Modern Optical Communication Research Articles

Enhanced Optical Bistability of a Metasurface Based on Asymmetrically Optimized Mirror-Induced Magnetic Anapole States

In the field of modern optical computing and communication, optical bistability plays a crucial role. With a weak third-order nonlinear coefficient, low switch thresholds of optical bistability from Si-based nanophotonic structures remain a challenge. In this work, a metasurface consisting of silicon nanostrip arrays placed on the optically thick silver film is proposed. The light–matter interaction is enhanced by mirror-inducing the magnetic anapole states (MASs) and asymmetrically optimizing its silicon nanostrip. Numerical results show that the average enhancement factor (EF) of an electric field can be greatly enhanced to be 1524.8. Moreover, the optical bistability of the proposed metasurface achieves the thresholds of ION-OFF and IOFF-ON of 8.5 MW/cm2 and 7.1 MW/cm2, respectively, which is the lowest threshold when compared to the previous works based on silicon nanostructures. The angular dependance of the bistability performance is also investigated. This work facilitates the proposed hybrid metasurface in the fields of miniaturized all-optical switches and modulators, which are key components in optical computing and communication.

Research on high-speed digital optical signal jitter measurement technology based on clock recovery algorithm using eye diagram opening area

With the rapid development of information technology, high-speed digital optical signal transmission technology has become the core of modern communication networks. However, the increase in transmission rates brings challenges such as noise, distortion, and interference, which affect the accuracy of clock recovery. To address these issues, this study proposes a clock recovery algorithm based on the eye diagram opening area to improve the accuracy and efficiency of high-speed digital optical signal jitter measurement. The proposed method extracts clock information from the signal using the opening area and curvature characteristics of the eye diagram for jitter measurement. Experimental results demonstrate that the clock recovery algorithm based on the eye diagram opening area can stably reconstruct the signal eye diagram and obtain jitter parameters under different optical power conditions. At optical powers of −7.2 dBm, −12.2 dBm, and −17.2 dBm, the Q-factors were 8.8, 7.6, and 4.3, respectively, and the RMS jitter values were 12.2 ps, 13.4 ps, and 21.2 ps, respectively. At optical powers of −2.3 dBm, 0.1 dBm, 2.4 dBm, 4.6 dBm, and 6.0 dBm, the Q-factors were 9.1, 9.3, 9.5, 9.7, and 10.0, respectively, and the average jitter values were 8.9 ps, 8.5 ps, 8.0 ps, 7.5 ps, and 7.0 ps. These results indicate that the proposed algorithm performs excellently under low optical power conditions and maintains high recovery accuracy even when jitter increases at higher optical powers. The clock recovery algorithm based on the eye diagram opening area significantly improves the accuracy and stability of high-speed digital optical signal jitter measurement, enriches the theoretical research of clock recovery algorithms, and shows significant advantages in improving signal transmission quality, reducing bit error rate, and enhancing communication link reliability. The research outcomes provide key technical support for the optimization of modern high-speed optical communication systems.

Thermally reliable compact electro-optic modulators with a low half-wave voltage

Recent advancements in thin-film lithium niobate have led to the development of high-performance integrated electro-optic modulators, which are crucial for modern optical communication systems. These modulators offer tighter mode confinement, a smaller physical footprint, and reduced modulating voltages. This study presents a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) on a silicon nitride-loaded lithium niobate platform using a few-mode waveguide structure. By harnessing the exceptional thermo-optic and electro-optic effects of LiNbO3, we design and simulate this modulator employing multilayer structures with the BeamPROP solver. The modulator has a length of 3.94 mm, a Vπ value of 0.96 V, and a transition temperature (Tg) of 80 °C at 1.55 µm. This proposed modulator exhibits a crosstalk of approximately -42 dB, an extinction ratio of approximately 24 dB, and a maximum transmission of -28 dB for the first-order phase shift. These findings demonstrate the significant potential of this modulator for deployment in high-speed optical communication systems, where maintaining thermal stability and optimizing energy efficiency are paramount.

Reversible Optical Isolators and Quasi-Circulators Using a Magneto-Optical Fabry–Pérot Cavity

Nonreciprocal optical devices are essential for laser protection, modern optical communication and quantum information processing by enforcing one-way light propagation. The conventional Faraday magneto-optical nonreciprocal devices rely on a strong magnetic field, which is provided by a permanent magnet. As a result, the isolation direction of such devices is fixed and severely restricts their applications in quantum networks. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate the simultaneous one-way transmission and unidirectional reflection by using a magneto-optical Fabry–Pérot cavity and a magnetic field strength of 50 mT. An optical isolator and a three-port quasi-circulator are realized based on this nonreciprocal cavity system. The isolator achieves an isolation ratio of up to 22 dB and an averaged insertion loss down to 0.97 dB. The quasi-circulator is realized with a fidelity exceeding 99% and an overall survival probability of 89.9%, corresponding to an insertion loss of ∼0.46 dB. The magnetic field is provided by an electromagnetic coil, thereby allowing for reversing the light circulating path. The reversible quasi-circulator paves the way for building reconfigurable quantum networks.

E-band telecom-compatible 40 dB gain high-power bismuth-doped fiber amplifier with record power conversion efficiency

Multi-band transmission is one of the key practical solutions to cope with the continuously growing demand on the capacity of optical communication networks without changing the huge existing fiber base. However, ultra-broadband communication requires the development of novel power efficient optical amplifiers operating beyond C- and L-bands, and this is a major research and technical challenge comparable to the introduction of the seminal erbium-doped fiber amplifiers that dramatically changed the optical communication sector. There are several types of optical fibers operating beyond C- and L-bands that can be used for the development of such amplifiers, specifically the fibers doped with neodymium, praseodymium, thulium, and bismuth. However, among these, Bi-doped fibers are of special interest as the most promising amplification medium because, unlike the others, different Bi-associated active centers allow amplification in an enormous band of overall width of 700 nm (1100–1800 nm). Such spectral coverage can be obtained by using different host materials, such as aluminosilicate, phosphosilicate, silica, and germanosilicate glasses. Here, we report a novel Bi-doped fiber amplifier with record characteristics for E-band amplification, including the highest power conversion efficiency among telecom-compatible E-band amplifiers reported to date. This bismuth-doped fiber amplifier (BDFA) features a maximum gain of 39.8 dB and a minimal noise figure of 4.6 dB enabled by 173 m Bi-doped fiber length. The maximum achieved power conversion efficiency of 38% is higher than that of L-band Er-doped fiber amplifiers. This performance demonstrates the high potential of BDFA for becoming the amplifier of choice in modern multi-band optical communication networks.

Plasmonic electro-optic modulators on lead zirconate titanate platform

Abstract The advancement in material platforms exhibiting strong and robust electro-optic effects is crucial for further progress in developing highly efficient and miniaturized optoelectronic components with low power consumption for modern optical communication systems. In this work, we investigate thin-film lead zirconate titanate (PZT) substrates grown by a chemical solution deposition technique as a potential platform for on-chip plasmonic electro-optic modulators. A high modulation depth (>40 %) is achieved with 15 μm-long electro-optic directional coupler modulators. An unusual cutoff in the modulation frequency response at ∼200 kHz is observed and further studied with respect to possible reorientation effects. Second-harmonic generation signals are found influenced by the externally applied electric field, indicating that the domain reorientation effect can be responsible for the unusual frequency response observed.

MULTIVALUED WAVES AND THE RICHTMYER–MESHKOV INSTABILITY AS THE CAUSES OF THE FORMATION OF GALAXIES

A few months ago, the Max Planck Institute (Dresden, Germany) organized an International Seminar for outstanding researchers of such a remarkable phenomenon as “extreme waves”. The seminar was led by such famous professors as Nail Akhdiev (Australian National University, Canberra, Australia) [1], Helmut Brand (University of Bayreuth, Germany) [2] and Amin Chabchub (Kyoto University, Japan) [3]. Thе phenomenon of "Extreme waves" is remarkable since widely spread in Nature, and at the same time it is used widely in technology. In particular it is used in modern optical communications (nonlinear optics). The results of the Workshop are widely discussed by experts. They preview promising new directions springing from group efforts. This article is a review of my seminar presentation. At the same time, it includes some results of my book, which is being prepared for publication. The main outlines of this book are outlined by Marat Aksanovich Ilgamov in his article [5]. The book is devoted to multivalued waves existing in various scalar fields. An attempt is made to describe, on this basis, the entire variety of fundamental physical phenomena of the world around us, starting with quantum phenomena and ending with the emergence and initial development of the Universe. It is known that Einstein tried to build a unified (interdisciplinary) field theory that would unite all interactions in nature into a single system. My report to Dresden made an attempt to use this idea, which was developed in the mentioned book and this article. The first three parts of this article examine the stability of Richtmyer–Meshkov and Faraday waves. The last part discusses the theory of the origin of the Universe proposed in [4, 12]. The birth of galaxies in the first moments of the process of spherical expansion of our Universe is associated with the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability.

VO2/MoO3 Heterojunctions Artificial Optoelectronic Synapse Devices for Near-Infrared Optical Communication.

Artificial optoelectronic synapses (OES) have attracted extensive attention in brain-inspired information processing and neuromorphic computing. However, OES at near-infrared wavelengths have rarely been reported, seriously limiting the application in modern optical communication. Herein, high-performance near-infrared OES devices based on VO2/MoO3 heterojunctions are presented. The textured MoO3 films are deposited on the sputtered VO2 film by using the glancing-angle deposition technique to form a heterojunction device. Through tuning the oxygen defects in the VO2 film, the fabricated VO2/MoO3 heterojunction exhibits versatile electrical synaptic functions. Benefiting from the highly efficient light harvesting and the unique interface effect, the photonic synaptic characteristics, mainly including the short/long-term plasticity and learning experience behavior are successfully realized at the O (1342nm) and C (1550nm) optical communication wavebands. Moreover, a single OES device can output messages accurately by converting light signals of the Morse code to distinct synaptic currents. More importantly, a 3×3 artificial OES array is constructed to demonstrate the impressive image perceiving and learning capabilities. This work not only indicates the feasibility of defect and interface engineering in modulating the synaptic plasticity of OES devices, but also provides effective strategies to develop advanced artificial neuromorphic visual systems for next-generation optical communication systems.

THE NARROW-BAND FILTER BASED ON A MAGNETOPHOTONIC CRYSTAL INVOLVING LAYERS WITH HYPERBOLIC DISPERSION LAWS

Subject and Purpose. Narrow-band filters are among the basic components of modern communication systems, instruments for spectros- copy, high-sensitivity sensors, etc. Photonic crystal structures open up broad possibilities for creating compact-sized, narrow-band filters in the optical and terahertz ranges. Tuning of spectral characteristics of photonic crystal filters is usually carried out through introduction of certain elements into their structure that are sensitive to external electric and magnetic fields. This work has been aimed at investigating electrodynamic characteristics of one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystals with structural layers characterized by "hyperbolic" disper- sion, and suggesting a multichannel, narrow-band filter on their base. Methods and Methodology. The dispersion equation for excitations in an infinite magnetophotonic crystal has been obtained within the framework of the Floquet-Bloch theory, with the use of fundamental solutions of Hill’s equation. The transfer matrix approach has been used to obtain an analytical expression for the transmission coefficient. Results. The band diagram of the one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystal has been analyzed for the case where one of the layers on the structure’s spatial period is characterized by a hyperbolic dispersion law. The areas of existence of surface wave regimes have been found for such layers for the case of normal incidence of the wave upon the finite-seized magnetophotonic crystal. Frequency dependences of the transmission coefficient are characterized by a set of high-Q resonant peaks relating to Fabry-Perot resonances in a periodic struc- ture of finite length. Conclusions. Application of a finite-seized, one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystal is considered as of a means forachieving mul- tichannel optical filtering and formation of a frequency comb. Expressions for the dispersion equation and transmission coefficient have been obtained within the framework of the Floquet-Bloch theory and with the use of the transfer matrix. The feasibility of surface mode excitation has been shown for gyrotropic layers of the periodic structure characterized by a hyperbolic dispersion law, for the case of nor- mal incidence upon the magnetophotonic crystal. The spectral response of the filter contains narrow-band peaks with a high transmission efficiency. By increasing the number of the structure’s periods it is possible to form a frequency comb, which effect can be useful for appli- cations in metrology and modern optical communication systems.

Novel Optical Kerr Switching Photonic Device Based on Nonlinear Carbon Material.

In the context of current communication systems, there is an urgent demand for more efficient and higher-speed optical signal processing technologies. Researchers are actively exploring new materials and devices to harness nonlinear optical phenomena, seeking advancements in this field. Nonlinear carbon materials, especially promising 2D materials, have garnered attention for their potential interaction with light and have become integral to the development of all-optical signal processing devices. This study focuses on utilizing a photonic device based on a nonlinear Au/CB composite material for optical Kerr switching. The application of Au/CB as a nonlinear material in the Kerr switch represents a noteworthy advancement, demonstrating its capability to modulate optical signals. By appropriately applying a pump light, the study achieves optical Kerr switching with an extinction ratio of approximately 15 dB in the fully off state of the signal light carrying a 10 GHz analog signal, marking a pioneering achievement in the field to the best of our knowledge. The experimental results, encompassing extinction ratios, signal control, and stability, not only validate the feasibility of this technology but also underscore its potential applicability within optical communication systems. The successful modulation and control of a 10 GHz analog signal showcase the practicality and effectiveness of the Au/CB-based optical Kerr switch. This progress contributes to the continuous evolution of optical Kerr switching, a crucial component in modern optical communication systems. Therefore, we believe that the Au/CB-based optical Kerr switch is an exceptionally promising and stable all-optical signal processing device. As the contemporary communication landscape evolves, the integration of this technology holds the potential to enhance the efficiency and speed of optical signal processing.

Telecom-band quantum dot technologies for long-distance quantum networks.

A future quantum internet is expected to generate, distribute, store and process quantum bits (qubits) over the world by linking different quantum nodes via quantum states of light. To facilitate long-haul operations, quantum repeaters must operate at telecom wavelengths to take advantage of both the low-loss optical fibre network and the established technologies of modern optical communications. Semiconductor quantum dots have thus far shown exceptional performance as key elements for quantum repeaters, such as quantum light sources and spin-photon interfaces, but only in the near-infrared regime. Therefore, the development of high-performance telecom-band quantum dot devices is highly desirable for a future solid-state quantum internet based on fibre networks. In this Review, we present the physics and technological developments towards epitaxial quantum dot devices emitting in the telecom O- and C-bands for quantum networks, considering both advanced epitaxial growth for direct telecom emission and quantum frequency conversion for telecom-band down-conversion of near-infrared quantum dot devices. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities for future realization of telecom quantum dot devices with improved performance and expanded functionality through hybrid integration.

Tailored Dispersion and Nonlinear Effects in Flint Glass Honeycomb PCF for Optical Communication

This paper describes a highly nonlinear flint glass-based honeycomb photonic crystal fiber (FGH-PCF) with a wavelength of 1550 nm. The PCF’s distinctive honeycomb lattice structure, combined with the nonlinear capabilities of flint glass, enables a wide range of nonlinear optical applications. To adjust the PCF's dispersion and nonlinear effects, numerical simulations and optimization approaches were used. To achieve maximum performance, fabrication procedures were carefully regulated. Dispersion values of −436.6 ps/(nm.km) for x polarization and −448.1 ps/(nm.km) for y polarization were verified by experimental characterization. The PCF displayed low confinement losses of 2.289 dB/cm (x polarization) and 4.935 dB/cm (y polarization), as well as birefringence of 2.202×10-3. The PCF measured 558.8 and 547.9 W-1 km-1 for x and y polarization, respectively, indicating a high nonlinear coefficient. The highly nonlinear FGH-PCF shows promising potential for nonlinear optical applications such as four-wave mixing, supercontinuum generation, frequency conversion, and parametric amplification. This research paves the way for compact and efficient nonlinear devices in modern optical communication systems and other cutting-edge technologies.

Modelling and numerical analysis of combined dual impact of SRS and FWM on the performance of upstream and downstream channels of a novel UDWDM/DWDM-PON

Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is an important method in modern optical communication systems for both long-haul and access networks. Particularly, after being standardized by Telecommunication Standardization Sector of International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T), WDM passive optical network (WDM-PON) becomes a considerable choice for fronthaul implementations of 5G networks. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and four-wave mixing (FWM) are crucial nonlinear impacts that significantly limit the performance of WDM-based optical fiber communication systems. In this paper, an ultra-dense/dense WDM-PON (UDWDM/DWDM-PON) architecture has been proposed and combined dual impact of SRS and FWM on performances of upstream channels (USCs) and downstream channels (DSCs) of the proposed UDWDM/DWDM-PON has been numerically analyzed. USCs have been assumed to operate in 1310 nm region while operating wavelength region of DSCs has been taken as 1550 nm. Simulations have been performed on both UDWDM-PON architectures with 3.125 GHz and 6.25 GHz channel spacings and DWDM-PON architectures with channel spacings between 12.5 GHz and 100 GHz. 2x15-channel and 2x63-channel system structures have been considered in simulations. Signal-to-crosstalk ratio (SXR) has been chosen as performance parameter and its variation with channel input powers, channel spacings and channel lengths have been simulated for both USCs and DSCs of 2x15- and 2x63-channel UDWDM/DWDM-PONs. Results show that the proposed UDWDM/DWDM-PONs using single G.652 fiber can exhibit a reliable communication with minimum 23 dB SXR performance under combined dual impact of SRS and FWM unless some highlights about input powers and channel lengths mentioned in the paper are neglected.

Multivariable Analysis of Nonlinear Optical Loop Mirror Operating Parameters Using Jones Matrices and Three-Dimensional Renderings

Nonlinear optical loop mirrors (NOLMs) are used in modern fiber optic devices and optical communications. In this study, we present numerical analyses of the multiple variables involved in the operation of an NOLM in low- and high-power transmissions. The Jones matrix formalism was used to model linear and circular polarization inputs. We used three-dimensional (3D) plots to identify the characteristics required in the experimental operation of the NOLM. These characteristics, including the critical power, low- and high-power transmission, and dynamic range, depend on parameters such as the fiber loop length, input power, angle of retarder plate, and input polarization. A standard single-mode fiber (SMF-28) with high twist loop lengths of 100, 300, and 500 m and input powers of 0–100 W was simulated. Three-dimensional surface graphics provided a comprehensive view of the NOLM transmission and considerably enhanced the optimal transmission by manipulating adjustable device components including the power and polarization control plates. Optimal transmission facilitates its use in integrating ultrafast pulse generation, optical signal processing, optical communication systems, and photonic integrated circuit applications.

Semi-embedded slot waveguide electro-optic modulator.

Electro-optic modulators are essential devices on silicon photonic chips in modern optical communication networks. This paper presents a compact, low-loss electro-optic modulator. The modulation efficiency is greatly improved by embedding the lower half of the slot waveguide into the buried oxide layer and inserting graphene at the junction. The interaction of graphene with an optical field in a waveguide is studied using the finite element method. The functions of phase modulation and absorption modulation are realized by changing the gate voltage to change the chemical potential of graphene. The semi-embedded slot waveguide optical modulator has a length of 50µm. After simulation verification, it can be used as an electro-absorption modulator and can achieve a modulation depth of 26.38dB and an insertion loss of 0.60dB. When used as an electro-refractive modulator, it can be realized with a linear change of phase from zero to π; the total insertion loss is only 0.59dB. The modulator has a modulation bandwidth of 79.6GHz, and the energy consumption as electro-absorption and electro-refraction modulation are 0.51 and 1.92pj/bit, respectively. Compared with common electro-optic modulators, the electro-optic modulator designed in this paper has a higher modulation effect and also takes into account the advantages of low insertion loss and low energy consumption. This research is helpful for the design of higher-performance optical communication network devices.

Plasmonic metafibers electro-optic modulators

Digitalizing optical signals through electric driving signals, electro-optic modulators (EOMs) are one of the cardinal elements in modern optical communications. Most of current EOM devices are targeting on-chip integrations, which routinely suffer from high coupling losses, complex optical alignments and single-band operations. In this study, we for the first time integrate a lumped EOM device on the endfaces of a single-mode optical fiber jumper for fast amplitude modulations. Profiting from ultrathin and high quality-factor plasmonic metasurfaces, nanofabrication-friendly and highly efficient EO polymers and coupling-free connections with fiber networks, our EOM is demonstrated to allow dual-band operations (telecom O band and S band) and high-speed modulations (~1 GHz at a bias voltage of ±9 V). This work offers an avenue to ‘plug-and-play’ implementations of EO devices and ultracompact “all-in-fibers” optical systems for communications, imaging, sensing and many others.

(Invited) Brief analysis of the impact of Hasegawa-Nyu’s work “Eigenvalue communication” on modern optical communication technologies

Optical solitons are known to preserve the eigenvalues in the inverse scattering transform (IST) thus the eigenvalues can be used as robust information carriers. If several eigenvalues and their combinations are used in a soliton as information carrier, the transmission data rate can be increased drastically. Based on the concept, Hasegawa and Nyu proposed eigenvalue communication in 1993. In this paper, the impact of their pioneering work “Eigenvalue communication” on modern optical communication technologies are introduced and analyzed briefly.

Recent Advances in Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Photodetectors.

New emerging low-dimensional such as 0D, 1D, and 2D nanomaterials have attracted tremendous research interests in various fields of state-of-the-art electronics, optoelectronics, and photonic applications due to their unique structural features and associated electronic, mechanical, and optical properties as well as high-throughput fabrication for large-area and low-cost production and integration. Particularly, photodetectors which transform light to electrical signals are one of the key components in modern optical communication and developed imaging technologies for whole application spectrum in the daily lives, including X-rays and ultraviolet biomedical imaging, visible light camera, and infrared night vision and spectroscopy. Today, diverse photodetector technologies are growing in terms of functionality and performance beyond the conventional silicon semiconductor, and low-dimensional nanomaterials have been demonstrated as promising potential platforms. In this review, the current states of progress on the development of these nanomaterials and their applications in the field of photodetectors are summarized. From the elemental combination for material design and lattice structure to the essential investigations of hybrid device architectures, various devices and recent developments including wearable photodetectors and neuromorphic applications are fully introduced. Finally, the future perspectives and challenges of the low-dimensional nanomaterials based photodetectors are also discussed.

Ferroelectrically Modulated and Enhanced Photoresponse in a Self-Powered α-In2Se3/Si Heterojunction Photodetector.

Photodetectors have been applied to pivotal optoelectronic components of modern optical communication, sensing, and imaging systems. As a room-temperature ferroelectric van der Waals semiconductor, 2D α-In2Se3 is a promising candidate for a next-generation optoelectronic material because of its thickness-dependent direct bandgap and excellent optoelectronic performance. Previous studies of photodetectors based on α-In2Se3 have been rarely focused on the modulated relationship between the α-In2Se3 intrinsic ferroelectricity and photoresponsivity. Herein, a simple integrated process and high-performance photodetector based on an α-In2Se3/Si vertical hybrid-dimensional heterojunction was constructed. Our photodetector in the ferroelectric polarization up state accomplishes a self-powered, highly sensitive photoresponse with an on/off ratio of 4.5 × 105 and detectivity of 1.6 × 1013 Jones, and it also shows a fast response time with 43 μs. The depolarization field generated by the remanent polarization of ferroelectrics in α-In2Se3 provides a strategy for enhancement and modulation of photodetection. The negative correlation was discovered because the enhancement photoresponsivity factor of ferroelectric modulation competes with the photovoltaic behavior within the α-In2Se3/Si heterojunction. Our research highlights the great potential of the high-efficiency heterojunction photodetector for future object recognition and photoelectric imaging.

Effect of Some Parameters on Optical Soliton Pulses in Photonic Crystal Fibers

Fiber optics have been greatly enhanced by photonic crystal fibers based on microstructured air-glass designs. On the one hand, such fibers enable very tight light confines in a small mode shape region, resulting in significantly improved alternative options between light and dielectric medium. Photonic crystal fibers, on the other hand, allow light to be guided via air core instead of glass. As a result, the latter form of fiber decreases optical nonlinearities in ways that classic fiber designs cannot. The chirp effect and dispersion of photonic crystal fibers with super-Gaussian pulses during various pulses durations are examined in this paper in both normal and anomalous dispersion patterns. The chirp effect and fiber dispersive nonlinear effects are investigated. For this study, a mathematical model of the solution of a nonlinear equation involved the split-step Fourier method. Peak power was reduced for broad pulses. When the magnitude of the super-Gaussian pulse increased proportionally, pulse constriction was also noticeable, Furthermore, the results reveal that an anomalous dispersion system was superior to a regular dispersion system for pulse . The experimental findings will facilitate further research into more understanding of photonic crystal fibers, and to improve data speeds in modern optical communication systems