Moderate Speed Research Articles

Correlating FDM printing parameters with mechanical properties and surface quality of PLA printouts

Abstract This study explores the correlation between four critical Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) parameters—extrusion temperature, layer height, print speed, and infill density—and the mechanical properties and surface quality of PLA (Polylactic Acid) printouts. The mechanical properties, including Young’s modulus, tensile strength, and bending strength, were evaluated alongside surface roughness and dimensional accuracy. The results indicate that extrusion temperatures between 200°C and 220°C optimize mechanical performance, enhancing tensile strength and bending strength, while smaller layer heights (0.1 mm) improve surface smoothness but increase print time. Moderate print speeds (around 60 mm/s) offer the best balance between strength and efficiency, while higher infill densities (above 80%) enhance mechanical properties, increasing both tensile and bending strength by up to 25%. These findings provide key insights into optimizing FDM printing parameters to achieve improved structural integrity and aesthetic quality in PLA prints.

The suppression of ocean waves by biogenic slicks.

Ocean waves are significantly damped by biogenic surfactants, which accumulate at the sea surface in every ocean basin. The growth, development, and breaking of short wind-driven surface waves are key mediators of the air-sea exchange of momentum, heat and trace gases. The mechanisms through which surfactants suppress waves have been studied in great detail through careful laboratory experimentation in quasi-one-dimensional wave tanks. However, the spatial scales over which this damping occurs in structurally complex surfactant slicks on the real ocean have not been resolved. Here, we present the results of field observations of the spatial response of decimetre- to millimetre-scale waves to biogenic surfactant slicks. We found that wave damping in organic material-rich coastal waters resulted in a net (spatio-temporally averaged) reduction of approximately 50% in wave slope variance relative to the open ocean for low to moderate wind speeds. This reduction of wave slope variance is understood to result in a corresponding reduction in momentum input to the wave field. This significant effect had thus far evaded quantification due in large part to the enormous range of scales required for its description-spanning the sea surface microlayer to the ocean submesoscale.

Case study on thermal and flow analysis of a water mist on a pool fire in a ventilated engine compartment

Public transport buses and other large vehicles are facing increasing engine fire issues stemming from higher operating temperatures, phonic insulation and low maintenance time. The fire suppression systems currently employed or considered for vehicles could be used for the protection of buses. Water mist is one of these technologies. One of the challenges a water mist faces for the fire protection of small enclosures is the ventilation. Inside a full scale engine compartment of a truck, the interaction and heat transfer between a n-heptane pool fire and water mist droplets are studied using velocimetry techniques. Most notably, the influence of the nozzle operating pressure and a variable cross-flow ventilation on the extinguishing performance is explored. In this preliminary study without clutter, the results show the importance of the ventilation flow on the performance of the water mist. Moderate ventilation speeds up to 3.2ms-1 show an improvement of the extinguishing time over natural ventilation while a higher ventilation speed of 6.4ms-1 degrades the extinguishing performance of the mist. For low-pressure water mists, the momentum of the spray is the most important factor for water mist extinguishing performance.

A Study of Long-Run Equilibrium Relationship Between Foreign Direct Investment and Its Key Determinants in Malaysia

This study investigates the long-run equilibrium relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and its key determinants in Malaysia. Employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model on annual data between 1971 and 2021. The key findings confirm a long-run equilibrium relationship between FDI and the selected macroeconomic variables as a group. However, the individual impact of gross domestic product, inflation, exchange rate, and trade openness on FDI is not statistically significant when analyzed separately. Specifically, the long-run results suggest that the determinants do not have significant effects on FDI. Meanwhile, the short-run relationship between FDI and its determinants in Malaysia reveals a complex interplay of factors. Inflation and exchange rates play significant roles, with inflation generally encouraging FDI and exchange rate volatility creating mixed effects. Trade openness on the other hand shows some short-run significance but it is not consistently impactful. The error correction (ECM) model also confirms the existence of a long-run relationship. It highlights that while short-term fluctuations can occur, FDI tends to move towards a long-term equilibrium influenced by a relatively moderate speed of adjustment. The key conclusion implies that FDI is influenced by the combined effect of these variables in the longer term, but the individual contribution of each variable is not strong enough to stand out statistically. This research contributes to the understanding of FDI dynamics in Malaysia by providing insights, thereby informing policymakers and investors about effective strategies to attract and leverage FDI for sustainable development.

Optical turbulence in the atmospheric surface layer at the Pamir Plateau Muztagh-ata site

Abstract In this paper, we conducted a detailed analysis of optical turbulence in the Atmospheric Surface Layer (ASL) at Muztagh-ata site during on-site testing. We utilized ultrasonic anemometers positioned on a 30-meter tower to collect and process data at five height levels, obtaining data from October 1, 2021 to the present. We investigated the behavior of optical turbulence parameters ($C_n^2$ and seeing ϵ) in the ASL. Nighttime $C_n^2$ primarily fluctuated in the range of 10−16 to 10−14, exhibiting an exponential decrease with height. During the day, it showed a h−0.82 dependency, while at night, it displayed a h−0.48 dependency. Additionally, we presented the distribution of seeing across different layers within the ASL, showing a gradual decrease with increasing height, with a median seeing of 0.24 arcseconds at nighttime and 0.48 arcseconds at daytime between 6-30m. We investigated the relationship between surface temperature inversion, seeing in the ASL, and wind speed at the site. Our results show that under temperature inversion conditions, seeing significantly improves and is often accompanied by low to moderate wind speeds, while high wind speeds are usually associated with poorer seeing. Preliminary calculations and observational results, combined with the high altitude and unique geographical location, suggest that Muztagh-ata site has the potential to be an outstanding optical astronomical observatory in the western plateau of china.

Center of mass mechanics during locomotion in the arboreal squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) as a function of speed and substrate.

It is thought that the magnitude of center of mass (COM) oscillations can affect stability and locomotor costs in arboreal animals. Previous studies have suggested that minimizing collisional losses and maximizing pendular energy exchange are effective mechanisms to reduce muscular input and energy expenditure during terrestrial locomotion. However, few studies have explored whether these mechanisms are used in an arboreal context, where stability and efficiency often act as tradeoffs. This study explores three-dimensional center of mass mechanics in an arboreal primate-the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)-moving quadrupedally at various speeds on instrumented arboreal and terrestrial supports. Using kinetic data, values of energy recovery, center of mass mechanical work and power, potential and kinetic energy congruity, and collision angle and fraction were calculated for each stride. Saimiri differed from many other mammals by having lower energy recovery. Although few differences were observed in center of mass mechanics between substrates at low or moderate speeds, as speed increased, center of mass work was done at a much greater range of rates on the pole. Collision angles were higher, while collision fractions and energy recovery values were lower on the pole, indicating less moderation of collisional losses during arboreal versus terrestrial locomotion. These data support the idea that the energetic demands of arboreal and terrestrial locomotion differ, suggesting that arboreal primates likely employ different locomotor strategies compared to their terrestrial counterparts-an important factor in the evolution of arboreal locomotion.

Sensory-memory interactions via modular structure explain errors in visual working memory.

Errors in stimulus estimation reveal how stimulus representation changes during cognitive processes. Repulsive bias and minimum variance observed near cardinal axes are well-known error patterns typically associated with visual orientation perception. Recent experiments suggest that these errors continuously evolve during working memory, posing a challenge that neither static sensory models nor traditional memory models can address. Here, we demonstrate that these evolving errors, maintaining characteristic shapes, require network interaction between two distinct modules. Each module fulfills efficient sensory encoding and memory maintenance, which cannot be achieved simultaneously in a single-module network. The sensory module exhibits heterogeneous tuning with strong inhibitory modulation reflecting natural orientation statistics. While the memory module, operating alone, supports homogeneous representation via continuous attractor dynamics, the fully connected network forms discrete attractors with moderate drift speed and nonuniform diffusion processes. Together, our work underscores the significance of sensory-memory interaction in continuously shaping stimulus representation during working memory.

The influence of the tyre air cavity on the rolling noise

Road traffic is the main source of environmental noise. While combustion noise has been reduced over the years, it appears to be difficult to reduce rolling noise. Even for electrical vehicles at moderate speeds rolling noise is a main contributor to the exterior noise. The main cause of rolling noise is the excitation of vibrations on the tyre structure by contact forces due to varying road roughness and/or tyre profile. However, we know that when rolling over obstacles like rails or bridge joints, the cavity noise due to the excitation of tyre cavity modes is clearly audible. Therefore, one can assume that cavity modes also contribute to tyre/road noise on rough roads. This paper makes the attempt to demonstrate the contribution of cavity noise as function of road roughness and tyre profile. The Chalmers tyre/road interaction model is used for the simulations. A modified radiation model allows for calculating the contribution of each individual tyre mode to the radiated sound. In this way the contribution of the cavity modes can be determined. Results indicate that at least for rough road surfaces the contribution of the cavity modes is of importance for the exterior sound.

Mild forced exercise in young mice prevents anergia induced by dopamine depletion in late adulthood: Relation to CDNF and DARPP-32 phosphorylation patterns in nucleus accumbens

Mesolimbic dopamine (DA) plays a critical role in behavioral activation and exertion of effort in motivated behaviors. DA antagonism and depletion in nucleus accumbens (Nacb) induces anergia in effort-based decision-making tasks. Exercise improves motor function in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the beneficial effects of physical exercise on anergia, a symptom present in many psychiatric and neurological pathologies needs to be studied. During 9 weeks, young CD1 male mice were trained to run at a moderate speed in automatically turning running wheels (RW) (forced exercise group) or locked in static RWs (control group) in 1 h daily sessions. Both groups were tested in a 3-choice-T-maze task developed for the assessment of preference between active (RW) vs. sedentary reinforcers, and vulnerability to DA depletion-induced anergia was studied after tetrabenazine administration (TBZ; VMAT-2 blocker). Exercise did not change spontaneous preferences, did not affect body weight, plasma corticosterone levels or measures of anxiety, but it increased the cerebral DA neurotrophic factor (CDNF) in Nacb core, suggesting a neuroprotective effect in this nucleus. After TBZ administration, only the non-trained group showed a shift in relative preferences from active to sedentary options, reducing time running but increasing consumption of pellets, thus showing a typical anergic but not anhedonic effect. Moreover, only in the non-trained group, phosphorylation of DARPP-32(Thr34) increased after TBZ administration. These results are the first to show that mild forced exercise carried out from a young age to adulthood could act on Nacb-related functions, and prevent the anergia-inducing effects of DA depletion.

The Role of Meridional Flow in the Generation of Solar/Stellar Magnetic Fields and Cycles

Meridional flow is crucial in generating the solar poloidal magnetic field by facilitating poleward transport of the field from decayed bipolar magnetic regions (BMRs). As the meridional circulation changes with the stellar rotation rate, the properties of stellar magnetic cycles are expected to be influenced by this flow. In this study, we explore the role of meridional flow in generating magnetic fields in the Sun and Sun-like stars using the STABLE (surface flux transport and Babcock–Leighton) dynamo model. We find that a moderate meridional flow increases the polar field by efficiently driving the trailing polarity flux toward the pole, while a strong flow tends to transport both polarities of BMRs poleward, potentially reducing the polar field. Our findings are in perfect agreement with what one can expect from the surface flux transport model. Similarly, the toroidal field initially increases with moderate flow speeds and then decreases beyond a certain value. This trend is due to the competitive effects of shearing and diffusion. Furthermore, our study highlights the impact of meridional flow on the strength and duration of stellar cycles. By including the meridional flow from a mean-field hydrodynamics model in STABLE, we show that the magnetic field strength initially increases with the stellar rotation rate and then declines in rapidly rotating stars, offering an explanation of the observed variation of stellar magnetic field with rotation rate.

Safety padding performances to protect from severe head injuries during alpine skiing

To protect skiers from the collisions with obstacles (CWOs), ski areas place padding on these obstacles. Padding behavior was previously experimentally investigated for few specific head impact conditions. The goal of this study is to numerically evaluate padding ability to reduce head injury risks in multiple scenarios of CWOs. A multibody model of a skier colliding with an obstacle was associated with a padding model, calibrated based on experimental tests. Different obstacle protections (unprotected, 15-, 20-, 30-cm thick padding), skier speeds, obstacle shapes and distances were investigated to model 3692 scenarios of CWOs. Head injury risks were evaluated based on HIC15 and maximal linear accelerations (Amax). Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to investigate the injury risks regarding the initial conditions, impact conditions and obstacle protection. These simulations resulted in high head impact speeds (30.4 ± 14.2 km/h). The padding modeled significantly reduced Amax (368 ± 275 g unprotected VS 215 ± 240 g with 15-cm thick padding) and severe injury risks ( p < 0.001). For low head impact speeds (<20 km/h), all pads were able to protect from severe injuries, whereas for moderate impact speeds (<40 km/h), the 30-cm thick padding offered better protection from severe injuries. However, even thick padding could not protect the skier model from high-speed impacts (>40 km/h). This study evaluated padding performances in various accident conditions and brought quantitative information for field evolutions regarding padding protection. These results constitute useful information to improve the padding standard and to design more efficient padding.

Optimization Study of a Tuned Mass Damper for a Large Monopile Wind Turbine

Passively tuned mass dampers (TMDs) are known to effectively mitigate the vibration of wind turbines. However, existing literature predominantly examines their application in damping vibrations of the tower or platform, overlooking the potential benefits of installing TMDs on the turbine blades themselves. This study investigates the impact of wind and wave loads on TMD damping effectiveness and proposes a comprehensive damping strategy involving TMDs installed in both the nacelle and the blades. The design optimized the mass and stiffness of these TMDs to enhance their performance. Results indicate that, as wind speeds increased from 12 m/s to 24 m/s, the power spectral density at the tower’s natural frequency (0.22 Hz) more than doubled. Notably, TMDs exhibited robust vibration damping capabilities under high wind speeds. Specifically, at wind speeds of 24 m/s, TMDs reduced anterior–posterior and lateral displacement at the tower top by 61.2% and 166.8%, respectively, when two TMDs were combined. Conversely, the study found that TMDs did not significantly improve vibration damping at lower to moderate wind speeds. This research underscores the importance of optimizing TMDs for high wind conditions to ensure wind turbine stability and mitigate potential vibration-related risks effectively under varying environmental loads, including wind and waves. It offers valuable insights for the refined design and deployment of TMDs in wind energy applications.

Comparison of Model Predictive Control Algorithms Based on Different Reference Models

<div>Model predictive control (MPC) plays a crucial role in advancing intelligent vehicle technologies. Controllers designed based on various vehicle reference models, including kinematic and dynamic models (both linear and nonlinear), often demonstrate significant differences in control performance. This study contributes by comparing three different MPC control methods and proposing a comprehensive evaluation criterion that considers tracking accuracy, stability, and computational efficiency across various MPC designs. Joint simulations using CarSim and MATLAB/Simulink reveal distinct performance characteristics among the MPC variants. Specifically, kinematic MPC (KMPC) exhibits superior performance at low speeds, linear model predictive control (LMPC) performs best at moderate speeds, and nonlinear MPC (NMPC) achieves optimal performance at high speeds. These findings highlight the adaptive nature of MPC strategies to varying vehicle dynamics and operational conditions, emphasizing the importance of selecting the appropriate MPC design based on the speed regime for maximizing control effectiveness in intelligent vehicles.</div>

Potential processes leading to winter reddening of young Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. Franco. in Europe

Key messageWinter reddening of young Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. Franco), triggered by large thermal fluctuations in late winter, is a critical problem for European forestry. A literature review identified certain climatic conditions that are characteristic of ‘reddening’ years, including warm daily temperatures, high daily temperature amplitude, low relative humidity, moderate wind speeds, as well as the occurrence of freeze-thaw cycles with cold night temperatures.By describing the triggering environmental and stand factors, we propose three hypotheses for the physiological processes leading to winter reddening, namely (i) hydraulic failure due to winter drought stress, (ii) photo-oxidative stress in shade-acclimated trees, and (iii) early cold deacclimation during warm periods.i) Low soil temperature, by reducing root water uptake, combined with anticyclonic conditions, by increasing water losses, can induce hydraulic failure in the xylem. Hydraulic failure may be further accelerated by night frosts.ii) Winter reddening can occur when low temperature and high irradiance coincide, disrupting photostasis. Overwhelming of winter photo-protection may lead to photodamage and subsequent reddening.iii) Warm periods, by inducing cold deacclimation, make trees susceptible to frost damage.Finally, the three processes may interact under atypical anticyclonic conditions in late winter (e.g. cold or dry soils, warm days, high irradiance and/or freezing nights). Indeed, trees under water stress would develop a higher sensitivity to freezing night and photooxidative stress. We therefore proposed mitigation actions to avoid exposing trees to stressful conditions based on e.g. stand characteristics, understorey vegetation and planting.

Structural analysis of selective laser melted copper-tin alloy

Additively manufactured complex geometries from copper alloys with high thermal and mechanical properties have drawn the attention of researchers. The present contribution explores the additive manufacturing (AM) of copper-based alloys from powder particles intended for heat sink and heat exchange applications. Selective laser melting (SLM) parameters featuring low laser beam power (160 W), moderate scanning speed (320 mm/s), and high energy density (200 J/mm³) were employed to fabricate dense components from CuSn10 particles. The present work deal with structural analysis and precision investigation of microfabrication, particularly in Struts, Tubes, and Fins. Mechanical properties (compression and hardness) for Strut structure, differential pressure evaluations for Tube structure, and analyses of thermal and electrical conductivities for Fin structure were investigated. The results showed an improvement in strength compared to those of pure copper, facilitating ease of AM. The obtained results affirm the feasibility of AM, demonstrating the successful creation of complex and combined solid-porous structures using SLM process from Cu alloys. A comprehensive structural investigation and characterization of the Cu–Sn alloy is presented here, aiming to establish a standardized approach for analysing Cu alloys. The results indicate that small-scaled structures fabricated via CuSn10 alloy exhibits a thermal conductivity of 34.3 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹, an electrical conductivity of 4.72×10⁶ S/m, a hardness of 119 HV-50, a uniform surface roughness of 6 µm, and can withstand a force loading of 1 kN.

Observed Diurnal Cycles of Near‐Surface Shear and Stratification in the Equatorial Atlantic and Their Wind Dependence

AbstractThe diurnal cycles of near‐surface velocity and temperature, also known as diurnal jet and diurnal warm layer (DWL), are ubiquitous in the tropical oceans, affecting the heat and momentum budget of the ocean surface layer, air‐sea interactions, and vertical mixing. Here, we analyze the presence and descent of near‐surface diurnal shear and stratification in the upper 20 m of the equatorial Atlantic as a function of wind speed using ocean current velocity and hydrographic data taken during two trans‐Atlantic cruises along the equator in October 2019 and May 2022, data from three types of surface drifters, and data from Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA) moorings along the equator. The observations during two seasons with similar mean wind speeds but varying surface heat fluxes reveal similar diurnal jets with an amplitude of about 0.11 m s−1 and similar DWLs when averaging along the equator. We find that higher wind speeds lead to earlier diurnal peaks, deeper penetration depths, and faster descent rates of DWL and diurnal jet. While the diurnal amplitude of stratification is maximum for minimal wind speeds, the diurnal amplitude of shear is maximum at 6 m depth for moderate wind speeds of about 5 m s−1. The inferred wind dependence of the descent rates of DWL and diurnal jet is consistent with the earlier onset of deep‐cycle turbulence for higher wind speeds. The DWL and the diurnal jet not only trigger deep‐cycle turbulence but are also observed to modify the wind power input and thus the amount of energy available for mixing.

Word recognition thresholds in novice readers: exploring when reading and listening comprehension are comparable

AbstractThis study proposes and identifies two levels of word reading at which good comprehenders can obtain a similar understanding of written and spoken narrative texts: The oral-written matching functional and efficient thresholds. These thresholds are compared with the level of word reading over which a relationship between listening comprehension and reading comprehension is evident (a basic word recognition threshold) and with the level after which better word recognition does not result in improvements in reading comprehension (an upper word recognition threshold). The three first thresholds were calculated in a sample of 344 first to third-grade Spanish students who read and listened to two narrative texts of different difficulty and who were assessed on measures of comprehension and word recognition. Listening and reading comprehension were related when participants accurately read more than 73% of pseudowords in a list (basic word recognition threshold). For participants with good listening comprehension, reading comprehension performance matched listening comprehension once a moderate reading speed of ~ 66 decontextualized words per minute was achieved (oral-written matching functional threshold) or when the rate of reading the text was ~ 140 words per minute (oral-written matching efficient threshold). The value of the oral-written matching efficient threshold was, in this study, similar to the upper word recognition threshold identified by prior research. The thresholds calculated in this study delineate a sequence of increasingly challenges to the developing reader, allowing a nuanced description of the initial stages of reading development.

Experimental investigation into machining performance of magnesium alloy AZ91D under dry, minimum quantity lubrication, and nano minimum quantity lubrication environments

Abstract Due to its low density, magnesium is recognized as a lighter metal and it is favorable for frequent use in industries. It is used in aerospace, biomedical, automotive, and other industrial applications. Magnesium is a promising element that is vital for reducing emissions, improving efficiency, protecting the environment, and enhancing the machine economy. This study analyzes the influence of various cutting environments and parameters on the turning operation of magnesium base alloy (AZ91D). Aluminum 9% and Zinc 1% is the main constituent of AZ91D. The machining process was accomplished using dry, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), and nano minimum quantity lubrication (NMQL) environments based on their influence on surface roughness (SR) and temperature. Under certain circumstances, it was observed that SR decreases with the increase in the cutting velocity (V c), feed rate, and depth of cut. During cutting of AZ91D in dry conditions, it is preferred to use a moderate speed. Higher temperature was recorded during dry conditions which can significantly reduce the life span of the tool. MQL and NMQL have reduced the cutting temperature by a margin of 25–40% compared to dry machining, thus improving tool life. NMQL has shown decent cooling results compared to other cooling systems.

An Experimental Study of Incremental Buckling-Resistant Inchworm-Type Insertion of Microwire Neural Electrodes

Abstract Chronically implanting microelectrodes for high-resolution action potential recording is critical for understanding the brain. The smallest and most flexible electrodes, most suitable for chronic recordings, are also the most difficult to insert due to buckling against the thin but hard-to-penetrate brain meninges. To address such implantation challenges without introducing further damage to the brain, this paper presents our design and prototype of an inchworm-type insertion device that conducts a grip-feed-release incremental motion for planar microelectrode insertion. To optimize the operating parameters of the developed inchworm insertion device, experimental studies were conducted on PVC-based brain-mimicking phantom to investigate the effects of (1) incremental insertion depth, (2) inserter drive shaft rotary speed, and (3) the resulting inchworm insertion speed, on the phantom (1) penetration rupture force and (2) dimpling depth at rupture. Analysis showed that all three factors had a statistically significant impact on the rupture force and dimpling depth. A moderate level of the resulting insertion speed yielded the lowest rupture force and dimpling depth at rupture. Low insertion speed levels were associated with higher rupture force while high insertion speeds led to a large variance in dimpling depth and potential insertion failure. To achieve such a moderate insertion speed, it would be preferred for both the incremental insertion depth and the drive shaft rotary speed to be at a moderate level. Such findings lay the foundation for enabling previously impossible buckling-free insertion of miniaturized flexible planar microelectrodes deep into the brain.

Deconstructing the physical output between tapering sessions, match days, and post-match training sessions: A single case report

Talented adolescent professional soccer players can experience multiple within-career transitions during the course of a competitive season in Major League Soccer. Consequently, players may shift between multiple team environments, including the first team (FT), reserve team (RT) and youth national team (NT). When changing environments, players must adapt and cope with increased physical demands associated with training and competing in the FT (Morris et al., 2016, J Appl Sport Psych, 28, 375-391), as well as the NT (McKay et al., 2022, J Appl Sport Psych, 34, 1272-1294). Consequently, the aim of this single case report was to analyse the physical output during matches, tapering and post-match sessions from a professional adolescent shifting between multiple team environments. External load data were collected via Global Positioning Systems (GPS) for an entire competitive season in three different environments (FT, RT, NT) across tapering sessions (MD-2 and MD-1), match days (MD), and post-match training sessions (MD+1/+2; ≥60 and <60 minutes played). The following intensity related measures (i.e., relative distance covered in meters, which is divided by the duration of the training session or match in minutes) were extracted for analysis: total distance covered, distance covered in multiple speed zones (Zone 1: 0-0.6 km/h; Zone 2: 0.7-7.1 km/h; Zone 3: 7.2-14.3 km/h; Zone 4: 14.4-.19.7 km/h; Zone 5: 19.8-25.1 km/h; Zone 6: >25.1 km/h), moderate speed running distance (>Z4; MSRD), and high speed running distance (>Z5; HSRD). A multivariate analysis of variance with physical output variables as dependent variables and session type (MD+/-) as fixed factors was conducted. The results indicated that the session type had a significant effect on all variables (F8,128 = 22.14-158.86; P < 0.01; ES = 0.41-0.83), as well as the environment (F2,128 = 3.8-26.7; P < 0.5; ES = 0.06-0.30) except relative distance covered in Z6 and SPD (P > 0.05). However, the interaction between session type and environment had no significant effect on any variable (P > 0.05), except for total distance (F8,128 = 2.33; P = 0.02; ES = 0.13) and distance covered in Z1 (F8,128 = 5.32; p<0.001; ES = 0.25). In conclusion, the adolescent professional player was exposed to different relative intensities in training and matches across multiple team environments over the course of a competitive season. In particular, the adolescent player recorded greater relative intensities in the FT environment relative to the RT and NT environments.