Moderate Voltage Research Articles

First principles design of multifunctional spintronic devices based on super narrow borophene nanoribbons

Borophene, as a new material with various configurations, has attracted significant research attention in recent years. In this study, the electronic properties of a series of χ-type borophene nanoribbons (BNRs) are investigated using a first-principles approach. The results show that the width and edge pattern of the nanoribbons can effectively tune their electronic properties. Notably, a super-narrow χ-type BNR is found to be ferromagnetic and exhibits half-metallic properties. Based on these findings, a χ-type borophene nanojunction is proposed, and its spintronic transport properties are investigated using the non-equilibrium Green’s function method combined with density functional theory. The results demonstrate that the nanojunction exhibits excellent spin filtering capabilities under moderate bias voltages when two electrodes are spin parallel. Furthermore, when the spin configurations of the two electrodes are changed from parallel to antiparallel, both the spin-up and spin-down currents demonstrate significant rectifying effects with reversed rectifying directions, and the rectification ratios reach up to 105. Consequently, opposite spin filtering polarizations are obtained for spin-up and spin-down currents. More intriguingly, such bipolar spin filtering and spin rectifying effects can also be achieved by compressing the width of either electrode by 5%, while maintaining the spin parallel configuration of two electrodes. Additionally, the resistance of the device is largely modulated by altering the magnetic configurations of the electrodes or narrowing the width of either electrode, leading to a giant magnetoresistance effect and a piezoresistance effect. These findings open up new avenues for future applications of borophene in spintronic nanodevices.

Study of the Cathode/Electrolyte Interface in an All-Sulfide-Solid-State Battery Using Lithium-Rich Transition Metal Sulfide.

All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSBs) are among the most promising energy storage technologies, particularly for electric vehicles, due to their enhanced safety. However, performances of these systems are still hindered by interfacial side reactions at electrode/electrolyte interfaces, especially when sulfide electrolytes are used, and additional issues of mechanical nature. In this work, an ASSB system composed of an argyrodite (Li5.7PS4.7Cl1.3) electrolyte, a lithium-rich sulfide cathode (Li1.2Ti0.8S2) operating at moderate voltage, and a lithium metal anode is investigated. The positive electrode/electrolyte interface is scrutinized during several battery cycles using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) via two complementary approaches (ex situ and in situ). We show that both titanium and sulfur species contribute to the electrochemical process without any detectable degradation of the electrolyte after 20 cycles and without the use of any protective coating. These results suggest that the electrochemical performances of such an all-sulfide system are not limited by the cathode/electrolyte reactivity, opening a promising route for the development of specific cathode materials adapted to sulfide electrolytes.

Identifying the Activated Carbon Electrode Aging Pathways in Lithium-Ion Hybrid Capacitors.

This paper reports on several mechanisms of carbon aging in a hybrid lithium-ion capacitor operating with 1 mol L-1 LiPF6 in an ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate 1:1 vol/vol electrolyte. Carbon electrodes were subjected to a constant polarization protocol (i.e., floating) at various voltages and analyzed postmortem via several complementary techniques. The selected protocol was able to simulate the behavior of the real system. Due to the use of metallic lithium as the counter electrode, the influence of battery-like aging mechanisms was assumed to be limited. Our approach focused on the aging mechanisms related to the carbon electrode and determined the structural and chemical changes leading to energy fading in lithium-ion hybrid capacitors. It was shown that an increase in applied voltage not only results in faster system degradation but directs the aging chemistry to different pathways: at moderate voltage values, both capacitance loss and simultaneous increase in resistance predominate. This could be associated with the decrease in carbon surface area and possible pore clogging with by-products of electrolyte degradation and carbon oxidation disrupting the C sp2 network. When high voltage is applied, further oxidation of carbon occurs with an increase in measured resistance that leads to the relevant end-of-life criterion to be reached. Detailed postmortem analysis results attributed it to the formation of phenol and ether groups together with electrolyte decomposition products, higher oxidation levels, and structure degradation. It was evidenced that the decrease in the overall carbon conductivity and, in certain cases, modification of the textural properties ultimately aggravates the capacitor performance.

Precursor engineering towards orange- and red-emissive carbon dots for LEDs with tunable emission colors.

Carbon dots (CDs) have attracted significant research interest due to their great potential in optoelectronic applications. Although various CDs have been synthesized via the "bottom-up" pathway, few studies have focused on understanding the origins of the structural and optical diversities of CDs. In this study, two benzenoid acids with a slight structural variation (i.e., 9-oxo-9H-fluorene-2,7-dicarboxylic acid (FR) and 4,4'-biphenyl dicarboxylic acid (BP)) are employed as precursors, yielding orange- and red-emissive CDs with quantum yields of 43.1% and 30.9%, respectively. A combined experimental and theoretical study reveals that the structural and optical diversities of the CDs originate from the structural variation of their precursors. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on the blended emissive layer of poly(N-vinyl carbazole) (PVK) and the synthesized CDs display cyan and yellow lights, respectively, with moderate turn-on voltages of 4.0 and 4.5 V and maximum luminance values of 454 and 276 cd m-2. Such different optoelectronic performances could be attributed to the different energy-level alignments of CDs-FR and CDs-BP, relative to that of PVK. This study thus provides a typical example to understand the precursor-dependent diversities of CDs, which may contribute to the rational screening of precursors towards CDs with desirable optical/optoelectronic properties.

Two-dimensional TTH-graphene: Structural, defective, and interfacial engineering on anode materials for potassium-ion batteries

Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) demonstrate significant potential for future renewable energy storage systems, given the high natural richness and economic benefits of potassium resources. Nevertheless, the primary challenge hindering the development of PIBs is the scarcity of appropriate anode materials capable of delivering high performance. Using first-principles calculations, we theoretically design a two-dimensional graphene allotrope, termed TTH-graphene, constructed from assembled tetracyclo[6.6.0.02,6.010,14]tetradeca-1(8),2,4,6,9,11,13-heptaene (C14H8) structural units, which demonstrates good dynamical, thermal, and mechanical stability. The non-hexagonal symmetry can enhance the surface reactivity, making TTH-graphene a high-performance anode for PIBs with a low K migration barrier (0.22 eV), a moderate average open-circuit voltage (0.42 V), a high theoretical capacity (956.33 mA h g−1), and a small lattice expansion (1.2%). Furthermore, the appearance of vacancy defects enhances the K adsorption strength but induces the decrease in ionic diffusivity. Compared with the monolayer, the TTH-graphene bilayer exhibits an enhancement of the adsorption and diffusion performance of K on the outer surface.

Molecular Engineering to Construct MoS2 with Expanded Interlayer Spacing and Enriched 1T Phase for "Rocking-Chair" Aqueous Calcium-Ion Pouch Cells.

The moderate working voltage and high capacity of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) make them promising anode materials for aqueous calcium-ion batteries (ACIBs). However, the large radius and two charges of Ca2+ cause TMDs to exhibit poor performance in ACIBs. Therefore, effective regulation strategies are crucial for enabling the application of TMDs in ACIBs. Herein, MoS2 with expanded interlayer spacing and an enriched 1T phase (ES-1T-MoS2) is constructed by molecular engineering and reported as an anode material for ACIBs. Molecular engineering increases the capacity of MoS2 from 29.4 to 91.2 mAh g-1 and improves its rate performance from 20 to 76.1 mAh g-1 at 2.0 A g-1. ES-1T-MoS2 also shows a -20 to 50 °C wide temperature working capability. Furthermore, the capacity improvement reasons and the calcium storage mechanism of ES-1T-MoS2 are revealed through density functional theory calculations and in situ/ex situ characterizations. Finally, a "rocking-chair" aqueous calcium-ion pouch cell with a Prussian blue analogue cathode and ES-1T-MoS2 anode is assembled. The pouch cell exhibits a life of 150 cycles with over 90.8% capacity retention at 0 and 25 °C. This work demonstrates that molecular engineering is an effective strategy to improve the calcium storage performance of TMDs and promotes the advancement of ACIBs.

Be2B monolayer as a well-balanced performance anode for lithium-ion batteries with ultrahigh theoretical capacity and low diffusion barrier

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the most crucial part of energy storage systems. The lower molar weight of anodes can achieve a higher theoretical capacity. We explore the performance of a Be2B monolayer as an anode for LIBs. By first-principles calculations, we reveal that the Be2B monolayer shows excellent tensile strength, which suggests that it can deal with the volume expansion during the adsorption process. Furthermore, the Be2B monolayer can stably adsorb Li atoms with an adsorption energy of −0.98 eV. Moreover, the Be2B monolayer exhibits a low diffusion barrier (0.066 eV), an ultra-high theoretical capacity (3717 mA h g−1), and a moderate open circuit voltage (0.59 V). We also confirm the wettability of the Be2B monolayer in common electrolytes and investigate the adsorption and diffusion properties of Li on Be2B/graphene heterostructure. The introduction of graphene enhances the migration behavior of Li, suggesting the fast charging/discharging capability. Based on the above-mentioned properties, we propose that the Be2B monolayer can act as a high-performance anode material.

Fundamentals Studies of Sludge Electrolysis Using Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a Model Compound

The Haber-Bosch process is the main industrial practice for producing ammonia, known for its energy intensity. Current ammonia production is unsustainable, and the overuse of synthetic fertilizer has led to significant environmental impact in air, water, and soil. Organic waste, such as sewage sludge from domestic wastewater treatment plants represents a valuable resource for nitrogen recovery, containing approximately 6% nitrogen content (1) in dry basis.Electrolysis of waste activated sludge (WAS) has the potential to recover nitrogen from this slurry waste (2-3), where nitrogen is mainly present in the form of proteins constituting 30-40% of the total solids in sludge (4). Developing efficient electrochemical processes to valorize organic waste such as WAS is critical to achieving sustainability goals, protecting the environment, and enabling economic development and growth (5). While efforts have been made to employ sludge electrolysis at high to moderate voltages to mineralize the organic matter completely or partially, the optimal scenario for electrolysis would involve the selective transformation of sludge components into valuable products like ammonia and other nutrients that can be further separated as a fertilizer (4). However, the complexity of sludge components, such as proteins, their solubility, denaturation, and structural variability, presents one of the main challenges that needs to be addressed in the process.Given the complexity of real sludge, it is reasonable to begin with a model compound such as a protein to understand the fundamental behavior of the system. Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) is a globular protein that contains approximately 15-17 percent nitrogen by weight. This protein is relatively inexpensive, readily available, and possesses appropriate structural complexity for fundamental studies. In this presentation, the most recent results for the electrochemical oxidation of BSA will be discussed, aiming to provide a better understanding of the mechanism of reaction of complex organic nitrogen compounds.Reference: D. Bolzonella, C. Cavinato, F. Fatone, P. Pavan and F. Cecchi, Waste Management, 32, 1196 (2012).M. Jafari and G. G. Botte, Frontiers in Chemistry, 10, 974223 (2022).M. Jafari and G. G. Botte, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 51, 119 (2021).K. Xiao and Y. Zhou, Journal of Cleaner Production, 249, 119373 (2020).C. Alvarez-Pugliese, D. Donneys-Victoria, W. J. Cardona-Velez and G. G. Botte, Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, 46, 101508 (2024)

Analysis of Battery Technologies for Use as Battery Management Systems in a Simple Solar Power Plant

A solar power plant is a device that uses solar radiation to generate electricity. However, a dependable energy storage system is essential to effectively operating solar power plants. This study aims to examine how battery technology is used in solar power plants as a voltage storage. Specifically, the performance of lithium-ion and lead acid batteries, known as valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA), will then be compared. The findings demonstrate that Lithium-ion Batteries are better at keeping a steady voltage in no-load situations. The highest voltage value was recorded at 13:79 V at a 90° tilt angle and 13:00 Indonesia time. At the same hour, the VRLA Battery recorded the lowest voltage of 12.08 V with a 0° tilt angle. Under load conditions, the Lithium-ion Battery performed better with a more moderate voltage drop, achieving the lowest voltage of 12.68 V at an inclination angle of 165° and 14:00 Indonesia time, compared to the VRLA Battery's lowest value of 12.08 V under comparable conditions. Thus, Lithium-ion Batteries are thought to be more efficient and stable than VRLA Batteries in solar power plant applications, particularly in terms of voltage stability under changing operating conditions. Furthermore, battery selection should still take into account the initial investment cost and the unique requirements of the solar power plant system to be deployed.

Thermal quench modeling of REBCO racetrack coils under either alternating current or short-circuit voltage

Abstract Racetrack coils in REBCO High-Temperature Superconductor (HTS) motors help to increase the power-over-weight ratio by raising the magnetic flux density and output power. Nevertheless, HTS motors face thermal quench due to self-heating effects when subjected to alternating or short-circuit onset DC voltage. Additionally, thermal events have been observed due to screening currents when motors operate at high frequencies. Therefore, for the safe operation of HTS motors, quench research is crucial. To accurately simulate and analyze quench events in different scenarios, it is imperative to employ fast and precise software to numerically model the electrothermal behavior in racetrack coils. Our contribution involves the development of a novel and efficient model implemented in C++ that takes screening currents into account. This model is designed to conduct coupled electromagnetic and electrothermal analyses, utilizing variational methods. Specifically, the model incorporates both Minimum Electro-Magnetic Entropy Production and the Finite Difference Method. In this article, we explore the phenomenon of temperature rise within a racetrack coil subjected to either alternating or DC voltages of magnitudes ranging from 0.1 V to 1000 V. The study encompasses conditions of adiabatic operation and heat exchange with liquid nitrogen (LN2). Among other results, we found that in moderate DC voltages like 10 V, non-uniformity in the AC loss causes highly localized quench at the central turns. Then, screening currents play a key role also for DC voltages. The developed model exhibits the potential to comprehensively and swiftly analyze the electromagnetic and electrothermal characteristics of real-world superconducting applications, including high-field rotating machines, such as motors for aviation.

Cost‐Effective Layered Oxide – Olivine Blend Cathodes for High‐Rate Pulse Power Lithium‐Ion Batteries

AbstractSustainability and supply‐chain concerns require lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) free from critical minerals, such as nickel and cobalt. While recent advances provide encouraging signs that cobalt can be removed, the question remains how much Ni can be removed from Co‐free layered oxide cathodes before sacrificing critical performance metrics. This study highlights the effect of reducing Ni by benchmarking several Co‐free cathodes with decreasing Ni content. Keeping the energy density the same by increasing the charge voltage, cathodes below 80% Ni content exhibit worsened capacity fade due to increasing oxygen release and electrolyte decomposition. Charge transfer and diffusion kinetics are also hindered with increasing Mn content and exacerbated by resistive surface phases formed at high voltages, rendering lower‐Ni, Co‐free cathodes less competitive than high‐Ni cathodes for high energy and power applications. It is demonstrated blending layered oxide with olivine as an effective alternative to deliver energy density and cycling stability comparable to lower‐Ni cathodes with moderate charging voltages. Blending with 30 wt% olivine LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4 (LMFP) virtually eliminates the diffusion limitation of layered oxides at low state‐of‐charge, with enhanced pulse power characteristics rivaling the high‐Ni counterparts. Cathode blending can further reduce the overall Ni content and cost without the performance limitations of lower‐Ni, Co‐free cathodes.

Self-Induced Light Emission in Solid-State Memristors Replicates Neuronal Biophotons.

Key neuronal functions have been successfully replicated in various hardware systems. Noticeable examples are neuronal networks constructed from memristors, which emulate complex electrochemical biological dynamics such as the efficacy and plasticity of a neuron. Neurons are highly active cells, communicating with chemical and electrical stimuli, but also emit light. These so-called biophotons are suspected to be a complementary vehicle to transport information across the brain. Here, we show that a memristor also releases photons during its operation akin to the production of neuronal light. Critical attributes of biophotons, such as self-generation, stochasticity, spectral coverage, sparsity, and correlation with the neuron's electrical activity, are replicated by our solid-state approach. Importantly, our time-resolved analysis of the correlated current transport and photon activity shows that emission takes place within a nanometer-sized active area and relies on electrically induced single-to-few active electroluminescent centers excited with moderate voltage (<3 V). Our findings further extend the emulating capability of a memristor to encompass neuronal optical activity and allow to construct memristive atomic-scale devices capable of handling simultaneously electrons and photons as information carriers.

Frequency-dependent capacitance and conductance characteristics and current transport mechanisms of Schottky diodes with TPA-IFA organic interfacial layer

In this study, a Schottky barrier diode with an Al/TPA-IFA/p-Si structure was fabricated using spin coating and thermal evaporation methods. Using forward and reverse bias I–V measurement, we examined the key electrical characteristics of the Al/TPA-IFA/p-Si diode, including Φb, n, Rs, and Nss; we also estimated VD, NA, EF, ∆Φb, WD, Φb and Nss using C–V measurements under the different frequencies (10, 50, 100, 500 kHz, and 1 MHz) at room temperature. Using I–V data and the Thermionic Emission (TE) theory, basic electrical parameters such as ideality factor ( n ), and barrier height ( Φb ) values were computed as 3.01 and 0.716 eV. The fundamental diode parameters are highly frequency-dependent. It was also found that the series Resistance ( Rs ) values reduced with increasing frequency, but the barrier height ( Φb ) and the width of the depletion layer ( WD ) increased. It was found that when frequency increased, the diode capacitance reduced for our new Schottky-type diode. The diode’s potential conduction mechanisms were examined through the utilization of reverse lnI−V0.5 and forward lnI−V graphs. The transport properties of Al/TPA-IFA/p-Si diode are primarily governed by ohmic conduction, Space Charge Limited Current (SCLC), and Trap Charge Limited Current (TCLC) mechanisms at low, moderate, and high voltages, respectively. It was concluded that the Poole–Frenkel Emission (PFE) mechanism was dominant for the Al/TPA-IFA/p-Si diode. Ultimately, the findings confirmed that the TPA-IFA-based diode could be obtained for the electronic application.

Ultralow-Energy-Consumption Photosynaptic Transistor Utilizing Conjugated Polymers/Perovskite Quantum Dots Nanocomposites With Ligand Density Optimization.

The photosynaptic transistor stands as a promising contender for overcoming the von Neumann bottleneck in the realm of photo-communication. In this context, photonic synaptic transistors is developed through a straightforward solution process, employing an organic semiconducting polymer with pendant-naphthalene-containing side chains (PDPPNA) in combination with ligand-density-engineered CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots (PQDs). This fabrication approach allows the devices to emulate fundamental synaptic behaviors, encompassing excitatory postsynaptic current, paired-pulse facilitation, the transition from short-to-long-term memory, and the concept of "learning experience." Notably, the phototransistor, incorporating the blend of the PDPPNA and CsPbBr3 PQDs washed with ethyl acetate, achieved an exceptional memory ratio of 104. Simultaneously, the same device exhibited an impressive paired-pulse facilitation ratio of 223% at a moderate operating voltage of -4V and an extraordinarily low energy consumption of 0.215 aJ at an ultralow operating voltage of -0.1mV. Consequently, these low-voltage synaptic devices, constructed with a pendant side-chain engineering of organic semiconductors and a ligand density engineering of PQDs through a simple fabrication process, exhibit substantial potential for replicating the visual memory capabilities of the human brain.

Microstructure and reflectance of porous GaN distributed Bragg reflectors on silicon substrates

Distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) based on alternating layers of porous and non-porous GaN have previously been fabricated at the wafer-scale in heteroepitaxial GaN layers grown on sapphire substrates. Porosification is achieved via the electrochemical etching of highly Si-doped layers, and the etchant accesses the n+-GaN layers through nanoscale channels arising at threading dislocations that are ubiquitous in the heteroepitaxial growth process. Here, we show that the same process applies to GaN multilayer structures grown on silicon substrates. The reflectance of the resulting DBRs depends on the voltage at which the porosification process is carried out. Etching at higher voltages yields higher porosities. However, while an increase in porosity is theoretically expected to lead to peak reflectance, in practice, the highest reflectance is achieved at a moderate etching voltage because etching at higher voltages leads to pore formation in the nominally non-porous layers, pore coarsening in the porous layers, and in the worst cases layer collapse. We also find that at the high threading dislocation densities present in these samples, not all dislocations participate in the etching process at low and moderate etching voltages. However, the number of dislocations involved in the process increases with etching voltage.

Design Optimization of Printed Multi-Layered Electroactive Actuators Used for Steerable Guidewire in Micro-Invasive Surgery.

To treat cardiovascular diseases (i.e., a major cause of mortality after cancers), endovascular-technique-based guidewire has been employed for intra-arterial navigation. To date, most commercially available guidewires (e.g., Terumo, Abbott, Cordis, etc.) are non-steerable, which is poorly suited to the human arterial system with numerous bifurcations and angulations. To reach a target artery, surgeons frequently opt for several tools (guidewires with different size integrated into angulated catheters) that might provoke arterial complications such as perforation or dissection. Steerable guidewires would, therefore, be of high interest to reduce surgical morbidity and mortality for patients as well as to simplify procedure for surgeons, thereby saving time and health costs. Regarding these reasons, our research involves the development of a smart steerable guidewire using electroactive polymer (EAP) capable of bending when subjected to an input voltage. The actuation performance of the developed device is assessed through the curvature behavior (i.e., the displacement and the angle of the bending) of a cantilever beam structure, consisting of single- or multi-stack EAP printed on a substrate. Compared to the single-stack architecture, the multi-stack gives rise to a significant increase in curvature, even when subjected to a moderate control voltage. As suggested by the design framework, the intrinsic physical properties (dielectric, electrical, and mechanical) of the EAP layer, together with the nature and thickness of all materials (EAP and substrate), do have strong effect on the bending response of the device. The analyses propose a comprehensive guideline to optimize the actuator performance based on an adequate selection of the relevant materials and geometric parameters. An analytical model together with a finite element model (FEM) are investigated to validate the experimental tests. Finally, the design guideline leads to an innovative structure (composed of a 10-stack active layer screen-printed on a thin substrate) capable of generating a large range of bending angle (up to 190°) under an acceptable input level of 550 V, which perfectly matches the standard of medical tools used for cardiovascular surgery.

Annual Energy-Saving Smart Windows with Actively Controllable Passive Radiative Cooling and Multimode Heating Regulation.

Smart windows with radiative heat management capability using the sun and outer space as zero-energy thermodynamic resources have gained prominence, demonstrating a minimum carbon footprint. However, realizing on-demand thermal management throughout all seasons while reducing fossil energy consumption remains a formidable challenge. Herein, an energy-efficient smart window that enables actively tunable passive radiative cooling (PRC) and multimode heating regulation is demonstrated by integrating the emission-enhanced polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (SiO2@PRC PDLC) film and a low-emission layer deposited with carbon nanotubes. Specifically, this device can achieve a temperature close to the chamber interior ambient under solar irradiance of 700W m-2, as well as a temperature drop of 2.3°C at sunlight of 500W m-2, whose multistage PRC efficiency can be rapidly adjusted by a moderate voltage. Meanwhile, synchronous cooperation of passive radiative heating (PRH), solar heating (SH), and electric heating (EH) endows this smart window with the capability to handle complicated heating situations during cold weather. Energy simulation reveals the substantial superiority of this device in energy savings compared with single-layer SiO2@PRC PDLC, normal glass, and commercial low-E glass when applied in different climate zones. This work provides a feasible pathway for year-round thermal management, presenting a huge potential in energy-saving applications.

Effect of pin‐to‐plate atmospheric cold plasma on technological and nutritional functionality of horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) flour

AbstractAtmospheric cold plasma (CP), an acclaimed nonthermal technology, has gained popularity for its effective microbial inactivation in food materials, concurrently improving functional and nutritional aspects. Despite the nutraceutical benefits, horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) is underutilized in baking and confectionery due to presence of major antinutrients. Our aim is to leverage CP to enhance horse gram's properties, promoting its viability in these sectors. The present study investigates the effect of CP treatment with varying output voltage (10–30 kV) and exposure time (5–25 min) on horse gram flour's nutritional, functional, and antinutritional properties. Moreover, the molecular interactions, crystallinity, thermal stability, and morphological characteristics were analyzed. CP treatment doubled the nutritional properties of horse gram flour and amplified the functional attributes by 1.5 times as compared to untreated flour, but excessively higher voltage (30 kV) and time (15 and 25 min) declined them. Whereas the antinutritional components—tannin, saponin, and phytic acid—were reduced to 1.43 ± 0.01 μg TAE/g, 0.72 ± 0.01 mg diosgenin/g, and 5.26 ± 0.03 mg phytate/g, respectively, after CP treatment, enhancing digestibility of the flour up to 75%. Principal component analysis illuminated the intricate relationship between CP treatment and flour attributes. Both low voltage (10 kV) with moderate exposure (15 and 25 min) and high voltage (30 kV) with shorter duration (5 min) exhibited favorable correlations with physiochemical, bioactive, and functional properties. Conversely, high voltage with prolonged exposure displayed a notable negative correlation with antinutritional properties, structural, and thermal characteristics, revealing the nuanced impact of treatment conditions on the quality of flour. Overall, CP can be recognized as a potential novel technique for the techno‐functional reformation of underutilized food materials.Practical applicationsThe horse gram is one of the underutilized crops rather than being a huge source of health and nutritional benefits. On the other hand, cold plasma is a novel technique in food processing which can be used for improvement of structural and functional properties of food products. That is why the purpose of the study not only was to enlighten the nutritional composition of the horse gram flour but also to improvise its techno functional qualities using cold plasma. However, the presence of the antinutrients in the horse gram flour acts as constraints for digestibility. The application of cold plasma on horse gram flour reduced the antinutrients present in it as well as improved the physiochemical and nutritional characteristics significantly. Moreover, the structural characteristics of the flour were affected by cold plasma which increased its stability for longer shelf life. Furthermore, the functionality of the flour was enhanced which showed an opportunity the better dough characteristic, emulsifying properties. These findings would help the usage of the horse gram flour as food ingredients in various bakery and confectionary food applications.

Design optimization of Solar Power Inverter using the GRA Method

Among the most crucial components of a solar-powered system is an inverter. It is an apparatus that transforms the direct current (DC) produced by solar panels into the alternating current (AC) required by the electric system. Flashing hybrid solar inverter is the best solar inverter for home which offers the following features: - Its operating voltage is between 100-290V. - It has 700 VA of power. 5kW solar inverter price budget starts at $2,000 for excellent single-phase devices and $1,000 for existing datasets (like Sungrow) (eg Fronius or SMA). The most popular size, 5kW, can accommodate arrays up to 6.6kW in power. A solar charge controller can only function effectively during the day, because when the ultraviolet irradiance is strong and, the system's Voltage rating must reach the inverter at a moderate DC voltage level in order for it to function. Your photovoltaic systems and inverter operate at night power will be off. The inverter doesn't run overnight because it doesn't want to draw electricity. Instead, it rises again in the morning when the sun shines. Your home and solar system are connected to the utility grid. By switching to solar PV-based power generation from the airport's current conventional energy source, the carbon footprint of the facility can be decreased. Power distribution solar PV power facilities may be built in regions that are required to be broad and free of obstructions around runways. Based on first year operating data, the current study seeks to evaluate the operational efficiency of a 12 MWp solar-powered airport at Cochin Airport Limited (CIAL), India. With the aid of the most well-liked PV simulation programmes, such as Deterioration in quality and Solar Gis, the plant effectiveness is precisely rendered. The software's performance metrics were discovered to perfectly resemble the observed values. Economic and ecological studies of Kochi airports powered by solar energy attest to its efficiency in lowering carbon footprint, resulting in an airport with almost no emissions that is clean, green, and sustainable.Gray correlation analysis is widely used to measure the degree of relationship between sequences through the gray correlation coefficient. Gray relational analysis has been used by many researchers to optimize control parameters with multiple responses through gray relational grading. The fundamental tenet of the GRA approach is that the chosen option must have the "greatest degree of Green relation" to the positive-ideal solution and the "minimum of grey relation" to the negative-best answer. A technique for determining whether or not variables are connected and how much they are correlated is called grey correlation coefficient analysis. The primary method of determining these curves' geometric similarity is by the construction of characteristic series curves. Type of Solar Module, No of modules per string, No of string, No of inverters and No of transformers Short circuit current (ISC), Open circuit voltage (VOC), Operating Temperature and Dimension. Stress Management in Healthcare Institutions in Work overload is got the first rank whereas is the Overtime is having the lowest rank.

Tuning of Ionic Liquid–Solvent Electrolytes for High-Voltage Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors: A Review

Electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) possess extremely high-power density and a long cycle lifespan, but they have been long constrained by a low energy density. Since the electrochemical stability of electrolytes is essential to the operating voltage of EDLCs, and thus to their energy density, the tuning of electrolyte components towards a high-voltage window has been a research focus for a long time. Organic electrolytes based on ionic liquids (ILs) are recognized as the most commercially promising owing to their moderate operating voltage and excellent conductivity. Despite impressive progress, the working voltage of IL–solvent electrolytes needs to be improved to meet the growing demand. In this review, the recent progress in the tuning of IL- based organic electrolyte components for higher-voltage EDLCs is comprehensively summarized and the advantages and limitations of these innovative components are outlined. Furthermore, future trends of IL–solvent electrolytes in this field are highlighted.