Modern Pharmaceutical Industry Research Articles

A Metal-Free Direct Decarboxylative Fluoroacylation of Indole Carboxylic Acids with Fluorinated Acids.

A straightforward preparation of diversified fluorinated indol-3-yl ketones was developed by the direct decarboxylative fluoroacylation of indole carboxylic acids. The reaction could be performed on a gram scale under net conditions. Neither a metal catalyst nor an additive was employed. This methodology featured simple reaction conditions, high efficiency, exclusive selectivity, a broad substrate scope, and easy operation, which allowed it to meet the green chemistry requirement of the modern pharmaceutical industry. Control experiments confirmed that a radical process might be involved in the tandem decarboxylative fluoroacylation sequence.

Study of technological aspects of manufacture of polymer composite material by centrifugal fiber forming method

The object of the study is the technological aspects of manufacturing the hesperidin polymer composite material by the method of centrifugal fiber formation. This method is considered the basis of a relatively new and cost-effective way of producing solid dispersion systems. Using the centrifugal molding method, it is possible to obtain highly soluble forms of active pharmaceutical ingredients in the form of fibers of various sizes using a wide range of polymeric materials with high speed and low cost due to simple equipment. Due to the innovative design of the centrifugal fiber formation method, it was chosen for the development of solid dispersion systems of the bioflavonoid hesperidin, which has a wide range of different pharmacological properties, but low bioavailability. Solid dispersed systems of hesperidin by the method of centrifugal fiber formation were produced on the basis of a pharmaceutically acceptable polymeric carrier of polyvinylpyrrolidone and mannitol. For the obtained solid dispersed systems, such basic pharmaco-technological characteristics as loss in mass during drying, bulk volume, bulk volume after shrinkage, bulk density, bulk density after shrinkage, compressibility index, Gaussner coefficient were determined. Comprehensive tests of the stability of the studied samples of the solid dispersion system of hesperidin were carried out under the conditions of accelerated tests for 6 months. According to the obtained results, it was established that the developed polymer composite material is stable in the studied conditions, and its conditional shelf life is 2 years. A technological scheme for the production of the hesperidin polymer composite material in the form of solid dispersed systems by the method of centrifugal fiber formation has been developed. In particular, the technological process is described step by step and the critical indicators of quality control of the obtained composite material are determined. The proposed technology can be implemented in modern chemical and pharmaceutical industries. This will contribute to the expansion of the market of highly effective socially oriented medicines.

Diversification of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Processes: Taking the Plunge into the Non-PGM Catalyst Pool.

Recent global events have led to the cost of platinum group metals (PGMs) reaching unprecedented heights. Many chemical companies are therefore starting to seriously consider and evaluate if and where they can substitute PGMs for non-PGMs in their catalytic processes. This review covers recent highly relevant applications of non-PGM catalysts in the modern pharmaceutical industry. By highlighting these selected successful examples of non-PGM-catalyzed processes from the literature, we hope to emphasize the enormous potential of non-PGM catalysis and inspire further development within this field to enable this technology to progress toward manufacturing processes. We also present some historical contexts and review the perceived advantages and challenges of implementing non-PGM catalysts in the pharmaceutical manufacturing environment.

Pharmacological and technological studies in the development of tablet composition with acorus calamus leaf extract

The aim: To determine the optimal qualitative and quantitative composition of auxiliary substances for tablets containing dry extract of Acorus calamus leaves and the solid dispersion of quercetin, their relatively therapeutic dose and antiexudative activity. Materials and methods: This study determined a relatively therapeutic dose of dry extract of Acorus calamus leaves, investigated the impact of various auxiliary substances on the properties of tablets formulated with active ingredients - dry extract of Acorus calamus leaves and solid dispersion of quercetin, and assessed antiexudative activity these tablets. The comprehensive analysis entailed the utilization of standardized pharmacopoeial methods to evaluate the quality of the tablet samples. These methods encompassed a range of assessments designed to ensure that the tablets met the requisite pharmacological standards, focusing on key characteristics such as dissolution rate and stability. Determination of the relatively therapeutic dose and antiexudative activity made using standard pharmacological methods in laboratory rats. Results: In-depth exploration during the study led to identifying Ac-Di-Sol and Lubripharm SSF as the most suitable auxiliary substances for the tablet composition. Detailed analysis revealed that Ac-Di-Sol, when utilized at a 10 % concentration, markedly improved the tablets' disintegration rate without adversely affecting their structural integrity. Concurrently, Lubripharm SSF was observed to significantly enhance the tablets' mechanical stability by reducing their friability. Conclusions: As a result of the study, the relatively therapeutic dose of dry extract of Acorus calamus leaves, and the solid dispersion of quercetin, optimal auxiliary substances for the tablet formulation - Ac-Di-Sol and Lubripharm SSF - were established. The conducted research enabled the development of a tablet composition that aligns with the requisite pharmacotechnological specifications and conditions of the modern pharmaceutical industry and demonstrates high antiexudative activity relative to monocomponent substances and famous drugs

产教融合视域下的药物化学课程思政教学改革

本文从产教融合的视角探讨药物化学课程中的思政教学改革。文章首先阐述在产教融合背景下进行课程思政教学的必要性，强调高职院校应将社会主义核心价值观与企业社会责任、职业道德准则等思政元素融入专业课程教学中，培养具备专业知识和技能、良好职业道德和创新能力的高素质人才。文章详细分析药物化学课程思政改革的思路、实施过程和具体方法，结合课程章节内容和实际案例，将疾病背景、药物发现过程、国家政策、典型药物事件等融入教学，引导学生树立正确的世界观、人生观和价值观，培养责任感、团队合作精神和创新意识。最后，文章总结改革实施的效果，强调药物化学课程的思政教学改革有助于培养满足现代医药行业需求的高素质人才。This paper examines the reform of ideological and political education in the pharmaceutical chemistry curriculum from the perspective of industry-education integration. It first outlines the necessity of incorporating ideological and political education in the curriculum within this context, emphasizing that vocational colleges should integrate core socialist values with corporate social responsibility and professional ethics into their specialized courses. This approach aims to cultivate high-quality talents with professional knowledge and skills, strong professional ethics, and innovative abilities. The paper analyzes the strategy, implementation process, and specific methods of ideological and political reforms in pharmaceutical chemistry education. It integrates case studies with curriculum topics to provide practical examples, incorporating disease backgrounds, drug discovery processes, national policies, and significant pharmaceutical events into the lessons. This helps guide students toward developing a correct worldview, life perspective, and values while fostering responsibility, teamwork, and innovation. In conclusion, the paper summarizes the effectiveness of the reforms, emphasizing that such curriculum changes help produce high-quality pharmaceutical professionals to meet the demands of the modern pharmaceutical industry.

Structure characterization and protective effect against UVB irradiation of polysaccharides isolated from the plateau plant Gentiana dahurica Fisch

Gentiana dahurica Fisch. (G. dahurica) is one of the legitimate sources of Qinjiao in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and grows on high-altitude plateaus. Plants develop unique biochemical accumulations to resist plateau conditions, especially the strong UV irradiation. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the polysaccharide of G. dahurica (GDP), its structure and its activity against UVB irradiation. Four GDPs were isolated and two of them were subjected to structural elucidation. The results suggested that GDP-1 has 53.5 % Ara and 30.8 % GalA as its main monosaccharides, with a molecular weight (Mw) of 23 kDa; the GDP-2 has 33.9 % Ara and 48.5 % GalA, with a Mw of 82 kDa. Methylation and NMR spectroscopy analysis revealed that GDP-1 contains →5)-α-Araf-(1 → 5)-α-Araf-(1 → 3,5)-α-Araf-(1 → 3,4)-α-GalpA-(6-OMe)-(1→ as the main chain, the branches of GalA (with esterification), and the terminal Ara; the GDP-2 contains →4)-α-GalpA-(1 → 4)-α-GalpA-(6-OMe)-(1 → 5)-α-Araf-(1 → 3,5)-α-Araf-(1→ as the main chain, the branches of →5)-α-Araf-(1–5)-α-Araf, and the terminal GalA. Both GDP-1 and GDP-2 exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activity against DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radicals. Moreover, GDPs significantly attenuated the decreases in viability and proliferation of HaCaT cells after UVB irradiation. They can scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and improve the activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH). The potential mechanism explored by flow cytometry assays of cell apoptosis and cell cycle distribution suggested that GDPs exert protective effects against UVB irradiation by reducing ROS and attenuating S phase cell arrest. In brief, the GDP-1 and GDP-2 are α-1,3- and α-1,4- arabinogalacturonan, respectively. The high content of Ara could be attributed to biochemical accumulation in resisting to the plateau environment and to prevent UVB irradiation-related damage in cells. These findings provide insight into authentic medicinal herbs and the development of GDPs in the modern pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry.

Technological aspects of developing drugs in the form of transmucosal and dispersible films

The creation of new forms of drugs is one of the most important areas of development of the modern pharmaceutical industry. Orodispersible films have a number of advantages over conventional tablets and injections. Developing and scaling technology is time-consuming, resource-intensive, and expensive. The determination of critical parameters affecting the technology and quality of the finished product minimizes the risks of obtaining negative results during implementation and routine industrial production. The work presents the studies of the influence of excipients in the formulation on the characteristics of the dosage form and the technological process. The approach to development was considered from the standpoint of choosing a qualitative composition of the drug. The experiments were aimed at determining the most suitable viscosity of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), which makes up the matrix of the dosage form; optimal polymer- plasticizer ratios have been established. The studies carried out are basic in the creation of a transmucosal dosage form and orodispersible films and make it possible to optimize the process of developing the dosage form and reduce risks during the transfer of technology to production.

A Brief Dig into the Potent Medicinal Plant Phyllanthus Amarus Schum. and Thonn.

Phyllanthus amarus Schum. and Thonn., a plant of substantial medicinal significance, is known for its usage in the ‘Ayurvedic’ system of medicine for over 2000 years. This herb grows throughout the world including India. P. amarus along with other species of its genus has been a vital part of several herbal formulations available in the Indian market under the trade name Bhuiamlaki. Several pharmacognostic evaluations over the years established the genus Phyllanthus of great commercial value. Ethnopharmacological studies conducted with P. amarus to date have shown its diverse therapeutic usage globally. This owes to the vast array of secondary metabolites present in the herb, substantially in the leaf tissue. Different analytical and phytochemistry studies performed across the globe revealed that P. amarus is a hub of various classes of secondary metabolites viz. lignans like phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenes, sterols, volatile oil, ellagitannins including simple and complex tannins, etc. Different analytical techniques have been employed over the past years for isolating and studying these varied secondary metabolites. Further, bioactivities and pharmacological properties of P. amarus that were mainly due to the presence of these wide arrays of secondary metabolites have also been explored extensively across the globe by several research groups. This plant has also been explored at molecular and transcriptome level, although relatively lesser but its extensive molecular and transcriptome analysis have only been performed from our lab. Thus, P. amarus has considerable potential to be explored in the future as a significant therapeutic source not only in the traditional medicinal system but also in the modern pharmaceutical industry.

Determination of palladium content in catalysts based on different carbon supports by inductively coupled plasma — atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES)

Catalytic processes and technologies are the structure-forming elements of modern chemical, petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries. Prospects of their development are strongly determined by continuous improvement of the existing catalysts and developing the advanced and more efficient ones. Among the available catalysts, an important place belongs to palladium catalysts with carbon supports. Palladium as an active component exhibits unique catalytic properties in various transformations of organic substances: hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, isomerization, dehydrocyclization, carbonylation, oxidation, etc. To control the content of the active component of a catalyst, precise and rapid physicochemical methods are used. ICP-AES shows a good performance in the analytical practice due to the rapidity, sensitivity, high accuracy and selectivity in determining various elements. The aim of the study was to develop a scientifically grounded methodological approach to estimate the palladium content in the catalysts synthesized on different carbon supports made of carbon black and Sibunit, which combines only the acidic decomposition of a sample and analysis by ICP-AES. A series of palladium catalysts synthesized on the carbon supports with different structural and textural characteristics was studied. An urgent goal is to control the content of the active component in the composition of catalysts. This characteristic affects the phase and electronic state of the metal, the structural and textural characteristics and thus determines the activity and selectivity of catalysts during operation. Therefore, quantitative chemical analysis is one of the main methods used to control the quality of catalysts. A method for quantitative determination of palladium concentration, which combines acidic decomposition of a sample and ICP-AES has been developed. The carbon support type was shown to exert no effect on the accuracy and reproducibility of data obtained by the analysis of supported palladium catalysts. The content of palladium in such catalysts can be measured using analytical lines 340.458 and 360.955 nm without lowering the measurement accuracy. The selected conditions of sample preparation make it possible to carry out a quantitative analysis of metal systems based on the carbon support with high accuracy. The relative error in determining the elements did not exceed 4%, the relative standard deviation was no more than 0.04. The results of this work can be used to analyze catalysts of similar chemical composition by ICP-AES.

Medium-chain dicarboxylic acids: chemistry, pharmacological properties, and applications in modern pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries.

Succinic (SUA), glutaric (GLA), pimelic (PA), suberic (SUBA), adipic (ADA), azelaic (AZA), and sebacic acids (SA) make up the majority of medium-chain dicarboxylic acids (MCDAs) with chain lengths of C4-C10, and are widely utilised in the chemical, food, textile, pesticide, pharmaceutical, and liquid crystal sectors. The MCDAs' two carboxyl groups provide them with an incredibly broad variety of applications. The focus of significant scientific research now is on the increasingly varied pharmacological effects of MCDAs. However, only a few studies have compared the biological characteristics of MCDAs in the contemporary pharmaceutical and cosmetic sectors and thoroughly examined the most recent research and marketing initiatives for MCDAs. This review's objective is to offer a thorough analysis of academic works on MCDAs, to assess the usefulness of these substances' chemical-pharmacological properties for use in the contemporary pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, and to investigate the direction of their possible applications in these two disciplines. In addition, this review investigates how these compounds are metabolised in the human body.

Efficient Computational Framework for Target-Specific Active Peptide Discovery: A Case Study on IL-17C Targeting Cyclic Peptides.

The development of potentially active peptides for specific targets is critical for the modern pharmaceutical industry's growth. In this study, we present an efficient computational framework for the discovery of active peptides targeting a specific pharmacological target, which combines a conditional variational autoencoder (CVAE) and a classifier named TCPP based on the Transformer and convolutional neural network. In our example scenario, we constructed an active cyclic peptide library targeting interleukin-17C (IL-17C) through a library-based in vitro selection strategy. The CVAE model is trained on the preprocessed peptide data sets to generate potentially active peptides and the TCPP further screens the generated peptides. Ultimately, six candidate peptides predicted by the model were synthesized and assayed for their activity, and four of them exhibited promising binding affinity to IL-17C. Our study provides a one-stop-shop for target-specific active peptide discovery, which is expected to boost up the process of peptide drug development.

Natural biomass-derived carbon dots as a potent solubilizer with high biocompatibility and enhanced antioxidant activity.

Numerous natural compounds exhibit low bioavailability due to suboptimal water solubility. The solubilization methods of the modern pharmaceutical industry in contemporary pharmaceutical research are restricted by low efficiency, sophisticated technological requirements, and latent adverse effects. There is a pressing need to elucidate and implement a novel solubilizer to ameliorate these challenges. This study identified natural biomass-derived carbon dots as a promising candidate. We report on natural fluorescent carbon dots derived from Aurantia Fructus Immatures (AFI-CDs), which have exhibited a remarkable solubilization effect, augmenting naringin (NA) solubility by a factor of 216.72. Subsequent analyses suggest that the solubilization mechanism is potentially contingent upon the oration of a nanostructured complex (NA-AFI-CDs) between AFI-CDs and NA, mediated by intermolecular non-covalent bonds. Concomitantly, the synthesized NA-AFI-CDs demonstrated high biocompatibility, exceptional stability, and dispersion. In addition, NA-AFI-CDs manifested superior free radical scavenging capacity. This research contributes foundational insights into the solubilization mechanism of naringin-utilizing AFI-CDs and proffers a novel strategy that circumvents the challenges associated with the low aqueous solubility of water-insoluble drugs in the field of modern pharmaceutical science.

Emission characteristics, environmental impacts and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds from the typical chemical industry in China

To study the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission characteristics of industrial enterprises in China, 6 typical chemical industries in Yuncheng City were selected as research objects, including the modern coal chemical industry (MCC), pharmaceutical industry (PM), pesticide industry (PE), coking industry (CO) and organic chemical industry (OC). The chemical composition of 91 VOCs was quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that the emission concentration of VOCs in the chemical industry ranged from 1.16 to 155.59 mg/m3. Alkanes were the main emission components of MCC (62.0%), PE (55.1%), and OC (58.5%). Alkenes (46.5%) were important components of PM, followed by alkanes (23.8%) and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) (21.2%). Halocarbons (8.6%-71.1%), OVOCs (9.7%-37.6%) and alkanes (11.2%-27.0%) were characteristic components of CO. The largest contributor to OFP was alkenes (0.6%-81.7%), followed by alkanes (9.3%-45.9%), and the lowest one was alkyne (0%-0.5%). Aromatics (66.9%-85.4%) were the largest contributing components to SOA generation, followed by alkanes (2.6%-28.5%), and the lowest one was alkenes (0%-4.1%). Ethylene and BTEX were the key active species in various chemical industries. The human health risk assessment showed workers long-term exposed to the air in the chemical industrial zone had a high cancer and non-cancer risk during work, and BTEX and dichloromethane were the largest contributors.

Pr3+ Ion-Substituted Ni-Co Nano-Spinel Ferrites: Their Synthesis, Characterization, and Biocompatibility for Colorectal Cancer and Candidaemia.

Nanotherapeutics have attracted tremendous research interest in the modern pharmaceutical and biomedical industries due to their potential for drug development, targeted delivery, and therapeutic applications. Therefore, the current study underpins the synthesis of praseodymium ion (Pr3+)-substituted Ni0.5Co0.5Fe2O4 nano-spinel ferrites, (Co0.5Ni0.5PrxFe2-xO4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10) NSFs, CoNiPr (x ≤ 0.10) NSFs) via the sonochemical route for its application as a nanotherapeutic treatment option. The synthesized nanomaterial was characterized using various analytical techniques, including scanning/transmission electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD). After substitution with Pr (x = 0.08), the particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential analysis indicated an increase in hydrodynamic diameter, with an average zeta potential value of -10.2 mV. The investigation of CoNiPr (x ≤ 0.10) NSFs on colorectal cancer (HCT-116) cells demonstrated a significant effect on cancer cell viability. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of CoNiPr (x ≤ 0.10) NSFs was between 46 ± 0.91 and 288 ± 8.21 for HCT-116 cells. The effect of CoNiPr (x ≤ 0.10) NSFs on normal human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells showed a reduction in the HEK-293 cell viability; however, the cell viability was better than HCT-116. The NSFs treatment also showed morphological changes in cancer cell nuclei, as revealed by DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), nuclear disintegration, and chromatic fragmentation, which are signs of apoptosis or programmed cell death. To examine the potential antifungal effects of CoNiPr NSFs on Candida albicans, known to cause candidemia among cancer patients, the viability of the cells was assessed post treatment with CoNiPr (x ≤ 0.10) NSFs. The increasing ratio of dopant had a moderate impact on the percentage of cell viability loss of 42, 44, and 43% with x = 0.06, 0.08, and 0.10, respectively. These results reinforce that increased dopant significantly impacts the antifungal properties of the synthesized nanomaterial. These findings support the idea that NSFs might be useful in pharmaceuticals.

Application of Thermodynamic Models to Predict the Solubility of Biologically Active Substances

Introduction. The choice of solvents for the processes of extraction of biologically active substances from natural raw materials, the processes of purification of natural and synthesized substances by extraction, crystallization and dissolution methods is an important problem of the modern pharmaceutical industry, because a large number of experiments must be performed to determine the optimal solvent or mixture of solvents. To reduce the cost of developing and optimizing the extraction and purification of substances stages, it is proposed to use thermodynamic models at the stage of preliminary solubility assessment. The article investigates predicting the solubility of pharmaceutical substances issue on the example of the technology for isolating hesperidin and glycyrrhizic acid from plant materials.Aim. Theoretical determination of the dissolving power of various solvents with respect to hesperidin and glycyrrhizic acid.Materials and methods. The PMUNIFAC and NRTL-SAC thermodynamic models were used to predict solubility. The solubility calculation for the NRTL-SAC model was performed using Aspen Properties V14 software, and for the PMUNIFAC model using PTC Mathcad Prime V6. To evaluate the results obtained using thermodynamic models, a number of experiments were carried out, the object of which was the peel of an orange (dried flavedo and albedo, the degree of grinding is 0.2–0.5 mm, the moisture content is 8 %). The quantitative content of hesperidin was determined by direct spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 290 nm. Statistical data processing was performed using Minitab v20 software (Minitab Inc., USA), differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.Results and discussion. On the basis of thermodynamic models, the prediction of the solubility of hesperidin and glycyrrhizic acid was made. It has been shown that the solubility can be assessed both in the presence of solubility data according to the NRTL-SAC model, and in their complete absence according to PMUNIFAC. The correspondence of the theoretically calculated data to the experimental data confirms the correctness of the calculations of thermodynamic models. The results of the calculations are evaluated and solvents are recommended that can be used in the technology of isolating hesperidin and glycyrrhizic for the stages of degreasing, extraction and crystallization with the antisolvent.Conclusion. Using the NRTL-SAC and PMUNIFAC thermodynamic models, the dissolving power of various solvents with respect to hesperidin and glycyrrhizic acid was determined. From the calculation results, a list of solvents was built, ranked by the solubility of the studied substances in them. The resulting list can be used in the development of an industrial technology for the isolation and purification of hesperidin and glycyrrhizic acid. It is shown that the NRTL-SAC and PMUNIFAC models have good prospects for quantitative prediction of the solubility of active substances.

Enantioselective Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Pyrrolidines Bearing Quaternary Stereogenic Centers.

Molecular complexity plays an increasingly important role in the modern pharmaceutical industry. Setting up multiple stereogenic centers in privileged substructures may give rise to improved or even unprecedented bioactivities; however, this area remains largely unexplored due to the tremendous synthetic challenges. Herein, we report a series of multisubstituted pyrrolidines with four continuous stereogenic centers, including up to two aza-QSCs (quaternary stereogenic centers). Systematic evaluations, including phenotypic screening, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, bioinformatics, and bioactivity analysis, have been performed to screen entities with pharmacological properties of interest. Among them, compound 4m with two QSCs was identified to be a potent antiproliferation agent through disturbing mitosis exit, and the presence of QSCs was found to be crucial for anticancer efficacy. This work illustrates that the introduction of QSCs in privileged scaffolds not only helps to expand the unpatented chemical space but also provides new opportunities for the discovery of novel therapeutic agents.

Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Cyclic Sulfoximines via C-H Bond Activation.

Sulfoximines, a ubiquitous class of structural motifs, are widely present in bioactive molecules and functional materials that have received considerable attention from modern organic chemistry, pharmaceutical industries, and materials science. Sulfoximines have proved to be an effective directing group for C-H functionalization which was widely investigated for the synthesis of cyclic sulfoximines. Within the last decade, great progress has been achieved in the synthesis of cyclic sulfoximines. Thus, this review highlights the recent advances in the synthesis of cyclic sulfoximines via the C-H activation strategy and is classified based on the substrate types.

Features of the modern human resources component of the pharmaceutical industry (based on the materials of a survey of employees of pharmaceutical and biotechnological companies and enterprises in Moscow)

BACKGROUND: The development of the pharmaceutical industry at the present stage determines the high level of need for specialists with specialized education who have additional knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for the implementation of both research and organizational tasks (first of all, registration of medicines) and knowledge in the field of the regulatory field of the industry. At the same time, one of the most pressing problems of pharmaceutical companies is a personnel shortage, the solution of which requires strengthening cooperation between specialized universities and industry enterprises.
 OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to study the trajectories of professional formation and adaptation of specialists of pharmaceutical industry organizations.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The article presents the results of a study carried out by a questionnaire survey (authors questionnaire) conducted among employees of eight pharmaceutical and biotechnological companies and enterprises in Moscow (n=211), which allowed us to determine the features of the formation of personnel and professional development of specialists in the modern pharmaceutical industry.
 RESULTS: Currently, the pharmaceutical industry is experiencing a shortage of personnel with basic pharmaceutical education, which forces enterprises to hire employees with basic chemical, biotechnological or medical education, as well as representatives of related professions who acquire special pharmaceutical knowledge already in the course of their work. In turn, graduates of pharmaceutical faculties are reluctant to join pharmaceutical companies and organizations, because after graduation they do not have the practical skills and competencies necessary to work in them. In the current situation, various forms of professional development, obtaining additional professional, second and higher education are of particular importance, which in most cases is encouraged by employers interested in obtaining qualified personnel.
 CONCLUSION: The dynamics of the development of domestic pharmacy in the near future is expected to determine the transformation of ideas (social portrait) about a specialist in the pharmaceutical industry, which, among other things, will contribute to strengthening the prestige of the profession. At the same time, the processes of digital and technological development of the industry necessitate the continuous updating of educational programs of universities for the training of specialists with pharmaceutical education that meets the challenges of modernity.

Positive and Negative Consequences of the Digital Transformation of the Pharmaceutical Industry

The article is devoted to identifying the positive and negative consequences of the digital transformation of pharmaceutical companies in modern economic conditions. The purpose of the article is to identify the positive and negative consequences of the digital transformation of pharmaceutical companies in order to find ways to overcome the negative consequences. The authors analyzed the main trends in the development of the modern pharmaceutical industry in Russia, identified and systematized the positive and negative consequences of the influence of digitalization processes on it. The research methods include content analysis, statistical data analysis, description, generalization. According to the results of the study, it was revealed that one of the most important positive consequences of the digital transformation of pharmaceutical companies is to increase labor productivity, accelerate operations for the development of medicines and their promotion in the pharmaceutical market, as well as optimize and reduce the costs of pharmaceutical companies for the promotion of medicines in modern conditions. Among the negative consequences of the digital transformation of pharmaceutical companies in modern economic conditions, cybercrime and unemployment as a result of the automation of business processes of pharmaceutical companies, as well as the need to retrain employees as a result of the disappearance of some professions, were highlighted. In order to overcome the identified negative consequences of digital transformation on the pharmaceutical industry in Russia, it is necessary to address issues of strengthening cybersecurity, as well as the issue of retraining of employees and the redistribution of the labor market.

History of pharmacology:2 - The Institute of Pharmacology of the University of Strasbourg: genealogy and biographies.

The Institute of Pharmacology of the University of Strasbourg played an eminent role in the development and international spread of pharmacology between 1872 and 1918. In this article, genealogy and biographies of key players are documented. Unfortunately, lack of data did not permit the complete biographical description of all scientists. Oswald Schmiedeberg played a decisive role in the global establishment of pharmacology, having trained most of the professors of his time. From Strasbourg, pharmacology spread into many countries including Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Norway, the UK, and the USA. The Institute of Pharmacology in Strasbourg played a major role in the establishment of both academic pharmacology and the modern pharmaceutical industry. The Institute of Pharmacology in Strasbourg also mirrors the history of Germany and France and the Nazi period.