Modern English Language Research Articles

Gaming slang in the modern English language

Gaming slang in the modern English language

Some structural features of musical terms in the modern English language

Some structural features of musical terms in the modern English language

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Article deals with the changes of the meanings of the post nominal adjectives in the process of transformation in the modern English language. On the basis of the linguoculturological approach and the method of linguistic analysis, the characteristic features of the change in the meanings of post-nominative adjectives in the English language have been revealed. In the English language the adjectives can perform the function of predicative. For the semantics of the adjectives which have the predicative function, these adjectives are characterized by inner qualitative diversity. Mainly, qualitative adjectives refer to classical predication and denote the feature of the object directly. Such adjectives have more features of predication. The predicative sign of the adjective, the presence of a connotation of subjective assessment determines its semantics and use. There are differences between the constructions used in the predicate function in phrases that perform the function of the subject and in the altered form of word phrases related attributively and predicatively. The predicative relation is the immunest form of syntactic connection and in predicative connectives the structural restriction in comparison with attributive constructions is extremely limited. Adjectives as predicative words do not have denotation and reference, they have no denoter, there is a signification. Basing on their indicative characteristics, it is possible to present all the possible semantic features. For the English language it is characteristic the use of the attribute before the defined word. The development from a special sign of thought to a general concept is characteristic for the whole structure of the English language; it is even possible to observe it in word formation. In most cases, taking into account the use of the adjective in the function of an attribute, the terms like postpositional (post nominal) and prepositional (prenominal) adjectives are used. The reasons for the change in the position of adjectives should be sought not always in the nature of the adjective, but in the degree to which it determines its referent. The semes that make up the meaning of the word are at different levels and are more or less stable. In adjectives, the nuclear seme, or subseme, is always found next to the differential seme. In other words, the adjective cannot be combined with nouns in all semantic groups. When an adjective is combined with a noun, a background is formed that allows or prevents the actualization of a particular seme. This causes the activation of a specific seme associated with the semantics of the given name in combination with the given name. Such semes are reflected in the join semantics. The opposite can also be said. The adjective itself chooses the noun for word formation. After all, the same adjective behaves differently in relation to transformation into different attributive complexes. In our opinion, adjectives act as an important restrictive informative element at the content level.

The concept of “success” in modern Russian and English languages

This article discusses the meaning of the important to any culture concept of “success”. Etymology of the lexeme “success” in Russian and English languages and its lexical meaning according to most reputable Russian and English explanatory dictionaries are analyzed. Based on the conducted analysis, the authors outline the common meanings, such as achievement and implementation of the set goal, ability to achieve successful results, certain career achievements. The article provides the results of survey carried out by private Strayer University, USA, according to which success is the realization of personal potential, good relationships, happiness, aspirations and achievement of the set goals. In order to compare the attitude towards success in the Russian Federation and the United States, polling was conducted in the universities of Moscow Region (Academy of Social Management, Moscow Region State University), which revealed that 15% of respondents believe that success is good relationships and happiness. Despite the detected differences, the authors conclude that the concept of “success” has a broader meaning than just financial wealth, luck and power, and thus, support the researchers from Strayer University in amending the dictionary entry on the concept of “success” not only in English, but in Russian language as well.

Reading Strategies in Academic Communication (Based on the Harry Potter Series)

This article considers the correlation between reading strategies and peculiarities of academic discourse. Special attention is paid to the upbringing-educational potential of teaching English on the basis of selected materials, namely the seven-book series “Harry Potter” by Joan K. Rowling. The paper discusses a number of ways of sustaining the communicative focus of teaching a foreign language through the prism of a potential reading strategy. It is proved that the series authored by Joan K. Rowling is filled with modern lexical and phraseological means. Texts about Hogwarts magic and spells are exemplary among the works of modern English literary language, because it contains a wide range of thematic material of an instructive nature, which greatly contributes to both teaching and performing basic activities such as reading, speaking, writing, as well as critical thinking, text analysis and the formation of moral values. The study mentions multiculturalism in order to help students master the concept, as well as to realize that each unit of cultural diversity has the right and freedom to exist and respect it. The authors proved that Potterian material is rich in instructiveness and contains such topics as the influence of folklore on modern culture, multicultural manifestations, issues of freedom and slavery, raising “problem children” or interaction with non-biological parents and others. Specific techniques and strategies that are most appropriate for the treatment of the above topics are proposed. These can be text analysis, investigation and comparison of book’s world and modern life, as well as critical thinking. It is seen that effective communication is dialogue and group discussion, the amount of oral and written speech which must be balanced with quality.

Linguistic and extra linguistic factors that have formed phonetic and grammatical structure of modern English

This article deals with one of the most essential theme in modern English language system. The article discusses the linguistic and extra linguistic factors that have impact on forming phonetic and grammatical structure of modern English. The essence of rethinking the meaning of the word lies in the fact that the name of one denotation extends to another, if their concepts are somewhat similar. In this case, the word continues to exist in its original form. A special place among the linguistic reasons for changing the meaning of a word is occupied by a shift in meaning based on the transfer of the name. The possibility of such a transfer lies in the very essence of the meaning of the word, namely in the flexible connection between its components such as concept and form.

Неологізми англомовної економічної терміносистеми: лінгвопрагматичний аспект

The article is devoted to the study of peculiarities of formation and translation of neologisms in modern English economic terminology, as well as to the problem of pragmatic adaptation as an integral part of translation process. Terminological systems of the modern English language are rapidly replenishing with neologisms which require adequate translation, taking into account pragmatic and socio-cultural adaptation. It has been revealed that a large number of innovations of the English economic terminological system are formed by means of new prepositive and postpositive elements functioning as affixes, the source of which is telescoping and shortening. The affixalization of lexical units is one of the productive ways of replenishing modern English economic terminology. Composition, as well as the processes of terminologization and transterminologization, contribute to the formation of neologisms functioning in English economic terminology. It has been determined that conversion is not a productive way of term-formation in modern English economic terminology. To translate English neologims of economic sphere into Ukrainian, translation by means of lexical equivalent, calque, transcription, transliteration, explication are used; descriptive translation usually dominates. As a result of the study, it has been established that translators of terminological texts should know not only productive methods of term-formation, but also have to apply lexical, lexical-semantic and lexical-grammatical translation transformations taking into account the context of the new units, the information background of the source and target audience in order to reproduce pragmatic potential of the original text and ensure the most accurate translation of terminological information.

НЕОЛОГИЗМ КАК ЗНАЧИМОЕ И НЕОБХОДИМОЕ ЯВЛЕНИЕ СОВРЕМЕННОГО АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

The present article focuses on neologisms as a part of modern English vocabulary. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the modern period is characterized by the intensive development of various spheres of human life. They are accompanied by changes in the English language. The article also discusses the classification of neologisms based on the method of their formation, each type is characterized, and examples are given. The object of the research is the lexical system of the modern English language, presented in the media discourse. The aim of the work is to study neologisms in the lexical system of modern English, to identify trends in the formation of new words. The research resulted in the formation of neologisms in the context of technology development. Changes in the language being a result of the formation of neologisms are considered.

LINGUISTIC ESSENCE OF COMPUTER AND INTERNET JARGONS

This article reflects the experience of a comprehensive systematic and phenomenological study of computer and the Internet jargon, which is now widely recognized as an important tool and subject. One of the unique features of computer and the Internet terminology is the emergence of computer jargon specific to their users. After all, special vocabulary is only used in industry and is self-explanatory. This research is devoted to the study of the sources of computer and the Internet jargon in Uzbek and English. In fact, the language of science and technology emerges and develops on the basis of the general literary language. The structure of the language of the science and technology obeys the rules of the language, the main types of language units are expressed in it. The relationship between the language of the science and technology and the general literary language has been analyzed by the author in the way of analyzing the jargons of the computer and the Internet systematically. That is to say, it has been undertaken in the examples of the literary language relations. The literary language and the language of the science and technology practically use the commonly-used words and scientific lexical units. The terminological lexical units are also connected with the general literary language, which means that it gives the chance of representing and naming newly appeared notions. Practical means of creating the terms are determined in the process as well. Meanwhile, professional jargons are also enriched by means of non-professionally-used terminological lexical units in its turn. Before analyzing the linguistic features of computer and the Internet jargon, we considered it necessary to analyze the terms/terminology, computer and the Internet terms, theoretical views given to them by linguists and experts in this field. In the modern English and Uzbek languages jargons are widely used in terms of many concepts related to computer and the Internet activities.

Нестандартная комбинаторика глагола to do в современном английском языке

The study aims to determine functional characteristics of word combinations exhibiting extended non-standard combinatorial behaviour of the verb ‘to do’ in the modern English language. Scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that analysing the use of non-standard word combinations with the verb ‘to do’ in the English-language communication, the author for the first time identifies the most common lexical sets and determines linguocultural functional characteristics of such word combinations. As a result, it was found that non-standard word combinations with the verb ‘to do’ are used both to amplify communication intention and to reduce it saving a communicant’s face and also as a means of distancing in word combinations related to emotional sphere.

Особенности перевода онимов в «Топографии Оренбургской» П. И. Рычкова

The study aims to identify the most optimal strategies of translating archaic onyms in P. I. Rychkov’s “Topography of Orenburg”. The article analyses their contextual content and difficulties of their translation into the modern English language from the position of preserving stylistic markedness and simultaneous accessibility to translation receivers. Scientific novelty lies in the research subject: P. I. Rychkov’s “Topography” is for the first time considered from the standpoint of linguistics and translation studies. As a result, it was found that typical methods of translating onyms cannot be always applied to translate archaic units, there has to be a unique complex strategy for each unit, which takes into account broad cultural context.

Роль полусуффиксации в словообразовании в современном английском языке

The research objective includes identifying semi-affixation role in the word-formative system of the modern English language. The article examines semi-affixation as a means of word-formation in the English language, describes the basic features of the English semi-affixes, singles out differential criteria of semi-affixes, reveals their morphological, semantic and functional peculiarities. The authors identify differential criteria of semi-affixes, trace changes in their semantics, explore the hierarchical structure of semi-affixes within the framework of the word-formative field theory, which constitutes scientific originality of the study. The research findings are as follows: differential criteria of semi-affixes are ascertained, their hierarchical structure is revealed.

Dynamic norm and variability of personal pronouns in the works of Geoffrey Chaucer

The subject of this research is the dynamic variability in the sphere of personal of the Middle English Period. The object of this research is the personal pronouns of the Middle English (in form of the nominative case) used in the “Canterbury Tales” by Geoffrey Chaucer. Insufficient study of this layer of lexicon necessitates detailed examination of the rich tapestry of variability of pronouns for determination of the area of Medieval language norm that influenced the establishment of modern literary English language, which defines the relevance of this research. The goal consists in description of the dynamic norm of the Middle English. Research methodology consists in systematization, description and classification of language material, extracted through the method of continuous sampling from the first part of the “Knight’s Tale” of the “Canterbury Tales” of Geoffrey Chaucer, and setting quantitative parameters that reveal and confirm linguistic patterns that regularly manifest within the system of personal pronouns of the Middle English. The scientific novelty lies in comprehensive research of variability of personal pronouns and establishment of the dynamic norm and “quasi-norm” of the national literary standard of English language formed in the XIV century. The main conclusion consists in substantiation of the leading role of central dialects in comprising dynamic norm of the Middle English (namely with regards to pronouns), while the forms developed in the north and south should be attributed to quasi-norm.

Синонимические ряды прилагательных размера со значением «большая величина» в английском языке

The research objectives are as follows: to compile a corpus of the English adjectives of size with the meaning “big size”, to arrange them into synonymic chains according to their lexico-semantic features. There is a number of studies on the English adjectives of size, but the authors for the first time provide a comprehensive functional-semantic description of dimensional adjectives designating length, width, height, depth, thickness and identify their role in the adjective system of the modern English language, which constitutes scientific originality of the paper. The research findings are as follows: the English adjectives of size (237 lexical units) are classified into thematic groups according to their lexico-semantic features. Analysing etymology of the adjectives ‘great’, ‘large’, ‘big’, the authors conclude that these words belong to the most ancient stratum of the English vocabulary. Expressive potential of the adjectives under study is revealed.

İNGİLİS DİLİNDƏ OLAN HƏNDƏSİ METAFORALAR

The article is devoted to the study of geometric metaphor in the modern English language. Metaphor quite often can be found both in English and in many other languages. Very often metaphors are associated with the letter, but without noticing it, they often use them in everyday speech. The role of a metaphor in the English language is to diversify speech with turns that have a figurative meaning that gives expressiveness to phrases and sentences. To make English speech not only literate, but also beautiful. Metaphors enrich the language and show a high level of language proficiency. Therefore, when learning English, along with everyday vocabulary, idioms, phrasal verbs, it is not out of place to learn some common beautiful metaphors. The geometric metaphor can be considered an important element of the modern English economic discourse and correspondingly communication, thus it obtains a special status in the frame of cognition. It is understood from the research there are a lot of geometric metaphors and is actively used in the cognitive processes of conceptualization and classification of economic reality. Key words: metaphor, geometric figure, geometric metaphor, sentence, figurative meaning

The experience of representation of the applied terminological system by means of terminological network

The article is devoted to the study of the English-language Digital Photography terminological units by building a terminological network, namely, identifying key categories of special notions and system relations between the corresponding terminological units to prove that the analyzed terminological system is mainly applied. These features of the terminological system are identified and classified by building a terminological network. The primary task was to determine the main categories of special notions that are frequentlyverbalized by the English-language Digital hotography terminological units drawing on the example of the analysis of definitions of key terms, as well as to calculate the types of relations between the designated categories. In this regard, the study of a term as a system unit that occupies a clearly defined place in the subsystem of professional lexis becomes possible with the help of a terminological semantic network, which shows that the relationships and categories which the correlating terms belong to are not random. Digital Photography terminological units in the modern English language, which have been taken from the English-language online dictionaries, reference books, glossaries, and Internet portals dedicated to the topic in question, have served as the material for the research. Terms of one category can be associated with the representatives of other categories by means of recurrent system relationships, thus forming prototypical schemes of interaction between terminological units. During the work the two groups of terms have been allocated: the first one consists of “material” terminological units, verbalizing natural objects/phenomena, natural / artificial substances, loci (places, locations), instruments and tools (parts of tools), simple and complex mechanisms and their components, natural / artificial materials, artificially created loci (places) or constructions. The second group includes non-material terms that nominate the category “actor”, processes, situations, characteristics, ideal phenomena. The predominant categories of notions in the sphere of Digital Photography are components of mechanisms /tools, processes, ideal phenomena, complex mechanisms, characteristics / parameters, which indicates the fact that the Digital Photography terminological system is mainly applied. The study has revealed that the most frequent types of system relations between notions and their verbalizers-the corresponding English-language Digital Photography terms are: AKO (system relations between hyperonym and hyponym), ISA (system relations of coincidence or inclusion in a set), SR (system relations between referents which make up the subject of influence and the result obtained within the same process), which also indicate the predominantly applied nature of the Digital Photography terminological system

Интерпретация ситуации прикосновения (на материале английских глаголов)

The article deals with interpretation of the touch situation in the modern English language. The study aims to examine the role of the English verbs denoting touching in interpretation of the touch situation. The authors analyse cases of real contextual usage of verbs with the systemic meaning of touching in order to identify ways of interpreting the touch situation. The attained results make it possible to conclude that the speaker uses one or another touch verb depending upon how they interpret the touch situation: in a general way or focusing on its specific aspects.

Лексико-семантичні особливості акронімів і методи їх перекладу в сучасній англійській мові

. Introduction . Acronyms in the modern English language manifest the lexical group with great potential to create new structures with the help of abbreviation, which are compact by their form and contain complex semantic meaning. Research, analysis and classification of acronyms types is an actual problem of modern English lexicology with the aim to further trace linguistic peculiarities and reveal main methods of formation and translation of such structures in Ukrainian. Purpose . The aim of the article is to analyse lexical peculiarities of acronyms in the modern English language, their classification ,ways of formation and methods of translation into the Ukrainian language. Methods . The main methods of research are comparative and structural methods, transformational and componential analysis. Results . Results of the analysis of modern English acronyms give the opportunity to affirm that acronyms are mainly used in publicistic style and the main aim of their usage is the desire to reach a standard, compression and expressivity. It has been established that the main method of acronyms translation into Ukrainian is transliteration. Originality . As the result of research of the representational number of acronyms in the texts of different styles of modern English language the main types of acronyms, their word-building models and problems in treating their meaning and translation into the Ukrainian language were revealed. Conclusion . The main conclusions, which were made in the result of research state that acronyms in the modern English language have become a stable trend, which is spreading into different spheres of language existence and are stimulated with the necessity to reach compression and compactness of structures being realized in the form of acronyms. The perspective moment in the aspect of lexical structure acronym research is to study punctuational peculiarities of such structures and solve the problem of acronyms-homonyms.

Cultural Linguistics as a Unique Basis for Language Data Interpretation

The article is devoted to the solution of several issues. The first one is the consideration of cultural linguistics as a modern science studying features of culture which are reflected in the specific language of the specific country. The second issue concerns studying and analyzing linguistic units used to create the image of V.V. Putin in British, American and Spanish news articles not older than three years. The article presents some cases of cultural influence on linguistic units chosen by the authors to describe V. Putin’s image. The reason for the choice is explained by the high frequency of V. Putin’s name referring in international news agencies, newspapers and magazines and historical and cultural features of two different cultures that have a serious impact on the way of perceiving and describing V. Putin. The article shows some particularities of the variation of the English and Spanish languages used to make the image of V. Putin. The article provides some information on the numbers of English and Spanish native speakers. The research is held by means of modern journalistic English and Spanish languages. Contrastive-comparative and contextual analysis, lingo-stylistical and continuous sampling and content methods were used in the research.

Кластерный анализ в исследовании аффиксального словообразования (на материале английского языка)

The article discusses prospects of applying the cluster analysis to study affixal word formation in the modern English language. The paper aims to reveal principles of compatibility of prefixes and suffixes. Affixes are clustered according to five criteria. The pairs of closest clusters are identified. The practical part of the study is based on analysing derivative units, which include at least one affix with the meaning of quality. The research material was obtained from professional texts of the railway subject area.