Moderate Smokers Research Articles

Comparative Study on Pulmonary Function Tests and Electrocardiographic Alterations in Smokers and Non-Smokers

Background: Tobacco consumption is the most common cause of the preventable deaths globally. Tobacco is often consumed in the form of cigarettes. Deleterious effects of tobacco are seen in all body systems but most markedly on respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Smoking is responsible for 25% of all death in Bangladeshi men aged 25-69 years. Cardiovascular diseases are on the progressive rise in developing countries. Objective: To compare the variation in ECG waves and pulmonary function tests values in smokers and nonsmokers. Method: In this study, changes in ECG and pulmonary function tests were evaluated in apparently healthy adult male smokers and nonsmokers. This comparative cross sectional study was carried out in the department of Physiology, Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi from January 2018 to December 2018. Result: A total number of 184 healthy subject aged between 20 to 45 years were divided into two groups – Group A considered of 92 adult male nonsmokers and Group B considered of 92 apparently healthy adult male smokers. Group B are subdivided into light smokers (1-10 stick/day), moderate smokers (11-20 stick/day), and heavy smokers (>20 stick/day). Analysis of data was done with the help of computer by SPSS 12.0 programmer and significant tests were done by unpaired student’s “t” test. PFT parameters FVC, FEV1, PEFR, FEV1 and FVC ratio were significantly reduced in smokers compared to nonsmokers (P< 0.001). The values of FVC, FEV1, PEFR were significantly reduced with increase number of cigarette smoke per day (P < 0.001) while FEV1/FVC ratio did not show much difference (P>0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that pulmonary function tests and ECG abnormalities indicate pulmonary and cardiovascular risk in term of COPD, Cardiac arrhythmia, pulmonary arterial hypertension, heart blocks in such subjects. This might be used by physicians as a tool for counseling the smokers to stop smoking as early as possible.

Evaluation of Lung Function Test (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio, PEFR) among Smokers and Nonsmokers

Background: Cigarette smoking and its health consequences represents one of the most serious public health problems and represents an important health challenge, it carries major health risks with the most cause specific mortalities being those of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Tobacco consumption is the most common cause of the preventable deaths globally. Tobacco is often consumed in the form of cigarettes. Deleterious effects of tobacco are seen in all body systems but most markedly on respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Smoking is responsible for 25% of all death in Bangladeshi men aged 25-69 years. Cardiovascular diseases are on the progressive rise in developing countries. Objective: To measure lung function test (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio, PEFR) among smokers and nonsmokers. Method: In this study, changes in ECG and pulmonary function tests were evaluated in apparently healthy adult male smokers and nonsmokers. This comparative cross sectional study was carried out in the department of Physiology, Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi from January 2018 to December 2018. Result: A total number of 184 healthy subject aged between 20 to 45 years were divided into two groups – Group A considered of 92 adult male nonsmokers and Group B considered of 92 apparently healthy adult male smokers. Group B are subdivided into light smokers (1-10 stick/day), moderate smokers (11-20 stick/day), and heavy smokers (>20 stick/day). Analysis of data was done with the help of computer by SPSS 12.0 programmer and significant tests were done by unpaired student’s “t” test. PFT parameters FVC, FEV1, PEFR, FEV1 and FVC ratio were significantly reduced in smokers compared to nonsmokers (P< 0.001). The values of FVC, FEV1, PEFR were significantly reduced with increase number of cigarette smoke per day (P < 0.001) while FEV1/FVC ratio did not show much difference (P>0.05). Conclusion: In this study it was found that the actual values of FVC, FEV1, FEV1/ FVC %, PEFR were ....

Transcranial direct current stimulation of the frontal-parietal-temporal brain areas reduces cigarette consumption in abstinent heroin users

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been demonstrated to modulate neural activity and related brain functions. In clinical studies, tDCS has been shown to reduce craving in various substance use disorders including cocaine, heroin and nicotine. Our previous report suggested that cathodal tDCS on the frontal-parietal-temporal (FPT) brain areas reduced cigarette consumption in moderate smokers. However, whether it is effective in smokers with history of drug use is unknown. This study investigated the effects of bilateral FPT areas cathodal tDCS on smokers with history of heroin use. 22 abstinent heroin users were recruited and randomly assigned to sham group and tDCS group. The sham group received 30 s tDCS treatment and tDCS group received normal tDCS (one trial of 20 min, 1 mA, cathodal electrodes were placed bilaterally on the FPT areas). The average of daily cigarettes consumption was recorded for the week before the tDCS and the following day after tDCS. In addition, pupil light reflex was measured right before and after tDCS treatment. One trial of tDCS stimulation significantly reduced daily cigarette consumption in smokers who had heroin use history. This reducing effect was also observed in heavy smokers. In addition, this effect on cigarette consumption lasted at least 48 h after the stimulation. Furthermore, it has been shown that opiates decrease pupillary size in humans, we found detectable changes of the dynamic pupil light reflex after bilateral tDCS stimulation. These findings suggest that FPT cathodal tDCS may be an effective approach to reduce cigarette craving in heroin users.

Effects of smoking intensity trajectory, cumulative smoking exposure, and the number of years since quitting on the subsequent risk of hypertension.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of smoking intensity trajectory, cumulative smoking exposure, and the number of years since quitting on the subsequent risk of hypertension in Chinese adults. The study included 2783 men and 3416 women who participated in at least three waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Information regarding smoking behavior was obtained using a standardized questionnaire. The trajectory of smoking intensity was determined using a group‐based trajectory model. The number of pack‐years of smoking and the number of years since quitting were calculated. The incidence of hypertension was 18.2% and 15.5% in men and women, respectively, during a median follow‐up duration of 4 years. Male participants with trajectories denoting light and moderate smoking had increased risks of hypertension compared with those with trajectories denoting non‐smoking (Ps < .05). Compared with male participants with 0 pack‐years, those with < 5.5 pack‐years had a higher risk of hypertension (P < .05). Male participants with ≥5.5 pack‐years and weight gain had a higher risk of hypertension compared with those with 0 pack‐years and weight loss (P < .05). However, smoking was not related to an increased risk of hypertension in women. Additionally, similar to never smoking, having quit within 2–5 years or ≥5 years was not associated with the incidence of hypertension in men. The results of this study showed that light/moderate smoking or high cumulative smoking exposure accompanied by weight gain increased the risk of hypertension in Chinese men and smoking cessation decreased this effect.

ANALYSIS OF A FRACTIONAL ORDER SMOKING MODEL WITH RELAPSE AND HARMONIC MEAN TYPE INCIDENCE RATE UNDER 𝒜ℬ𝒞 OPERATOR

This paper investigates the newly constructed fractional order (FO) smoking model with relapse and harmonic mean type incidence rate under the fractional operator [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, for the model considered, the existence results and uniqueness of the solution are established with the help of the fixed point theory approach. The stability of the model is proven with the help of Ulam–Hyres approach by considering small perturbation in the problem. The iterative FO Adams–Bashforth technique is considered for obtaining the numerical solution. Moreover, the established scheme is simulated against the available data for some smoking communities where various types of potential, moderate and quit smokers are living. However, different fractional orders are used for simulation and it is evident through the results that FO converges to integer order as order is increased. Moreover, smoking may also be controlled through education, employment and the awareness of its harmfulness by doctors and their dosage of some drugs.

GAMBARAN PERILAKU MEROKOK SISWA MTS DI PURWAKARTA

The purpose of this study was to identify the number of smokers and the description of the causes of smoking behavior in adolescent students, especially class VIII MTs. This research used qualitative descriptive method involving 6 students as research samples taken from 30 students of class VIII. Data collection techniques and sample selection through the distribution of questionnaires. Based on the resulted of the research related to the description of smoking behavior in class VIII MTs in Purwarkarta, from total 30 students. the researcher can draw the conclusion that it was found that a total of 6 students (20%) smoke and 24 students (80%) did not smoke. The students who have a level of addiction to cigarettes are categorized from the number of smokers, 4 students (66%) are heavy smokers and 2 students (34%) are moderate smokers. Factors behind this include peers, curiosity, the community and family who smoke.

The early onset of nicotine dependence, severity of substance use disorder, and relapse: an inpatient study

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the association of early onset of smoking and use of other addictive substances with nicotine dependence, the extent of substance use, and the probability of relapse in drug treatment and rehabilitation centers. Methods Self-reported data were collected from July to September 2019 from 632 inpatients at five drug treatment facilities in the Philippines. The Addiction Severity Index (5th edition) and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence were used to assess the inpatients’ drug and alcohol use and nicotine dependence severity, respectively. Results Of a group of smokers who started smoking before the age of 10 years old, 54.3% were nicotine dependent current smokers and 9.89% were low to moderate nicotine dependent smokers. There were 82.61% male responders and 76% of the females started using drugs and alcohol before the age of 14. Other drug use eventually increased, yielding odds ratio of 26.5 and 28.9 in the past 30 days and lifetime, respectively, with 95% confidence interval of 10.8–64.9 and 11.5–72.9, indicating significant (p < .05) differences. Conclusions This study advises policymakers to focus more on educating and disseminating information about the early onset of nicotine, which paves the way to nicotine dependence and other drug use problems eventually. This present study suggests a follow-up intervention and an aftercare therapy solely for nicotine dependents with substance use disorder in the prevention of relapse after treatment.

A study of lipid profile in young smokers and non-smokers

Background: A prospective study was carried out to find the variations in lipid profile in smokers when compared to non-smokers. The aim was to study the alterations in lipid profile in terms of severity of smoking. Methods: This study was carried out among 198 patients who attended medicine OPD of LLR hospital GSVM medical college Kanpur. The population was divided into 98 non-smokers and 100 smokers. The smokers were further divided into 3 groups depending on the intensity of smoking.Results: Out of 100 patients in the present study the number of subjects in mild, moderate and high smokers’ group were 33 (33%), 33 (33%), 34 (34%) respectively. Smokers had higher total cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, serum low density lipoprotein (LDL), serum very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and lower levels of serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) compared to non-smokers which was statistically significant.Conclusions: Increase in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and VLDL were found in smokers of all age groups. Whereas HDL values showed inverse relationship. These changes were directly proportional to the severity of smoking. So, Tobacco smoking is associated with dyslipidemia which is atherogenic in nature.

Comparison of autonomic functions in moderate and heavy smokers using heart rate variability

Previous studies using heart rate variability (HRV) have confirmed decreased HRV in cigarette smokers compared with non smokers. However only few studies have been done considering the effect of smoking on HRV in moderate and severe smokers assessed by pack years. Objective: The main objective of this study was to compare the autonomic functions in male moderate and heavy cigarette smokers.The present was conducted in our department of Physiology. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from Institutional research ethical committee. This study was conducted among male cigarette smokers with age between 20 to 50 years who were apparently healthy. The study group subjects were divided into moderate and heavy smokers considering both the amount and duration of smoking calculated by pack years. HRV data was recorded, statistical analysis was done by independent sample t test to compare between the groups. A p value of &amp;#60;0.05 was considered as statistically significant whereas a p value &amp;#60;0.001 was considered as highly significant.The HRV parameters namely Low frequency (LF) component, LF power expressed in normalized unit (LFnu) and LF-HF ratio were significantly higher in heavy smokers compared to moderate smokers. Total power, high frequency (HF) component and HF power expressed in normalized unit (HFnu) were found significantly less in heavy smokers compared to moderate smokers. Autonomic imbalance characterized by increased sympathetic function with associated decrease in the cardiac vagal modulation was seen in heavy smokers compared to moderate smokers.

Renal Parameters in Mild, Moderate, and Chronic Cigarette Smokers

Objective: To explore the link between cigarette smoking and kidney function through renal parameter assessment. Methods: The present study was performed at the Department of Biochemistry Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad, India, from September 2019 to April 2021. In this study, 140 subjects were included, out of which 35 were non-smokers, 35 smoked &lt;5 cigarette per day, 35 smoked 5-10 cigarette per day, and the remaining 35 smoked more than 10 cigarettes per day. Results: Blood urea, serum creatinine, urinary albumin, and uACR levels were found to increase significantly (p&lt;0.001) in smokers as compared to non-smokers. These increases were higher among chronic cigarette smokers (p&lt;0.001) as opposed to mild and moderate smokers. In contrast, serum uric acid, e-GFR, and urinary creatinine levels decreased significantly (p&lt;0.001) in smokers when compared to non-smokers, with a higher decrease observed in chronic cigarette smokers (p&lt;0.001) as opposed to the mild and moderate cigarette smokers. Conclusion: Alterations in urinary albumin, serum urea, serum creatinine, urinary creatinine, and e-GFR are associated with the risk of renal dysfunction.

Characterizing and Modeling Smoking Behavior Using Automatic Smoking Event Detection and Mobile Surveys in Naturalistic Environments: Observational Study.

BackgroundThere are 1.1 billion smokers worldwide, and each year, more than 8 million die prematurely because of cigarette smoking. More than half of current smokers make a serious quit every year. Nonetheless, 90% of unaided quitters relapse within the first 4 weeks of quitting due to the lack of limited access to cost-effective and efficient smoking cessation tools in their daily lives.ObjectiveThis study aims to enable quantified monitoring of ambulatory smoking behavior 24/7 in real life by using continuous and automatic measurement techniques and identifying and characterizing smoking patterns using longitudinal contextual signals. This work also intends to provide guidance and insights into the design and deployment of technology-enabled smoking cessation applications in naturalistic environments.MethodsA 4-week observational study consisting of 46 smokers was conducted in both working and personal life environments. An electric lighter and a smartphone with an experimental app were used to track smoking events and acquire concurrent contextual signals. In addition, the app was used to prompt smoking-contingent ecological momentary assessment (EMA) surveys. The smoking rate was assessed based on the timestamps of smoking and linked statistically to demographics, time, and EMA surveys. A Poisson mixed-effects model to predict smoking rate in 1-hour windows was developed to assess the contribution of each predictor.ResultsIn total, 8639 cigarettes and 1839 EMA surveys were tracked over 902 participant days. Most smokers were found to have an inaccurate and often biased estimate of their daily smoking rate compared with the measured smoking rate. Specifically, 74% (34/46) of the smokers made more than one (mean 4.7, SD 4.2 cigarettes per day) wrong estimate, and 70% (32/46) of the smokers overestimated it. On the basis of the timestamp of the tracked smoking events, smoking rates were visualized at different hours and were found to gradually increase and peak at 6 PM in the day. In addition, a 1- to 2-hour shift in smoking patterns was observed between weekdays and weekends. When moderate and heavy smokers were compared with light smokers, their ages (P<.05), Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence (P=.01), craving level (P<.001), enjoyment of cigarettes (P<.001), difficulty resisting smoking (P<.001), emotional valence (P<.001), and arousal (P<.001) were all found to be significantly different. In the Poisson mixed-effects model, the number of cigarettes smoked in a 1-hour time window was highly dependent on the smoking status of an individual (P<.001) and was explained by hour (P=.02) and age (P=.005).ConclusionsThis study reported the high potential and challenges of using an electronic lighter for smoking annotation and smoking-triggered EMAs in an ambulant environment. These results also validate the techniques for smoking behavior monitoring and pave the way for the design and deployment of technology-enabled smoking cessation applications.International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)RR2-10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028284

The effects of smoking habit change on the risk of depression–Analysis of data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service

BackgroundWe examined the effects of smoking habit change on the risk of depression using the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort database of Korea. MethodsThis nationwide population-based cohort study included 88,931 men aged 40 years or older. The participants were divided into baseline heavy (≥20 cigarettes/day), moderate (10–19 cigarettes/day), and light (<10 cigarettes/day) smokers, quitters, and never smokers. Smokers were then categorized as continual smokers, reducers, quitters, and non-smokers based on the two-year change in smoking status between the first and second health examinations. The participants were followed from the index date to 2013 to assess depression status. Cox proportional models were used to examine the effects of smoking habit change on the risk of depression. ResultsAfter a median 7.7 years of follow-up, 2,833 depression cases were identified. Never smokers and long-term quitters had a lower risk of depression than heavy continual smokers (hazard ratio, HR 0.817; 95% CI, confidence interval 0.689–0.967 and HR: 0.691; 95% CI: 0.559–0.853, respectively). Short-term quitters and reducers had a lower risk of depression, but it was not significant. The influence of smoking on depression was prominent among men in their 50 s (HR: 0.585; 95% CI: 0.419–0.820 in long-term quitters, HR:.0.738; 95% CI: 0.570–0.954 in never smokers). LimitationsThe information about smoking habits was based on self-reported questionnaires. This study examined only men because the smoking rate among women in Korea is very low. ConclusionsThis population-based study found that never smokers and long-term quitters have lower risk of depression. The risk of depression decreased when the amount of smoking decreased, but the difference was not statistically significant. Furthermore, more attention should be paid to middle-aged men when formulating smoking cessation policies.

Correlation between Interleukin-1β serum level with severity of airway obstruction in Exacerbation Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Introduction: To observe the relation between Interleukin-1β with exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Methods: This study was designed for a cross-sectional study. 65 acute exacerbation COPD patients were selected. The serum level of Interleukin-1β was recorded. Results: Most of the subjects are men (95,4%), moderate smokers (41,5%), normal BMI (61,5%), more than 60 years old (73,8%), have more than 2 exacerbations in a year (67%), severe airway obstruction (41,5%) and mostly in group D (80%). The mean level of Interleukin-1β was 1.63 pg/ml range from 0,009-17,62 pg/ml. Kruskal Wallis analysis test noticed significant differentiation mean serum level of Interleukin-1β in several groups of GOLD. p&lt;0,05. There was no correlation between serum level of IL-1β with the severity of airway obstruction (GOLD) p&gt;0.05. Conclusions: there was no correlation between the severity of airway obstruction with serum level of IL-1β in acute exacerbation of COPD. there was a vicious trend of increasing IL-1β serum level according to the severity of airway obstruction mainly seen in GOLD 2, GOLD 3, and GOLD 4.

A study on the correlation between smoking and non-enzymatic antioxidant factors of the saliva of healthy smokers and non-smokers

Objective: Smoking is among the most destructive habit which has numerous effects on the body. The chemical competent of cigarettes destroy the anti-oxidant content of the saliva. In this study, the concentration of albumin and uric acid of smokers was measured based on the frequency of smoking. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 26 heavy smokers, 27 moderate smokers and 29 non-smokers between the ages of 25 to 40 were selected. The subjects did not suffer from any systemic or periodontal conditions. Unstimulated saliva was collected by spitting. The amount of albumin was measured by Bromocresol Green, and the amount of uric acid was measured by the uricase method. The selected method of analysis, using SPSS software, was One-Way ANOVA. Results: Mean albumin content of saliva was 10.22 ± 2.10 mg/dl in non-smokers and 23.88 ± 8.93 mg/dl in heavy smokers. Both uric acid and albumin content was significant in heavy smokers and non-smokers (P=0.001). Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study, saliva concentrations of both Albumin and Uric Acid change based on the frequency of smoking. Decrease of saliva albumin and an increase of uric acid is an indicator of the unhealthy effects of smoking on the body. KEYWORDSUric Acid; Albumin; Saliva; Cigarette Smoking; Oxidative stress.

Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke transiently worsens the disease course in a mouse model of pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis.

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) may present as an acute/subacute clinical form, characterized by a progressive disease arising from the airborne initial infection, or, most often, as an asymptomatic or subclinical infection that may manifest later during an individual's life, the chronic form. Epidemiological studies show the existence of a strong association between smoking and the development of the chronic form. Current evidence demonstrates that cigarette smoke (CS) has immunosuppressive properties that could be implicated in the increasing susceptibility to the chronic form of PCM. To address this issue, we developed a murine model of a non-progressive pulmonary form of PCM that was exposed to CS at a magnitude that mimicked a moderate smoker. The chronic CS exposure started after 2 weeks and lasted up until 20 weeks post-infection, with the aim of mimicking human natural history, since it is estimated that individuals from endemic areas are infected early in life. The control group consisted of infected but not CS-exposed mice. We assessed the lung fungal burden (colony forming units [CFU]) and the area affected by the granulomatous inflammatory response, fungal dissemination to spleen and liver, and, by immunohistochemistry, the presence of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes, CD68 and MAC-2 macrophages, and IFN-γ, IL-10 and TNF expressing cells within the granulomatous response. We detected a CS effect as early as 2 weeks after exposure (four weeks post-infection) when the lung CFU of exposed animals was significantly higher than in their non-exposed counterparts. At 12 weeks, the CS-exposed animals presented a more severe disease, as witnessed by the persistent higher lung fungal load (although it did not reach statistical significance [ p = 0.054]), greater dissemination to other organs, greater affected area of the lung, decreased IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio, and higher TNF expression within the granulomas, compared with CS-non-exposed mice. The number of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes infiltrating the granulomas was similar between both mice groups, but there was a decrease in the number of MAC-2+ macrophages. No difference was noted in the CD68+ macrophage number. However, the follow-up in week 20 showed that the immunological effects of exposure to CS ceased, with both CS and NCS mice showing the same infectious features, i.e., a trend for resolution of the infection. In conclusion, we show that chronic CS-exposure alters the course of the disease in an experimental model of subclinical pulmonary PCM, confirming the epidemiological link between CS-exposure and the chronic form of PCM. However, we also show that this effect is transitory, being detected between 4- and 12-weeks post-infection but not thereafter. The possible immune mechanisms that mediate this effect and the reasons for its transitory effect are discussed.

The Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Penile Vasculature and Cardiodynamics among Young Saudi Population

Erectile and cardiovascular dysfunctions in cigarette smokers are important signs resulting probably due to pelvic autonomic neuropathy with damage to the parasympathetic nervi erigentes. Evidence related to neuropathic etiology comes from studies that show structural changes in autonomic nerve fibers supplying the corpora cavernosa. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cigarette smoking on penile mid shaft circumference and length, penile pulse amplitude, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and heart rate in response to erotic stimulation in young Saudi men living in Western region of Saudi Arabia (Makkah). In this free-living population study data was collected from100 men each (mild, moderate and heavy cigarette smokers) ages between 20 and 35 years with a mean age of 26.42 ± 10.69 years along with 100 age matched healthy non smokers who served as controls. Heavy cigarette smoker group showed a significant decrease (p&lt;0.0005) in mid shaft penile circumference and length and penile pulse amplitude where as both systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate exhibited a significant increase (P&lt;0.025, P&lt;0.0005 and P&lt;0.005 respectively. However this difference was found to be non significant in mild smoker group when compared with non smoker controls. We hypothesized that heavy cigarette smoking seems to be associated with sub-fertility in these males with significant alteration in the penile vasculature and cardiodynamics in a dose-dependent manner.

Smoking trajectories from adolescence to early adulthood as a longitudinal predictor of mental health in adulthood: evidence from 21 years of a nationally representative cohort.

To measure the prospective relationship between smoking trajectories from adolescence to young adulthood and mental health in later adulthood and test whether this relationship was mediated by concurrent co-use of alcohol and marijuana. Longitudinal study using data drawn from rounds 1 to 18 of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), a nationally representative cohort study spanning 21 years. United States. The analytical sample included those who completed survey items about smoking behaviors on at least half the data collection opportunities in adolescence and young adulthood (n = 8570, 48.9% female, 66.2% white). Mental health in adulthood was measured using the five-item Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5; range = 0-100) at round 18. Seven trajectories of smoking from adolescence to young adulthood were identified by group-based multi-trajectory modeling, using data over 11 years from rounds 1 to 11. Late-onset moderate smokers [β = -1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -3.61 to -0.29], late-onset accelerated smokers (β = -2.53, 95% CI = -4.28 to -0.78), early-onset heavy smokers (β = -3.72, 95% CI = -5.59 to -1.85) and early-onset moderate smokers (β = -2.66, 95% CI = -4.48 to -0.84) showed poorer regression-adjusted mean MHI-5 scores in later adulthood than stable abstainers, even after controlling for baseline mental health and covariates. Whether or not a difference in MHI-5 scores was present between quitters and stable abstainers was inconclusive. The concurrent co-use of alcohol and marijuana in young adulthood significantly mediated the relationship between smoking trajectory and mental health. Continued smoking, especially early-onset and heavy smoking from adolescence to young adulthood, appears to increase the risk of poor mental health later in mid-adulthood, and quitting smoking in young adulthood may mitigate such risk even among early-onset smokers. Mediation analyses underscore the role of using multiple substances in this pathway.

Cigarette dependence is more prevalent and increasing among US adolescents and adults who use cannabis, 2002–2019

SignificanceCannabis use is increasing among cigarette smokers. If cannabis use is associated with cigarette dependence, a barrier to smoking cessation, this could have public health implications for tobacco control. The...

OR54. Relationship Between Degree of Smoking Based on the Brinkman Index and Mean Tunica Intima-Media Thickness of the Carotid Artery (CIMT) in Young Adult Patients in H. Badaruddin Kasim Tabalong Regional Hospital, South Kalimantan

Abstract Background and Aims This study is to analyse the relationship between the degree of smoking based on the Brinkman Index and mean carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in young adult patients in H Badaruddin Kasim Tabalong Hospital. Method and Results This cross-sectional study included 38 patients undergoing medical check-up. The smoking degree was measured at the time of the medical checkup in H Badruddin Kasim Tabalong Hospital between February April March 2019. The subjects were categorised into three groups based on the Brinkman Index, mild smokers (n = 19), moderate smokers (n = 19), and there was no patient in the heavy smoker group (n = 0), according to their responses to a questionnaire. We compared the CIMT in the three groups after adjusting for age. CIMT was measured using doppler ultrasound. The analysis used by Pearson correlation and independent samples test (t-test). Multivariate analysis performed using linear regression. In both right and left carotid artery assessment, carotid intima-media thickness was significantly increased in moderate smoker group (p = 0.008 and p = 0.013, respectively). There was a significant positive correlation between Brinkman Index and carotid intima-media thickness (p = 0.08, r = 0.425). The smoking period was significantly associated with carotid intima-media thickness in both right and left carotid artery (p = 0.001, p = 0.013, respectively). There was no significant association between the number of cigarettes consumed and carotid intima-media thickness. Conclusion The Brinkman Index is positively correlated with mean carotid intima-media thickness.

Relationship between smoking status and obesity risk in males aged 18-64 years in 9 provinces of China, 1991-2015

Objective: To investigate longitudinal association between smoking behavior and obesity risk in male adults in China from 1991 to 2015. Methods: A total of 32 169 male adults aged 18-64 years who participated in two or more rounds of China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS, 1991-2015) and had complete information of demographic characteristics, smoking status and physical measurements were selected as the study subjects. According to whether the subjects smoked or not and the number of cigarettes smoked per day, the subjects were divided into four groups: nonsmoker, light smoker (1-14 cigarettes/d), moderate smoker (15-24 cigarettes/d) and heavy smoker (≥25 cigarettes/d). The distribution of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), general obesity and central obesity of subjects with different smoking status were observed. Two-level mixed effect linear regression model and logistic regression model were used to analyze the relationship between smoking status and obesity risk. Results: Compared with nonsmokers, the BMI decreased by 0.19 kg/m2 in light smokers (95%CI:-0.27--0.10), 0.40 kg/m2 in moderate smokers (95%CI:-0.49--0.31), and 0.36 kg/m2 in heavy smokers (95%CI:-0.53--0.19), respectively, and the WC decreased by 0.49 cm in light smokers (95%CI:-0.76--0.21), 0.80 cm in moderate smokers (95%CI:-1.08--0.51) and 0.79 cm in heavy smokers (95%CI:-1.38--0.36) in, respectively. Compared with nonsmokers, the odds ratio of the risk for general and abdominal obesity were 0.70 (95%CI:0.62-0.79) and 0.78 (95%CI:0.73-0.84) in light smokers, 0.61 (95%CI:0.55-0.69) and 0.74 (95%CI:0.70-0.79) in moderate smokers and 0.78 (95%CI:0.65-0.96) and 0.84 (95%CI:0.76-0.95) in heavy smokers, respectively. Conclusions: From 1991 to 2015, the BMI, WC, prevalence of general and abdominal obesity in male adults showed a significant upward trends in both nonsmokers and smokers (light, moderate and heavy) in China, suggesting that smoking is negatively associated with the risk for obesity in male adults.