL of test solutions contained 100 mg of active substance. The investigative material were the samples of blood and serum of piglets, their liver and spleen. The experiment lasted during a 30-day period since birth of piglets. According to the results of the experiments, iron (IV) clatrochelate complexes which was dissolved in a water for injection and rheopolyglucin had higher antianemic activity compared to the control. This is evidenced by the dynamics of probable changes in the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin content and hematocrit, Iron content in serum and its mass fraction in the blood, liver and spleen of piglets. The effectiveness of the action of iron (IV) clatrochelate complexes is explained by the full supply of piglets with iron and its higher bioavailability.