Методические аспекты изучения биоресурсных коллекций редких и хозяйственно ценных растений

Abstract

A full range of classical and modern methods of evaluation of biological peculiarities and economic characteristics of samples including in the bioresource collection is presented. The main directions of their study: seasonal development, ontomorphogenesis, reproductive biology and genetic certi fi cation. It is shown that for trees, shrubs and perennials forming shoots of different types during the vegetative period, it is preferable to construct separate phonological spectra of vegetative and generative development. The adaptive potential is estimated on the basis of studying the structure of shoot systems and preservation of them in the unfavorable periods of weather; the formation of life form in ontogenesis; and upon reaching the generative state, it is done, taking into account the peculiarities of intrabud and extrabud organogeneses. The applied aspect of these studies is substantiation of time and methods of rejuvenation of objects for preservation of them in the bioresource collections. When studying reproductive biology, the potential importance of samples for breeding as paternal and maternal parental forms is determined. The fertility and viability of pollen are studied in detail in paternal forms, the terms and methods of pollen storage are elaborated. Fruit setting with different methods of pollination is evaluated in maternal forms. The fi nal stage is to estimate the potential and actual seed productivity, determine the type of dormancy of seeds and develop ways to overcome it. Based on the example of model objects, representatives of generic complexes of Rhaponticum and Trollius, the advantages of molecular-genetic method of ISSR-marking, based on the analysis of polymorphic DNA sites between microsatellites are shown. Its use allows to detect the greater number of polymorphic loci, and does not require prior cloning and sequencing of fragments for the selection of primers. The chemical composition of three species for cellulose, lignin, pentosans and ash content was studied in the model Miscanthus object, which is a promising bioenergetic culture. It was shown that samples with high cellulose content but low lignin content are of interest for technological processes.