Moderating Effect Research Articles

Impact of brand communication on brand personality: Moderating mechanisms of brand equity in the telecommunication sector of Pakistan

The utmost aim of this paper is to examine the impact of brand communication on brand personality and the moderating mechanisms of brand equity in the telecommunication sector of Pakistan. The phenomenon was examined by applying a well-known theory of self-congruity to explain the moderating function performed by brand equity between the two variables, brand communication, and brand personality. A questionnaire was distributed and collected from 1536 customers in the telecommunication sector of Pakistan, using Telenor, Ufone, Zong and Jazz networks. The data was examined by IBM AMOS to examine the proposed relationships. The study's results suggest a strong moderating effect of brand equity on the relationship between brand communication and brand personality. In this sense, it not only contributes to the body of literature but also aids professionals and marketing managers in creating branding strategies that take into account the idea of brand personality.

Promoting ethical voice in the police: a daily Examination of ethical vision, LMX ambivalence, and interpersonal justice

ABSTRACT Drawing on signalling theory, this study explores the daily cues provided by leaders to promote ethical voice, specifically examining the impact of ethical vision communication as the primary cue. We also investigate the moderating effect of LMX ambivalence as a secondary cue, and how this effect can be diminished by daily interpersonal justice. Our seven-day daily diary study, which involved 68 French police officers, tested this model. The findings indicate that ethical voice is dynamically impacted by ethical vision communication, LMX Ambivalence and interpersonal justice. Finally, we discuss practical implications and provide guidelines to train public leaders.

Keeping up appearances: US domestic extremist organizations and the effects of membership on domestic terrorism perpetrators

ABSTRACT Within the broader discussion of US domestic terrorism, the impact of formal extremist groups on the behaviour of perpetrators of ideologically motivated crime stands as a key albeit under examined issue. Radicalization and terrorism have long been understood as group-driven processes, yet the degree and rate of group affiliation among US extremist offenders is highly variable, especially in the context of rising instances of lone actor attacks. This raises the question of the role that group affiliation plays in relation to perpetrators of extremist violence. For while discourse surrounding domestic terrorism has largely classified these organizations as facilitators or enablers of radicalization and extremist violence, patterns in recent years suggest these groups may in fact do the opposite and dampen the violent impulses of their members to preserve their organizational interests. This paper presents an analysis of data adapted from the Profiles of Individual Radicalization in the United States (PIRUS) dataset as well as original data and finds that membership in formal extremist groups does appear to create a moderating effect on perpetrators of ideologically motivated crime, reducing the probability of group members in engaging in violence.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Extract of Epiphytic Shrub Leaves (Ficus heteropleura Blume) on Oil Palm Plant and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Activity Against Escherichia coli

Silver nanoparticles are silver metal particles with a size of less than 100 nm. Extract of epiphytic shrub leaves (Ficus heteropleura Blume) serves as a bioreductant in producing silver nanoparticles, which are utilized for their antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli. This study aims to synthesize silver nanoparticles and assess their activity against Escherichia coli. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using the green synthesis method with Ficus heteropleura leaf extract with silver nitrate (AgNO3). AgNPs were synthesized using a 1 mM solution of AgNO3 and different concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10%) of Ficus heteropleura extract. The AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, FTIR, and PSA. UV-Vis analysis revealed that AgNPs at concentrations ranging from 2% to 10% exhibited absorbance peaks within the wavelength range of 201.2–473.5 nm. FTIR analysis identified functional groups such as OH, CH, C=C, C≡C, C≡N, and CO, which played a role in reducing silver nanoparticles. The size distribution of AgNPs was determined, with AgNPs synthesized at a concentration of 6% exhibiting a size range of 1–100 nm, constituting 40.77% of the total. For AgNPs synthesized at concentrations of 8% and 10%, the percentage of nanoparticles in the 1–100 nm size range was found to be 26.845% and 1.28%, respectively. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs at concentrations of 6% and 8% against Escherichia coli demonstrated moderate effectiveness.

Evaluation analysis of the compensation payments schemes for ecosystem services: The case of Czech and Slovak Republic

Compensation payments for ownership rights restrictions due to nature conservation of forest land have a long history in the Czech and Slovak Republics. A similar understanding and the common roots of nature conservation led us to analyse the implementation of these governmental payments for ecosystem services in both countries. This study aimed to compare the implementation process of payments in the Czech and Slovak Republics and to answer the following research question: How effective are they in ecosystem services provisions? Methodologically, the study was based on document analysis and interviews with forestry and environmental stakeholders and policymakers. We evaluated compensation payments with a multicriteria analysis based on policy analysis and governance theory. The evaluation analysis disclosed very similar results concerning the relevant implementation gaps in both countries. We observed that for small- and medium-scale forest owners, it is difficult to apply for compensation payments, e.g., they lack information about it. In both countries, the implementation process needs to be revised and improved. In summary, compensation payments have moderate environmental effectiveness related to their goals and ecosystem services support.

Combination Therapy: A New Tool for the Management of Obesity.

Obesity is a chronic lifestyle issue with devastating results. Behavioral changes are one of the initial lines of management strategies for obesity, but they are not very efficient management strategies. Many people also use surgical intervention to maintain a healthy weight, now considered to be the most common and effective obesity management. Chemically synthesized medicines fill the gap between lifestyle interventions and minimally invasive surgical management of obesity. The most common issue associated with monotherapy without side effects is its moderate effectiveness and higher dose requirement. Combination therapy is already used for many serious and complicated disease treatments and management and has shown efficacy as well. Generally, we use two or more medicines with different mechanisms of action for a better effect. The commonly used combination therapy for obesity management includes low-dose phentermine and prolonged and slow-releasing mechanism topiramate; naltrexone, and bupropion. Phentermine with inhibitors of Na-glucose cotransporter-2 or glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists with gastric hormone or Na-glucose cotransporter-2 are two more viable combo therapy. This combination strategy aims to achieve success in bariatric surgery and the scientific community is working in this direction.

Prospective bidirectional relations between depression and metabolic health: 30-year follow-up from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Coronary Artery Disease in Young Adults (CARDIA) study.

This study investigated prospective bidirectional relationships between depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the moderating effects of race, sex, and health behaviors in a diverse cohort followed for 30 years. Data were analyzed from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Coronary Artery Disease in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, a 30-year prospective study of young adults (N = 5,113; Mage = 24.76 [SD = 3.63] at baseline; 45% male) who were tested every 5 years between 1985 and 2015. Measures included biological assessments of MetS components and self-reported depressive symptoms based on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD) scale. Data analyses included bidirectional general estimating equations analyses of time-lagged associations between depressive symptoms and MetS. There was a consistent, bidirectional relationship between depressive symptoms and MetS over time. Individuals with more CESD depressive symptoms were more likely to develop MetS over time compared to those reporting fewer symptoms, Wald χ²(1) = 7.09, p < .008, and MetS was similarly predictive of CESD. MetS more consistently predicted CESD scores at each 5-year exam than CESD predicted MetS. Race and sex moderated these relationships, with White females, White individuals overall, and females overall demonstrating significant relationships between CESD depressive symptoms and MetS. Health behaviors were not related to associations between CESD and MetS. In a diverse young adult population prospectively followed into late middle age, MetS more consistently predicted depressive symptoms over time than depressive symptoms predicted MetS. The relation between MetS and depressive symptoms was moderated by race and sex, but not health behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

A pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) study protocol for assessing physical activity in individuals diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder (PABORD)

IntroductionMost treatments for severe mental disorders involve either pharmacotherapy or psychological interventions, which show mild to moderate effectiveness and may not lead to complete remission. Physical activity (PA), effective in enhancing physical health among the general population, emerges as a potential adjunctive treatment option that can address the existing gaps.Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a severe condition associated with profound psychosocial impairment, a heightened risk of suicide, and considerable burden on informal caregivers and mental health service providers. While there is a lack of approved medications for individuals with BPD, psychosocial interventions demonstrated good efficacy. However, the implementation of these treatments is limited by the demanded extensive training for staff. No studies have investigated the effectiveness of structured PA as an adjunctive treatment for individuals with BPD.ObjectivesThe primary objective of this study is to assess whether the intervention group outperforms the control group in terms of improvement on a standardized assessment scale evaluating BPD psychopathology, the Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Disorder. Secondary objective is to assess whether the intervention group can increase and sustain higher levels of PA. We hypothesise that a structured PA program will demonstrate superior results compared to the psychoeducation control group concerning PA levels upon completion of the intervention. Additionally, we hypothesise that the intervention group will exhibit enhanced outcomes in psychopathology, functioning, and sleep.MethodsThe PABORD Randomized Controlled Trial is designed for female outpatient individuals diagnosed with BPD aged 18-40 years. This trial will involve two distinct groups: (i) an intervention group (25 participants) that will engage in a 12-week structured PA program under the supervision of a sports medicine physician; (ii) a control group (25 individuals) that will undergo a 12-week psychoeducation program focused on PA and diet.Patients are assessed at three different time points. Standardized assessments include psychopathology, psychosocial functioning, sleep, menstrual cycle and nutrition data. Measurements are taken on the amount and intensity of PA and sleep patterns using a biosensor device (Actigraph GT9X), dynamometric measures and BMI. Biomarkers and hormonal cycles are examined through the collection of plasma and saliva samples.The trial is financially supported through donations (5x1000 fund), and has been submitted to the local Ethics Committee for approval. The trial registration process is also currently in progress.ResultsNot yet available.ConclusionsThe study will provide new knowledge which may enhance our treatment options with patients suffering from BPD.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

The effect of reward prediction errors on subjective affect depends on outcome valence and decision context.

The valence of an individual's emotional response to an event is often thought to depend on their prior expectations for the event: better-than-expected outcomes produce positive affect and worse-than-expected outcomes produce negative affect. In recent years, this hypothesis has been instantiated within influential computational models of subjective affect that assume the valence of affect is driven by reward prediction errors. However, there remain a number of open questions regarding this association. In this project, we investigated the moderating effects of outcome valence and decision context (Experiment 1: free vs. forced choices; Experiment 2: trials with vs. trials without counterfactual feedback) on the effects of reward prediction errors on subjective affect. We conducted two online experiments (N = 300 in total) of general-population samples recruited via Prolific to complete a risky decision-making task with an embedded high-resolution sampling of subjective affect. Hierarchical Bayesian computational modeling revealed that both outcome amount and reward prediction errors influenced subjective affect, but that the effects of reward prediction errors were moderated by both outcome valence and decision context. Specifically, we found evidence that only negative reward prediction errors (worse-than-expected outcomes) influenced subjective affect, with no significant effect of positive reward prediction errors (better-than-expected outcomes). Moreover, these effects were only apparent on trials in which participants made a choice freely (but not on forced-choice trials) and when counterfactual feedback was absent (but not when counterfactual feedback was present). These results deepen our understanding of the effects of reward prediction errors on subjective affect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Ethnic discrimination, acculturative stress, and sexual risk among Latinx emerging adults: Examining moderation effects of familism support and ethnic identity.

Ethnic discrimination and acculturative stress play an important role in sexual risk behaviors for Latinx emerging adults, who are at disproportionate risk for sexually transmitted infections. Factors such as familism support and ethnic identity may be protective, yet research is limited. This study is guided by a culturally adapted stress and coping framework to examine associations of ethnic discrimination and acculturative stress with sexual risk behaviors (i.e., multiple sex partners, alcohol or drug use before sex, and condomless sex with a primary or casual partner), and examine the moderating roles of familism support and ethnic identity among Latinx emerging adults. Participants were recruited from Arizona and Florida and were primarily female (51.3%) with a mean age of 21.48 years (SD = 2.06). Using cross-sectional data from 158 sexually active Latinx emerging adults, this study employed multiple logistic regression and moderation analyses. Higher levels of ethnic discrimination and pressure to acculturate were associated with fewer sex partners, and higher levels of pressure against acculturation were associated with increased condomless sex with a casual partner. The moderation effect of higher levels of familism support on pressure to acculturate was associated with fewer sex partners, and the moderation effect of higher levels of ethnic identity on pressure against acculturation was associated with decreased condomless sex with casual partners. Examining the results within a culturally informed theoretical framework supports that protective factors may help mitigate sexual risk factors among Latinx emerging adults experiencing acculturative stress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Cross-Education Effects of Hip Strengthening in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability

ABSTRACT Introduction/Purpose Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is associated with reduced balance, lumbopelvic stability, and hip strength. Accordingly, hip strengthening is an effective intervention for individuals with CAI. Cross-education through unilateral exercise is also beneficial to individuals with CAI, but cross-education effects of hip strengthening remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine cross-education effects of hip strengthening in individuals with CAI. Methods Thirty individuals with CAI were randomized into control (CON) and hip strengthening (HIP) groups. Baseline and postintervention tests of the uninvolved limb included lumbopelvic stability (unilateral hip bridge), handheld dynamometry (isometric hip extension, abduction, and external rotation strength), and balance (Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) in anterior, posterolateral (PL), and posteromedial directions). After baseline testing, HIP completed progressive hip strengthening of the involved limb three times per week for 8 wk, and CON did not. Repeated-measures analyses of variance assessed the effects of group and time on each outcome. Each group’s mean changes from baseline to postintervention were assessed via effect sizes. Statistical significance was set a priori at P &lt; 0.05. Results Of the 30 participants enrolled, 10 did not complete the postintervention data collection. Multiple imputations estimated missing data, and an intention-to-treat analysis was conducted. There were no significant group-by-time interactions for hip strength, balance, or lumbopelvic stability. HIP exhibited moderate effect sizes for SEBT-PL and hip bridge. All other effect sizes were small or negligible. Conclusions We did not identify a clear cross-education effect following unilateral hip strengthening in a cohort with CAI. Examination of baseline to postintervention effect sizes indicate a potential trend toward improved balance and lumbopelvic stability of the HIP group.

Pre-service teachers’ mathematics achievement, attitude, and anxiety: The moderative role of pre-service teachers’ interest in the learning process

The aim of the study was meant to investigate the moderative role of pre-service teachers’ interest on mathematics achievement, attitude and anxiety during teaching and learning process. The study was conducted at Akrokerri College of Education Adansi, Ghana on pre-service teachers with a population of 300. A sample of 206 pre-service teachers were involved in the study. Questionnaires were designed with regards to the four main constructs identified in the study. The questionnaires were analyzed using the structural equation model. The findings revealed that pre-service mathematics teachers’ attitude has a direct positive effect on pre-service teachers ‘mathematics achievement. Mathematics anxiety has a positive effect and is statistically insignificant on mathematics achievement. Finally, the moderating effect of mathematics interest on the relationship between mathematics attitude and mathematics achievement result was negative and it is statistically insignificant.

Effect of Brand Elements on Organizational Success: A Moderating Approach to the Brand Experience of Muslim and Non-Muslim Customers of Islamic financial Products in Pakistan

The primary purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of brand elements on the achievement of an organization. In addition, the study also examined the moderating effect of brand experience on Muslim and non-Muslim customers' perception of Islamic products in Pakistan. This research examines the significance of brand elements in the success of organizations and compares the reactions of Muslim and Non-Muslim customers of Islamic Products in Pakistan. The researchers used Keller's renowned CBBE model to examine the impact of brand elements on organizational success. This research used the convenience sampling technique to gather data from customers of Islamic products. Following the completion of the missing value analysis, only 124 out of 150 respondents provided their replies. The study analysis indicates that the brand resonance of both Muslim and non-Muslim customers of Islamic products has a positive effect on the success of the organization. Additionally, the relationship between these consumers and the organization is also crucial for achieving success or improved performance. The study shows that both Muslim and non-Muslim consumers in Pakistan have positive responses towards Islamic products offered by Islamic banks. This information can be used by managers to implement this strategy for the success of their organizations.

Company Age, Company Size and Earnings Management in Listed Industrial Goods Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria: A Moderating Role of Political Connection of Board Members

The study analysed the effect of company age, company size and political connections of Board members on earning management of quoted industrial goods manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study include assessing the effect of company age, company size and evaluating the moderating effect of political connections of board members on earnings management of quoted industrial goods manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The study used 130 firm-year data involving thirteen (13) quoted industrial goods manufacturing companies purposely selected over the period of 2012-2021. The data were sourced from the annual audited reports and accounts of the companies obtained from the Nigerian Exchange Group. The study used E-Views 8.0 statistical package and used panel regression techniques to analyse the data after carrying out diagnostic tests such as normality test, Panel Unit Root Test, Multicollinearity Test, Redundant Fixed Effects Tests, Hausman test, Heteroskedasticity Test, Serial Correlation Test to select the most appropriate model and fixed effect model was used for the model. The findings revealed that company age and company size do not influence earnings management. Also, the study revealed that political connection of board members insignificantly moderated the effect of company age and company size on earnings management. The study recommended that increased attention be given to internal control mechanisms to help curtail aggressive corporate earnings manipulation, reduce the effect of political connection, and enhance the financial reporting quality, particularly in Nigeria. Keywords: Firm Characteristics, Political Connections, Accruals, Real Earnings Management. Journal Reference Format: Adesuyi, T. Y. &amp; Owoseni, G. D. (2024): Company Age, Company Size and Earnings Management in Listed Industrial Goods Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria: A Moderating Role of Political Connection of Board Members. Humanities, Management, Arts, Education &amp; the Social Sciences Journal. Vol. 12. No. 1, Pp 49-72. www.isteams.net/humanitiesjournal. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/HUMANITIES/V12N1P4

α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Components from Garcinia pedunculata Fruits.

From Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. fruits, two undescribed aromatic compounds including a benzofuran and a depsidone derivative, and a new natural product, together with four known compounds were isolated. Through the analysis of spectroscopic data, high resolution mass spectrum and calculated nuclear magnetic resonance, their structures were determined. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the isolates was evaluated. And compound 3 exhibited a moderate inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. The molecular docking of compound 3 was performed to elucidate the interaction with α-glucosidase.

The investigation of sleep patterns in relation to interpersonal violence victimization and mental health in adolescent girls.

The aim of the current study was to identify distinct patterns of sleep problems to understand how they are associated with interpersonal violence victimization and key mental health outcomes, namely dissociation and emotional dysregulation. Latent class analyses were conducted on a sample of 706 adolescent girls aged 14-18 (88% of Canadian descent), who completed an online survey. Three classes of sleep were identified: poor-, moderate-, and high-quality sleep. Controlling for posttraumatic stress disorder, classes were found to differ regarding childhood sexual abuse, community violence, and emotional abuse. In addition, exposure to community violence was associated with dissociation only among girls in the poor-quality sleep class, indicating a moderation effect of sleep. The findings of this study, while awaiting replication with a more diverse sample, highlight the continued need to understand the interplay between interpersonal violence and sleep quality, which can help to inform trauma-focused clinical interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Digital resilience in the internationalization of small and medium companies: how does it work?

Purpose Digital technologies over time are becoming increasingly pervasive and relatively affordable, finding a large diffusion in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) also for internationalization purposes. However, less is known about the specific mechanisms by which this can be achieved. Specifically, we focus on how SMEs can face the international environment, leveraging digital technologies and thanks to their intellectual capital (IC).Design/methodology/approach We analyze the relationship between digital technologies and the internationalization of SMEs, exploring the mediating role of IC in its three dimensions: human, relational and innovation capital, and assessing the possible moderating effects posed by international institutional conditions, specifically the Sino-US trade frictions. The relationships are tested using a sample of companies listed on China’s A-share Growth Enterprise Market (GEM) from 2010 to 2021.Findings Digital technologies help to internationalize SMEs. However, this positive relationship is affected (mediated) by the presence of an already consolidated IC. In addition, the institutional conditions of the international market, such as the Sino-US trade friction, moderate the components of IC differently. Specifically, the overall mediating effect of human and relational capital is boosted, while this does not happen for innovation capital.Originality/value First, this study contributes to the literature on organizational resilience, especially digital resilience, confirming its validity in the context of internationalization and, in particular, those processes adopted by SMEs. Second, we clarify the mechanisms through which digital technologies exert their impact on the process of internationalization and in particular the prominent necessity of having IC. Third, our conclusions enrich the understanding of how IC components react to turbulence in international markets.

How do online reviews influence answer adoption in virtual Q&amp;A communities? A signaling theory perspective

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore the impact of online reviews on answer adoption in virtual Q&amp;A communities, with an eye toward extending knowledge exchange and community management.Design/methodology/approachOnline reviews contain rich cognitive and emotional information about community members regarding the provided answers. As feedback information on answers, it is crucial to explore how online reviews affect answer adoption. Based on signaling theory, a research model reflecting the influence of online reviews on answer adoption is established and empirically examined by using secondary data with 69,597 Q&amp;A data and user data collected from Zhihu. Meanwhile, the moderating effects of the informational and emotional consistency of reviews and answers are examined.FindingsThe negative binomial regression results show that both answer-related signals (informational support and emotional support) and answerers-related signals (answerers’ reputations and expertise) positively impact answer adoption. The informational consistency of reviews and answers negatively moderates the relationships among information support, emotional support and answer adoption but positively moderates the effect of answerers’ expertise on answer adoption. Furthermore, the emotional consistency of reviews and answers positively moderates the effect of information support and answerers’ reputations on answer adoption.Originality/valueAlthough previous studies have investigated the impacts of answer content, answer source credibility and personal characteristics of knowledge seekers on answer adoption in virtual Q&amp;A communities, few have examined the impact of online reviews on answer adoption. This study explores the impacts of informational and emotional feedback in online reviews on answer adoption from a signaling theory perspective. The results not only provide unique ideas for community managers to optimize community design and operation but also inspire community users to provide or utilize knowledge, thereby reducing knowledge search costs and improving knowledge exchange efficiency.

Does Social and Organizational Support Moderate Emotional Intelligence Training Effectiveness?

Given the dearth of systematic research and inconclusive results regarding the effectiveness of emotional intelligence (EI) training in adult training, this study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of EI training. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of EI training on learning and transfer outcomes, considering underexplored moderation of social and organizational support with experimental and longitudinal research design. Training transfer was measured through changes in organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and counterproductive work behavior (CWB). Participants self-assessed their OCB and CWB levels, while their supervisors also provided evaluations, allowing for separate analysis. Data, from a sample comprising 176 government officials, were collected across different periods and analyzed employing diverse analytical tools. The results revealed positive effects of EI training on training outcomes in both samples but positive moderation effect of social and organizational support on the effect of EI training on training outcomes was observed in the self-evaluation sample but not in the supervisor evaluation sample. The findings advance the debate on social exchange theory and organizational support theory by showing the boundary condition of their applicability. Furthermore, this study clarifies the impact of EI training on training outcomes by emphasizing the nuanced role of social and organizational support.

Assessment of patho-physiological responses, gill histopathology and SEM analysis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to varied doses of chloramine-T: A potent chemotherapeutic agent

Chloramine-T (Cl-T) is a chemo-therapeutant used at aquafarms to control fish mortalities associated with bacterial and parasitic infections in freshwater aquaculture. It is also effective as a disinfectant against a wide range of viruses known to cause disease in fish. However, a very little information is available on the patho-physiological alterations in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to different doses of Cl-T. Herein, the present study aimed to assess the patho-physiological changes in common carp exposed to different doses of Cl-T (20 mg/L, 100 mg/L, and 200 mg/L) for 15 days followed by a post-exposure assessment for another 15 days. The results indicated a significant decrease in haematological indices viz., Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Total Leucocyte Count (TLC), Total Platelet Count (TPC), Haemoglobin (Hb), Haematocrit (Hct), and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) at higher Cl-T concentrations. Whereas, a decrease in some of the immune-biochemical parameters was also noted viz., lysozyme, NBT, Total Ig, phagocytic activity, protein, albumin and globulin in a dose-dependent manner. However, a significant increase in Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and glucose levels was observed during exposure period. Histopathological analysis revealed gill hypertrophy, fusion of secondary lamellae, sloughing of lamellar epithelium and gill necrosis which were more pronounced with increasing concentration of Cl-T. The maximum damage to the gill was noted at a concentration of 200 mg/L. Whereas, scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis of gill revealed sloughing of lamellar epithelium, reduced interlamellar space and hypertrophy of secondary lamellae in Cl-T exposed fishes. Together, these results suggest that Cl-T exposure in common carp at 20 mg/L has a mild and acceptable effect on gill and physiology of fish, 100 mg/L has moderate effect, and 200 mg/L causes extensive damage to gills and physiology of fish.