Modern Design Research Articles

Dispersed Images of the Partially Eclipsed Sun and Solar Corona as Proxies for Spectrometer Nonidealities

Limitations in spectrograph behavior are difficult to visualize because aberrations, noise, and nonlinearity are largely mitigated in modern designs. Nevertheless, spectral resolution and precision are often subtly degraded by coma, astigmatism, stray light, noise, and distortion. The unique source geometry available during a solar eclipse allows a demonstration of some of these effects. Images from the eclipse of 8 April 2024 are presented and discussed.

INCREASING FATIGUE LIFE OF NEW WELDED AND REPAIRED JOINTS BY HFMI TREATMENT

AbstractThere is a growing number of welded steel bridges in the world that are reaching the end of their design life. Repair of fatigue damage (cracks) or replacement with new modern designs is becoming an increasing issue. Fatigue damage is now one of the main design and construction risks associated with the construction of new dynamically stressed steel structures. Fatigue damage is now one of the main design and engineering risks associated with the construction of new dynamically stressed steel structures. Increasing fatigue life can be achieved by HFMI treatment that can be applied to new weld as well as existing welded joints. This paper presents the results of experiments focused on HFMI treatment to new and repaired butt welds of higher thicknesses.

Equivariant tensor network potentials

Abstract Machine-learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs) have made a significant contribution to the recent progress in the fields of computational materials and chemistry due to the MLIPs’ ability of accurately approximating energy landscapes of quantum-mechanical models while being orders of magnitude more computationally efficient. However, the computational cost and number of parameters of many state-of-the-art MLIPs increases exponentially with the number of atomic features. Tensor (non-neural) networks, based on low-rank representations of high-dimensional tensors, have been a way to reduce the number of parameters in approximating multidimensional functions, however, it is often not easy to encode the model symmetries into them. In this work we develop a formalism for rank-efficient equivariant tensor networks (ETNs), i.e. tensor networks that remain invariant under actions of SO(3) upon contraction. All the key algorithms of tensor networks like orthogonalization of cores and DMRG-based algorithms carry over to our equivariant case. Moreover, we show that many elements of modern neural network architectures like message passing, pulling, or attention mechanisms, can in some form be implemented into the ETNs. Based on ETNs, we develop a new class of polynomial-based MLIPs that demonstrate superior performance over existing MLIPs for multicomponent systems.

Improved Variable Scale Optimisation Algorithm in Water Saving Landscape Design and Its Application

Abstract With the acceleration of urbanisation, the problem of water resource shortage is becoming increasingly serious. Currently, the water use situation in Chinese cities is severe and the contradiction between the supply and demand of water resources is prominent, which has become one of the main factors restricting sustainable development of cities. Traditional research on water-saving landscape design focuses mainly on the analysis of the efficiency of water resource utilisation within a single area or city. The scope of the research is limited and the research methods are individual, which cannot fully meet the current needs of sustainable urban water-saving landscape design. The improved variable scale optimisation algorithm has become an indispensable tool in modern landscape design and would play a more important role in landscape design and ecological environment protection in the future. In response to the shortcomings of traditional variable-scale optimisation algorithms in solving the optimisation problem of water-saving landscape design for ecological sustainable development, this article would use an improved variable-scale optimisation algorithm to study the water-saving landscape design for ecological sustainable development in Community X, City B, Province A. The research results indicated that there were three experts who rated the effect of the water saving landscape design of the first group of designers as good or above, accounting for 37.5 %. The number of people who rated the effectiveness of water-saving landscape design in the second group as good or higher was 8, representing 100 %. The improved variable-scale optimisation algorithm could effectively improve the application of water-saving landscape design in ecological sustainable development.

Innovations and challenges in modern optical design

AbstractOptical designers are constantly pushing the boundaries of technology, developing new materials, techniques, and software tools to improve the design and optimization of optical systems – crucial for continued growth and innovation in areas such as virtual reality, autonomous vehicles, and quantum technologies.

Design and Development from the Qing Dynasty Armchair Inspired for Modern Home Decoration Business

Background and Aims: Chinese traditional culture is extensive and profound, among which the Qing Dynasty culture has a more profound influence on modern home decoration. The Qing Dynasty was a period of rapid development of Chinese furniture culture, and many representative works appeared in the history of furniture. In these works, the chair of the Qing Dynasty has a unique style, unique design, atmospheric beauty, and simple beauty. Thus, this paper aims (1) to define and characterize the Qing Dynasty Armchair. (2) to study 5 well-known brands of new Chinese-style chairs in the market. And (3) to develop and design new Chinese chairs based on the Qing Dynasty style. Methodology: Three new Chinese chairs that skillfully combine tradition and innovation are the result of the research process, which carefully combined cultural heritage with modern design trends. The final designs were confirmed to be in line with modern consumers' preferences for distinctive shapes, eco-friendly materials, and functional versatility through surveys and expert interviews. This strategy emphasizes how important it is to respect cultural heritage while satisfying the changing needs of the modern furniture market. Results: Nowadays, the progress of modern home improvement enterprises has brought new changes to people's needs, so the design of the chair must also change. The main consumers of the modern home improvement market are young customers, so it is important to meet their needs. We should make some chairs that conform to the trend of The Times and have Chinese characteristics. To sum up, the author thinks that this research should develop and design a new Chinese chair based on the Qing Dynasty style. Through the questionnaire survey of 30 people and the interview of 3 people, we understand the consumers' evaluation and expectations of the existing 3 new Chinese chair design cases and then improve the chair cases to determine the final design innovation scheme. Conclusion: The findings highlight the need for contemporary home improvement companies to modify chair designs while preserving Chinese cultural elements to satisfy the changing demands of younger consumers. The study emphasizes the significance of creating new Chinese chairs with Qing Dynasty design inspirations and incorporating customer and expert interview feedback to improve designs that meet modern trends and expectations.

Ecclesiastical Ergonomics? Human Factors in Traditional and Modern Sacred Architecture

Recent innovations in building materials, design methods, and construction techniques have allowed architects to experiment with new and daring architectural forms. While Modernist and Contemporary architecture may be innovative, its effects on human users tend to be mixed. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of traditional and modern styles of ecclesiastical (church) architecture in supporting certain aspects of human psychological and physiological well-being, namely restorative and focusing effects. A literature review was performed to identify spatial, lighting, and decorative design features thought to support these human factors, with a particular focus on the design theories of Biophilia and Prospect-Refuge. These features were compared to design aspects of traditional and modern church architecture. Traditional architectural styles were found to incorporate more features identified as supporting restorative and focusing effects than modern styles. Recommendations were developed for adjustments to church spaces to improve the subjective experience of visitors.

Maintaining Optimal Indoor Air Quality

In the study of indoor air quality in mixed-use complexes, the focus lies on understanding the intricate balance required to maintain optimal Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). Mixed-use environments present a unique challenge due to the diverse sources of indoor pollutants they encompass. By employing a survey research design that integrates both qualitative and quantitative data analysis, the study aims to shed light on the effectiveness of various strategies in controlling pollutant sources and ensuring well-maintained HVAC systems to improve IAQ. The findings of this research underscore the need to adopt a holistic approach to achieve and sustain optimal levels of IAQ levels within mixed-use complexes. Recommendations such as implementing high-efficiency filtration systems and enhancing ventilation mechanisms emerge as crucial steps towards improving air quality and ultimately enhancing the comfort and well-being of occupants in these multifaceted environments. This comprehensive approach not only addresses the immediate concerns related to IAQ but also contributes to the overall sustainability and liveability of mixed-use complexes, aligning with the growing emphasis on green technologies and practices in modern architectural design.

Field measurements of wind load effects in a photovoltaic single-axis tracker mounting rail

The demand for solar photovoltaic power installations has resulted in a highly competitive industry. Equipment suppliers are under pressure to reduce design margins for projects to be feasible. Single-axis trackers are widely used to increase yield and reduce the levelised cost of energy compared to fixed-tilt installations. Load coefficients on tracker arrays are usually quantified using model-scale studies conducted in atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnels. These dynamically sensitive structures have been known to suffer wind damage despite the use of modern design methods. Ongoing research into the support structure design is deemed important to ensure long-term reliability. The current study presents full-scale field data acquired over 109 days on an experimental one-in-portrait single-axis tracker facility located in the Western Cape, South Africa. The purpose of these measurements was to quantify wind load effects in two instrumented PV module mounting rails. Frequency domain data showed modal participation of both the torsional and bending modes of the torque tube. The effect of the bending mode was more pronounced for the rail furthest from a pile. Load coefficients calculated using experimental data were generally lower than those presented in ASCE 7-22. Fluctuating stresses at critical locations led to negligible fatigue damage.

Разработка программного обеспечения для цифровых интерфейсов электромеханического датчика положения

For an electromechanical position sensor to be used in modern motion control systems, it must have technical means to transmit measurement results. It is also necessary to connect the sensor with equipment to configure and test it. In addition, the exchange of information between its elements that calculate, and generate and process signals may be required. To perform the listed functions of information interaction digital interfaces are designed. The choice of interface types depends on their purpose, and the algorithms of their use are implemented using software. The development of such digital interfaces for the controller of a sine-cosine rotary transformer in amplitude mode is an urgent task of modern motion control systems. When developing software for digital interfaces, methods of algorithmization of control and information transfer processes, methods of software development and debugging, as well as experimental research methods have been used. Information interaction between the controller of the electromechanical position sensor and the high-level controller as part of the motion control system and ensuring its operability is carried out using various digital interfaces. The I2C interface is used to communicate the sensor with the high-level controller, and the UART interface is used to communicate with the equipment for configuring and testing. The connection between the generator and signal processor chip and the microcontroller included in the sensor is carried out via the I2C interface. The authors have developed a microcontroller driver for connecting to the I2C network bus in Slave mode, as well as a software handler for the UART interface, which detects received messages of a given format and ensure safe operation in case of receiving corrupted messages. To store the configuration parameters of the sensor, one can access to flash memory of microcontroller. As a result of the use of digital interfaces and algorithms of their implementation that carry out information interaction, the developed controller of electromechanical position sensor becomes a full-fledged element of motion control systems. The use of modern design tools and specialized function libraries based on high-level C language, helps to develop software that implements these algorithms for various interfaces.

Measured love: Regulating infantile bodies, the Plunket Society and modern architecture

Measured love: Regulating infantile bodies, the Plunket Society and modern architecture

Experimental and numerical investigation of façade flame with respect to varied distances between sidewall and main wall opening

Considering the potential impact of sidewalls on façade fire spread, their popularity in modern building designs has raised great concerns in terms of fire safety. This paper presents a combined experimental and numerical study on JIS A 1310 calibration tests (non-combustible façade) with heat release rates (HRR) ranging from 600-900 kW and sidewall distances spanning 0.05–0.4 m. In the experimental analysis, a non-dimensional sidewall distance of 0.55 is identified as crucial for maintaining the symmetry of the façade temperature distribution and avoiding the accumulation of intense flames towards the sidewall. Following this, numerical modeling is conducted under a partially refined grid with the one equation eddy viscosity model of turbulence, eddy dissipation model of combustion, and discrete ordinate method of thermal radiation. The modeling focuses on temperature, heat flux, and flame morphology, exhibiting a reasonably good agreement compared to experimental measurements. Utilizing this numerical configuration, extended sidewall distances are investigated, and the dimensionless factor K is developed to characterize the correlation of sidewall distances vs flame height, by introducing a limitation term and HRR-varied entrainment coefficient λ.

Observatory of Town and Biomimetics For Urban Modeling and Architectural Design of Scientific Space in Landscaped Site.

Some modern architectural designs face difficulties in completion ,andthe dificult and complexe shapes lead to an increase in the cost of the project. The irregular urban planning of town creates an imbalance in the urban fabric and causes the functional problems. In this searches using biomimetics , we practice the urban planning of scientific space through projects of scientific use in several branches in a pivotal urban area whose scientific space extends to the eastern suburb of Ouzera Town. After a brief presentation of an urban observatory from Ouzera Town that enhances the scientifc project, the scientific spaces are disgnated for the rapid exucution in scientific space. The architectural design derived from the plants and biological structures facilitates the urban realization insuring easy practices and achieving and urban form through landscape architecture that is consistent in ecologicaland landscaped area of Ouzera Terriory.

Comparative Analysis of Traditional and Modern Religious Buildings in Terms of Materials and Construction Techniques: The Turkish Mosques Cases

Religious buildings are cultural symbols of societies in urban life. Mosque architecture, one of the religious structures that entered Turkish history and architectural culture with the acceptance of Islam by the Turks, developed over time and reached its peak in terms of architectural formation during the Ottoman period. Although religious buildings are thought to be less affected by social change throughout history, unlike other architectural structures, mosques are seen to be affected by the social and cultural structure that changes over time. Religious buildings, apart from being places of worship in social life, are also meeting points and social sharing areas. This situation shows that it will not be possible for religious buildings to remain indifferent to the changing needs, building materials and living standards over time. The aim of the study is to explain the use of developing and transforming materials and construction techniques in mosques in Türkiye. Within the scope of the study, the reflection of traditional and modern architecture in mosques was discussed and the transformation of buildings in different periods was examined. In this context, examples of traditional and modern mosques built in different periods were discussed with the comparative analysis method. By examining how the classical, iconic elements of mosque architecture were handled in a modern style, their changes in terms of materials and construction techniques were questioned. As a result, it is aimed to be a reference for future studies by looking at the architectural variations of changing religious buildings from past to present.

Facade and Envelope Design in Architecture--The Evolution, Technological Innovation, and Visual Expression

This essay explores the evolution, technological innovation, and visual expression of facades and envelopes in modern architecture through the lens of three seminal case studies: Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, Mies van der Rohe's Farnsworth House, and Walter Gropius's Bauhaus School. These case studies highlight the transformative impact of architectural design principles on building aesthetics and functionality. The Notre Dame Cathedral introduced a revolutionary structural system that liberated the facade from its traditional load-bearing role, allowing for expansive stained-glass windows and intricate stone carvings that set the stage for future architectural innovations. Mies van der Rohe's Farnsworth House exemplifies the minimalist approach, emphasizing transparency and the seamless integration of interior and exterior spaces. The Bauhaus School, under Gropius's leadership, merged art, technology, and craftsmanship, creating a new architectural language characterized by simplicity and functional beauty. Through a detailed analysis of these projects, the essay provides insights into the enduring influence of these architectural milestones on contemporary design practices.

Integrating art and culture into modern architectural buildings in Nigeria: The cases of Akure, Benin, and Ibadan

Modernism in architecture has witnessed the erosion of traditions, art, culture, and beliefs of Indigenous southwestern Nigerians in recent architectural developments. This phenomenon has stripped most modern buildings, especially in southwestern Nigeria, of their cultural values. This study delves into the historical context of Nigerian art and architecture, highlighting the need for a paradigm shift toward a more culturally inclusive approach. It investigates various strategies and presents examples of successful integration, including the utilization of traditional materials, incorporation of indigenous motifs, and collaboration with local artists and craftsmen. This research examines three cultural center buildings where the architects have endeavored to integrate the art and culture of the people of southwestern Nigeria into contemporary architecture. The case study method of inquiry was adopted for this research, combined with detailed observation and analysis of digital photographs of these buildings. The study highlights the relevance of art and culture in recent architectural developments in three southwestern Nigerian cities: Akure, Benin, and Ibadan. These cities were selected because of their historical backgrounds and rich cultural affiliations that reflect the art and lifestyle of their localities. The cases studied were cultural center buildings because these building types are purposely built to reflect the culture of the people. Findings from the study reveal that some modern buildings still imbibe the art and culture of the people, while others incorporate these elements in more subtle ways, such as mural paintings and relief sculptures on walls. These features connote cultural expressions and representations of Nigeria’s heritage, which should not be forgotten but preserved for future generations.

Temperature and stress distributions during laser cutting with different materials

Laser cutting is an extremely precise and versatile industrial technique that utilizes a focused laser beam to accomplish precise and accurate material cutting or engraving. Because of its efficiency and adaptability, laser cutting has become an essential component of modern production and design. The transient thermal and stress distribution of laser cutting of a sheet is introduced numerically in this study. Temperature, equivalent elastic strain, and equivalent stresses at different workpiece materials (structural steel, titanium alloy, and aluminum alloy) are investigated. Three different laser beams (500 W, 1000 W, and 1500 W) were used in this study. The modeling applies a heat source based on a Gaussian distribution to predict heat flow with an accurate temperature distribution field. The numerical model is validated with experimental data, and the error percentage is consistent and reasonable. The results showed that titanium could attain higher temperatures for the material of the workpiece under the same working conditions as both stainless steel and aluminum alloy. In comparison to stainless steel, the temperature increase ratios for titanium and aluminum are 121 % and 113.5 %, respectively. Aluminum expands rapidly, structural steel endures stresses, and titanium withstands high temperatures effectively. In comparison to 500 W, the temperature rise ratios for laser beams of 1000 W and 1500 W are 174 % and 237 %, respectively. These results highlight how critical it is to select the ideal laser power dependent on the properties of the material, adding to a more sophisticated knowledge for increased accuracy and effectiveness in laser cutting procedures.

The Role of Parametric Modeling in Modern Architecture

The Role of Parametric Modeling in Modern Architecture

Innovations in ion-selective optodes: a comprehensive exploration of modern designs and nanomaterial integration.

In recent years, ion-selective optodes (ISOs) have remarkably progressed, driven by innovative modern designs and nanomaterial integration. This review explored the development of modern ISO by describing state-of-the-art strategies to improve their sensitivity, selectivity, and real-time monitoring capacity. The review reported the traditional membrane based-optodes, and investigated the latest research, current design principles, and the use of essential components, such as ionophores, indicator dyes, polymer membranes, and nanomaterials, in ISO fabrication. Special attention was given to nanomaterials (e.g., quantum dots, polymer dots, nanospheres, nanorods and nanocapsules) and particularly on how rare earth elements can further enhance their potential. It also described innovative ISO designs, including wearable optodes, smartphone-based optodes, and disposable paper-based optodes. As the pursuit of highly sensitive, selective, and adaptable ion sensing devices continues, this summary of the current knowledge sets the stage for upcoming innovations and applications in different domains (pharmaceutical formulations, medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and industrial applications).

The Historical Building and Room Acoustics of the Stockholm Public Library (1925–28, 1931–32)

The Stockholm Public Library was realized in two distinct phases of construction in the 1920s and early 1930s, and remains a well-known work in twentieth-century architecture, with a heritage status today. While previous studies have focused on the library’s architectural design, particularly its lighting, acoustics were also an important aspect of the building’s design and construction. This study marks the first detailed investigation of the library’s architectural acoustics, with a suite of standard measurements performed to assess and characterize the library’s historical room and building acoustics. Reverberation time measurements in the library’s reading rooms yielded results of about 1.5–2 s for frequencies associated with speech. A significantly longer reverberation time of 5–6 s was measured in the library’s central rotunda, confirming a prominent acoustic issue in the library, where appropriate heritage discussions are needed in the future as the library undergoes a major renovation in the coming years. A comparison of the measured airborne and impact sound insulation of the 1920s and 1930s reading room ceilings also yielded interesting results. While the materials in library’s two construction periods are notably different, the airborne sound insulation performance of the 1920s and 1930s floors or ceilings was comparable and in line with contemporary standards. Impact sound insulation results from the 1920s and 1930s floors, however, differed significantly, with the latter displaying a relatively poor performance. Flanking transmission effects related to historical construction details and deviations from archival plans were investigated and discussed. This work emphasizes the practical and academic importance of conducting on-site measurements, and the close mutual development of modern architecture, construction, and architectural acoustics.