Modern Methods Of Evaluation Research Articles

An Explorative Review of the Constructs, Metrics, Models, and Methods for Evaluating e-Learning Performance in Medical Education

The performance evaluation of e-learning in medical education has been the subject of much research lately. Researchers are yet to achieve a consensus on the definition of performance or the suitable constructs, metrics, models, and methods to help understand student performance. Through a systematic review, this study put forward a working definition of what constitutes performance evaluation to reduce the ambiguity, arbitrariness, and multiplicity surrounding performance evaluation of e-learning in medical education. A systematic review of published articles on performance evaluation of e-learning in medical education was performed on the SCOPUS, Web of Science, PubMed, and EBSCOHost databases using search terms deduced from the PICOS model. Following the PRISMA guidelines relevant published papers were searched and exported to Endnote. Screening and quality appraisal were done on Rayyan. Three thousand four hundred and thirty-nine published studies were retrieved and screened using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. One hundred and three studies passed all the criteria and were reviewed. The reviewed literature used 30 constructs to operationalize performance. The leading constructs are knowledge and effectiveness. Both constructs were used by 60% of the authors of the reviewed literature to define student performance. Knowledge gain, satisfaction, and learning outcome are the most common metrics used by 81%, 26%, and 15% of the reviewed literature to measure student performance. The study discovered that most researchers forget to evaluate the “e” or electronic component of e-learning when evaluating performance. The constructs operationalized and metrics measured were primarily focused on learning outcomes with minimal focus on technology-related metrics or the influence of the electronic mode of delivery on the learning process or evaluation outcome. Only 6% of the reviewed literature applied evaluation models to guide their evaluation process - mostly the Kirkpatrick evaluation model. Also, most of the included studies used randomization as an experimental control method, mainly using pre-and post-test surveys. Modern evaluation methods were rarely used. Only 1% of the reviewed literature used Google Analytics, and 2% used data from a learning management system. This study increments the existing body of knowledge in performance evaluation of e-learning in medical education by providing a convergence of constructs, metrics, models, and methods and proposing a roadmap to guide students’ performance evaluation process from the synthesis of findings and the gaps identified through the systematic review of existing literature in the domain. This roadmap will assist in informing researchers of grey areas to consider when evaluating performance to ensure more quality research outputs in the domain.

Modern assessment methods skills among Arabic lang teachers at the primary stage and their impact on developing the effective achievement of their students

The aim of the research is to determine the skills of using modern assessment methods for Arabic language teachers in the primary stage, and to study the effect of their performance level of these skills on their students' effective achievement in the Arabic language; For the purpose of the research, the researchers prepared: a list of skills of using modern evaluation methods, a scale of skills of using modern evaluation methods, an effective achievement test, and a suggested visualization of a training program. The research procedures and results included: selecting a group of Arabic language teachers in the primary stage, whose number was (27) teachers, to determine the level of their performance in the skills of using modern assessment methods. The totality of the scale, except for (5) teachers whose level of performance has reached the required level of sufficiency, and a group of sixth-grade primary pupils were selected from among the pupils who were taught by these teachers, and they were divided into two groups; The first group was studied by teachers who did not reach the required level of competence in the skills of using modern assessment methods, and the second group was taught by teachers who had reached the required level of competence.

ФОРМУВАННЯ КАДРОВОГО РЕЗЕРВУ В ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯХ В УМОВАХ НЕВИЗНАЧЕНОСТІ

The article provides a study of the main goals and methods of forming the personnel reserve in conditions of uncertainty. The study is based on the importance of quick response to emerging needs regarding the formation of a reserve, evaluation of candidates from the reserve and closing of vacant positions by relevant specialists. The main tasks, goals and stages of the formation of the personnel reserve are defined. Basic and modern evaluation methods are described, which will help to conduct the process of evaluating candidates in conditions of uncertainty much more efficiently.

The Method for Evaluation and Comparison the Strength of Presidents from the Position of Areas of Powers: Theorization and Approbation on the Example of the Countries of Africa

The article is devoted to analyzing preconditions, theoretical and methodological principles of the study of the strength of presidents as well as to consideration the most common approaches in this context. The authors outlined the evolution of formation and analyzed the most common classical and modern methods of evaluation and comparison the strength of presidents, based on which they identified their main common features and parameters. It was stated that the existing methods of evaluation the strength of presidents are not always relevant in a universalist context, since they had been often developed for regional and cross-national context. In contrast, the article actualizes the universal approach to the development of a method for evaluation and comparison the strength of presidents, which is derived from the evidence of the problem of delineation exclusively the formalized (formal) powers of presidents in the existing methods. With this in mind, the research proposes, theorizes and testes the author’s method for evaluation and comparison the strength of presidents based on the positions and powers of the heads of state in various areas of their authority and potential for their implementation. To solve this problem, the researchers initially outlined and systematized the logics of forming the analytical blocks of indicators and criteria for evaluation and comparison the strength of presidents, as well as the mechanism for counting it. As a result, with the help of the chosen logics and counting mechanism, the scientists have substantiated the option of solving the problem of formal delineation of presidential strength. After that, the method was verified on the example of comparison the constitutionalized powers of presidents in African countries as in a region that had not traditionally been subjected to such studies. In addition, the results of African countries were compared with those from “Freedom in the World” by “Freedom House”, which correlated the strength of presidents, the systems of government and the types of political regimes.

THE CURRENT STATE OF THE POLESIE HORSE POPULATION AND THE TARGET STANDARD OF THE MAIN TRAITS OF ITS CONFORMATION

THE CURRENT STATE OF THE POLESIE HORSE POPULATION AND THE TARGET STANDARD OF THE MAIN TRAITS OF ITS CONFORMATION

UTILIZATION OF MODERN METHODS IN MEASURING THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF THE COMPANY

Most entrepreneurs associate their financial performance with the achieved financial results. Each of them wants to be the best and the most successful in their industry and they need to achieve the best possible results. Therefore, it is necessary for them to monitor their financial performance. Except traditional methods of evaluating financial performance (financial analysis), they also focus on modern evaluation methods which consider not only accounting but also economic profit which also takes the alternative cost of capital.

Modern methods of evaluation and marketing enhancement of increasing the level of competitiveness

The interest of enterprises in the results of their activities reinforces the need to increase their competitiveness, which is a decisive factor in commercial success in the "harsh conditions of reality." The process of assessing the competitiveness of the enterprise is a complex multifactorial task, which is reduced to the interpretation and evaluation of a set of indicators and methods that characterize the various aspects of the market entity and, ultimately, shape its competitiveness. The scientific article analyzes a variety of methods for assessing the competitiveness of the enterprise both in general and in terms of marketing. It is shown that today, for the successful functioning of the firm in the market, the assessment of its competitiveness using various methods is an objective necessity. It is proved that in the modern economic literature there are a large number of ambiguous methodological approaches to the study of the competitiveness of the market entity, which in turn determines the multiplicity of methods used to assess it. The article analyzes the existing methods of assessing the competitiveness of the enterprise and shows that they characterize only certain aspects of its activities and have a number of shortcomings. Theoretically, the development of a comprehensive methodology for assessing the level of competitiveness of the organization, which can be applied to all objects without exception is a very time-consuming and almost impossible task. Summarizing the results of the study, it is concluded that all the methods used to determine and assess the level of competitiveness of the enterprise can be combined into the following nine groups: methods based on the analysis of comparative advantages; methods based on the theory of equilibrium of the firm and industry; matrix methods of competitiveness assessment; method based on multiplier theory; methods based on comparison with the standard, etc. The considered approaches radically differ in the essence and base of formation of indicators and characterize various spheres and aspects of activity of firm. Therefore, their use can be convenient and appropriate depending on the goals and objectives of the organization, the specifics of the industry and the object under study, as well as the availability of relevant information.

Cost-effectiveness of investments in drip irrigation projects in Ukraine

The article focuses on a topical subject - the evaluation of cost-effectiveness of investments in drip irrigation projects. Drip irrigation is a modern, advanced, high-tech and environmental technology, which providing right scientific support, enables to get high yields and economic benefits with minimum consequences for the environment. The proposed methodological approaches to calculating the cost-effectiveness of investments were tested at various sites of the irrigation zone of Ukraine. The results of the calculations showed that the cultivation of high-productivity hybrids of vegetables and fruit when using modern technology of drip irrigation provides high yields and standard quality of production, that is the crop production is transformed into a stable profitable business. At the same time, applying modern methods of evaluation of the feasibility of investment will increase the validity of management decisions as to the selection of crops and their combinations and will facilitate investment attraction.

Cost-effectiveness of investments in drip irrigation projects in Ukraine

The article focuses on a topical subject - the evaluation of cost-effectiveness of investments in drip irrigation projects. Drip irrigation is a modern, advanced, high-tech and environmental technology, which providing right scientific support, enables to get high yields and economic benefits with minimum consequences for the environment. The proposed methodological approaches to calculating the cost-effectiveness of investments were tested at various sites of the irrigation zone of Ukraine. The results of the calculations showed that the cultivation of high-productivity hybrids of vegetables and fruit when using modern technology of drip irrigation provides high yields and standard quality of production, that is the crop production is transformed into a stable profitable business. At the same time, applying modern methods of evaluation of the feasibility of investment will increase the validity of management decisions as to the selection of crops and their combinations and will facilitate investment attraction.

Modern Evaluation Methods at Various Levels of Education

Introduction. In the field of education, the knowledge-focused paradigm shift to the practice-oriented one updates the problems of measurement of learning outcomes as the former methodical tools are no longer available. Currently, there is no reference system for exact evaluation of the quality of acquisition of training programmes focused on the competency-based concept of education. The criteria and materials for the current, intermediate and total control are quite often developed by the educational organisations of different educational levels independently. Such a situation generates the questions about scientific validity and validity of diagnostic tools, as well as the questions about teachers’ readiness for implementation of control-evaluative activity under new conditions.The aim of the study was to investigate the characteristics of evaluative methods used by modern teachers to establish the level of formation of students’ competencies at schools, vocational secondary schools and universities.Methodotogy and research methods. The retrospective theoretical-empirical research was carried out according to I. N. Emelyanova’s typology of evaluative means, according to which the methods of evaluation correspond to the criteria of intellectual or activity-based performance and are subdivided into reproductive, productive, active and interactive. The specific character and dynamics of teachers’ application of didactic control devices of knowledge and skills acquired by students at different levels of education are analysed by means of the systematic prolonged questionnaires (n =50 in 2013; n =89 in 2014; n =351 in 2015; n =612 in 2016/17).Results and scientific novelty. The general positive tendency for the distribution of active methods to consolidate learning outcomes is observed. The ranking list of popular and unpopular didactic technologies in the differentiated pedagogical environment is drawn up. Elementary school teachers most often use game imitating situations; secondary school teachers and senior-level school teachers use problem situations; teachers of vocational schools mostly apply for organisational and activity games; teachers of higher education institutions prefer to hold discussions. However, along with positive dynamics of active methods application for learning assessment, non-systemic use of such methods is noted as well. Also,the authors revealed other weak points when organising student achievement verification. Reproductive techniques continue to dominate at all educational levels and interactive methods of diagnostics are unclaimed: 66% of the respondents of this group never applied assessment techniques and means in practice, which, most certainly, is a deterrent to the realisation of practice-focused approach to education. The conclusion is drawn on inadequate readiness of teachers for appropriate determination of students’ successful acquisition of educational programmes and gaps in their preparation on the criteria required by the Federal State Educational Standards (FSES).Practical significance. The discussion of teachers’ priorities in the choice of tools for the measurement of learning outcomes and identification of the causes of obstacles to the maximum use of resources of modern methods of evaluation contributes to the search of appropriate ways to optimise the system of diagnostics of true education quality.

Nanotechnology: Modern Formulation and Evaluation Techniques -An Overview

Nanotechnology includes the study of tiny particles. They are mostly used in the pharmacy to advance the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic action. Development, evaluation, manufactures, and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale is called nanotechnology. They have many benefits when compared to that of the conventional dosage forms. Many nanoformulations such as liposomes, niosomes, dendrimers, nanoemulsions, nanosuspensions etc are used to target to the diseased sites particularly in the human body. By targeting, the dose of the API can be reduced, decrease the systemic side effects etc. That's why the nanotechnology emerged as the most superior in the field of medicine by maintaining therapeutic benefits. The major techniques used for the production of nanoparticles includes the dispersion of preformed polymers, solvent evaporation method, spontaneous emulsification or solvent, diffusion method, polymerization method, coacervation or ionic gelation method. Nanoprecipitation method has emerged as one of the easiest and economical methods for the preparation of nanoparticles, which is used by the majority of the researchers today. The modern evaluation methods used for the characterization of nanoparticles includes photon-correlation spectroscopy (pcs) or dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (sem), transmission electron microscope (TEM), atomic force microscopy, zeta potential, surface hydrophobicity. The main concept of the paper is to elevate the basic concepts used in the field of nanoparticles preparation and characterization.

Методические аспекты изучения биоресурсных коллекций редких и хозяйственно ценных растений

A full range of classical and modern methods of evaluation of biological peculiarities and economic characteristics of samples including in the bioresource collection is presented. The main directions of their study: seasonal development, ontomorphogenesis, reproductive biology and genetic certi fi cation. It is shown that for trees, shrubs and perennials forming shoots of different types during the vegetative period, it is preferable to construct separate phonological spectra of vegetative and generative development. The adaptive potential is estimated on the basis of studying the structure of shoot systems and preservation of them in the unfavorable periods of weather; the formation of life form in ontogenesis; and upon reaching the generative state, it is done, taking into account the peculiarities of intrabud and extrabud organogeneses. The applied aspect of these studies is substantiation of time and methods of rejuvenation of objects for preservation of them in the bioresource collections. When studying reproductive biology, the potential importance of samples for breeding as paternal and maternal parental forms is determined. The fertility and viability of pollen are studied in detail in paternal forms, the terms and methods of pollen storage are elaborated. Fruit setting with different methods of pollination is evaluated in maternal forms. The fi nal stage is to estimate the potential and actual seed productivity, determine the type of dormancy of seeds and develop ways to overcome it. Based on the example of model objects, representatives of generic complexes of Rhaponticum and Trollius, the advantages of molecular-genetic method of ISSR-marking, based on the analysis of polymorphic DNA sites between microsatellites are shown. Its use allows to detect the greater number of polymorphic loci, and does not require prior cloning and sequencing of fragments for the selection of primers. The chemical composition of three species for cellulose, lignin, pentosans and ash content was studied in the model Miscanthus object, which is a promising bioenergetic culture. It was shown that samples with high cellulose content but low lignin content are of interest for technological processes.

Challenges of teacher-based clinical evaluation from nursing students' point of view: Qualitative content analysis

INTRODUCTION:Clinical evaluation is very important in the educational system of nursing. One of the most common methods of clinical evaluation is evaluation by the teacher, but the challenges that students would face in this evaluation method, have not been mentioned. Thus, this study aimed to explore the experiences and views of nursing students about the challenges of teacher-based clinical evaluation.METHODS:This study was a descriptive qualitative study with a qualitative content analysis approach. Data were gathered through semi-structured focused group sessions with undergraduate nursing students who were passing their 8th semester at Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. Date were analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman's proposed method. Data collection and analysis were concurrent.RESULTS:According to the findings, “factitious evaluation” was the main theme of study that consisted of three categories: “Personal preferences,” “unfairness” and “shirking responsibility.” These categories are explained using quotes derived from the data.CONCLUSION:According to the results of this study, teacher-based clinical evaluation would lead to factitious evaluation. Thus, changing this approach of evaluation toward modern methods of evaluation is suggested. The finding can help nursing instructors to get a better understanding of the nursing students’ point of view toward this evaluation approach and as a result could be planning for changing of this approach.

Express evaluation method of internal friction parameters in molding material briquettes

The purpose of this work is to develop an express method of evaluating the coefficient of internal friction and cohesive strength of molding material briquettes. Advantages and disadvantages of modern evaluation methods of internal friction parameters in particulates have been considered, and the need to improve them has been substantiated. An alternative method based on measuring the position of shear planes and the briquette cracking pressure in uniaxial compression strength tests has been proposed. The theoretical justification of the method has been provided, and examples of implementation have been given. The research results may be used in the process of educating students of technical specialties, as well as at research and design organizations.

Use of mathematical content sheets

Abstract The method of using differentiated activity sheets in corroboration with collective, individual and general ones increases the efficiency of education. Sheets contribute to: - Activation and acquisition of knowledge; - Formation of habits; - Development of intellectual processes; - Review and assessment of skills taught. Evaluation sheets (acquiring new knowledge, fixing and recovery) are focused on highlighting the progress each student has made relative to their previous results. This information from the evaluation sheets is very useful in planning following activities, taking into account the specificities of each student. Using worksheets and assessment, implementing exciting and attractive activities, and using modern methods of evaluation have led to an increased motivation for learning. Through the experiment carried out with second year math undergraduates at “Vasile Alecsandri” University on an initial test, it was proved that the formation and the development of skills and abilities for assessment in high school are possible if we use various evaluation methods and procedures. This information was very useful in planning subsequent activities, taking into account the specificities of each student.

Campaign Spending and Electoral Competition: Towards More Policy Relevant Research1

There is a long-standing scholarly literature on the electoral effects of campaign spending. Nevertheless, the academic research offers only limited guidance for policy makers interested in campaign finance reform. In part, this is because existing studies have focused narrowly on some vexing statistical issues. But it is also because political scientists have not devoted enough effort to conducting evaluation studies of how regulatory policies impact the intermediate goal of competition, let alone the ultimate policy goals of reduced corruption, increased citizen participation, and improved public policy. Consequently, there is a great need for updated and improved analyses of the treatment effect of campaign spending on political competition in a variety of electoral contexts, but an even greater need for the application of modern evaluation methods to the more basic question of whether campaign finance reforms “work” as advertised.

Teachers’ opinions and beliefs regarding the necessity, the usefulness and the impact of modern evaluation methods on the performance of pupils in secondary education

In their attempt to improve educational evaluation, teachers’ efforts and interests are most often focused on identifying and using the most suitable ways, strategies, methods and techniques of evaluating pupils’ scholastic performance.Our research analyzes the teachers’ opinions and beliefs regarding the necessity, the usefulness and the impact of alternative evaluation methods on the scholastic performance of pupils in secondary education.

How to avoid bleeding in Förster resonance energy transfer

the postgenomic era, the characterization of protein net-works has become a major focus of scientific interest. To inter-pret signal transduction through membrane receptors and tobuild a model of a signaling network, it is essential to obtainthe spatiotemporal activities of participating molecules.Although a plethora of different approaches is available fordissecting the protein interactome such molecular interactionsare often determined by modern biophysical methods such asForster resonance energy transfer (FRET, which is often inter-€preted to stand for fluorescence resonance energy transfer)providing more quantitative and statistically more robustinformation than classical molecular biological approacheslike coprecipitation, chemical crosslinking, yeast two-hybrid-type approaches, and so on (1,2).FRET is a process by which radiationless transfer ofenergy occurs from a donor fluorophore to an acceptor placedin close proximity to the donor. The probability of the energytransfer is characterized by the FRETefficiency (E), which tellsus what fraction of excited donor molecules relaxes by trans-ferring their excitation energy to the acceptor. The rate of theFRET process depends on the negative 6th power of the do-nor–acceptor distance, so the FRET efficiency can serve as aspectroscopic ruler allowing sensitive determination of inter-molecular and intramolecular distances under ideal conditions(3). FRET is the consequence of the interaction between thedonor and acceptor dipoles and the dependence of its rate onthe negative 6th power of the donor–acceptor separation dis-tance is the result of the ‘‘resonance’’ between the donor andthe acceptor dipoles which is distributed over a wide spectralrange characterized by the overlap integral (4). Because of theFRET process, among others, the fluorescence intensity andlifetime of the donor dye decreases and at the same time thefluorescence intensity of the acceptor increases (sensitizedemission). The FRETefficiency can be determined by variousmethods taking advantage of one or more of these spectro-scopic changes (2,5). We can classify them, somewhat arbitra-rily, into (a) lifetime-based methods determining the fluores-cence lifetime components directly or instead, a spectroscopicquantity related to the lifetime (such as the characteristic do-nor photobleaching rate in a donor photobleaching experi-ment) and (b) intensity-based methods measuring donorquenching and/or sensitized emission. Intensity-based meth-ods are usually called ratiometric, as these approaches involvethe division of two fluorescence intensities roughly corre-sponding to those measured in the absence and presence ofFRET. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is asophisticated approach which is getting more and more wide-spread even though it is cumbersome, requires highly specia-lized equipment and involves long acquisition time (6). Itshould be mentioned, however, that inventive and modernevaluation methods have been developed for FLIM to reducethe necessary acquisition time (7–9). On the contrary, ratio-metric FRET methods provide higher speed of acquisition,require less sophisticated equipment, but can be challengingbecause of the significant fluorescence spectral bleed-throughoriginating from the donor and the acceptor into the FRET

Comparable presentation of carcass and meat quality of different pig genotypes using modern evaluation methods

In this paper quality of carcasses/carcass sides and meat from 5 different pig genotypes was comparably evaluated. Quality of carcass sides was evaluated prior to slaughtering in vivo (SONOMARK SM 100 M), early post mortem on slaughter line (FOM), by method of two points (ZP - ZWEIPUNKT) as well as method of partial dissection on cold left carcass sides according to EU recommendations. By analysis of obtained results it can be concluded that fatteners of type E (LW x SL) x P had the highest meat yield in carcass sides (61,90; 62,40; 58,85 and 58,89%) by any other mentioned methods of evaluation compared to average meat yield in carcass sides of other investigated genotypes. Average yield of muscle tissue in carcasses of pigs of E genotype (LW x SL) x P (58,89%) established by method of partial dissection was statistically considerably higher (*p<0,05) than the average (56,06%) meat yield in carcasses of pigs of genotype D, very significantly higher (**p<0,01) than average (57,01%) meat yield in carcasses of pigs of genotype C and very highly significantly higher (***p<0,001) than average (51,30%) meat yield in carcasses of pigs of genotype A. The quality of meat was also investigated comparably by determining its technological quality and chemical composition of MLD in investigated genotypes of pigs. Technological quality and chemical composition of MLD demonstrated significant (*p<0,05) differences in WBC and pigment content between genotypes B and C and B and E. Average values for content of ashes and share of pigment are in accordance with average values which characterize muscles of normal traits. By analysis of obtained results we conclude that fatteners of genotype E (LW x SL) x P had the highest meat yield in carcass sides (61,90; 62,40; 58,85 and 58,89%), but quality was slightly decreased which indicates need for further improvement of meat quality.

Evaluation methods for outcome of total ankle replacement

人工踝关节置换的疗效已有显著提高,作为人工关节学科中一种已有广受瞩目的发展,它的进步、术后疗效的评价无疑是人工踝关节的重要环节.本文探讨国外人工踝关节疗效评价标准的同时,提出我国的人工踝关节置换疗效评价方法。