Moderate Smokers Research Articles

Relationship between Smoking Activity and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the Zainoel Abidin General Hospital, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Exposure to cigarette smoke is one risk factor that can lead to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
 AIM: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between smoking and the stage of COPD.
 METHODS: This study used a cross-sectional survey design. A total of 60 COPD patients were involved in the study between September and November 2015 at the pulmonary ward of Zainoel Abidin General Hospital (ZAGH), Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The data were analyzed with the non-parametric bivariate test.
 RESULTS: The results showed that 55% of patients with COPD were aged between 40 and 60 years; 63.33% of them were heavy smokers. About 50% of moderate smokers suffered from Stage III COPD, while 34.21% of heavy smokers suffered from Stage III and Stage VI (severe) COPD, respectively, with p = 0.007.
 CONCLUSIONS: There is a strong relationship between smoking and COPD stage among patients at ZAGH.

The effect and correlation of smoking with platelet indices, neutrophil lymphocyte ratio and platelet lymphocyte ratio

IntroductionSmoking is associated with the occurrence and progression of cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory disorders and malignancies. ObjectiveTo study the platelet indices, neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in smokers and their correlation with smoking pack-years. MethodA total of 110 smokers and 110 non-smokers were included. The smokers were grouped into three groups: mild (<5 pack-years), moderate (5−10 pack-years) and heavy (>10 pack-years). The platelet count, plateletcrit (PCT), mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW) were noted. The NLR and PLR were calculated and the statistical analysis was made using the Student’s T-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Spearman’s correlation coefficient. ResultsThe platelet count, PCT and PDW were significantly higher with mean values: 218.56 ± 121.31 vs 203.23 ± 80.35 (p-value = 0.038), 0.27 ± 0.10 vs 0.26 ± 0.10 (p-value = 0.041) and 12.54 ± 1.45 vs 11.99 ± 1.70 (p-value = 0.001) in smokers and non-smokers, respectively. The PLR differed significantly with mean values: 119.40 ± 84.81 in smokers and 181.99 ± 313.09 in non-smokers, with a p-value of 0.045. A significant positive correlation was found between pack-years of smoking and platelet count and PLR with the Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.250 and 0.198 and p-values, 0.008 and 0.037, respectively. The Platelet Count, PCT, MPV and PDW varied significantly between mild, moderate and heavy smoker groups, with p-values of 0.045, 0.010, 0.015 and 0.017, respectively. ConclusionThe platelet indices and inflammatory markers NLR and PLR are derived from routine blood investigations, which are easily available and inexpensive. The monitoring of platelet indices, along with the PLR, can be used as early predictors of morbidity in smokers.

Selective Influence of Smoking on Periodontal Treatment Outcomes after 3 Years of Follow-up.

The impact of smoking habits on periodontal treatment has not been clearly elucidated. This study aimed to specify the effects of cigarette consumption and nicotine addiction on periodontal therapy. In this retrospective case-control study, 20 moderate smokers and 20 non-smokers with severe periodontitis were examined after initial diagnosis, and non-surgical active and supportive therapies for 1-6 years (mean follow-up = 3.37 years). Fagerström's test of nicotine dependence (FTND) was evaluated at re-examination. Treatment efficacy was assessed by periodontal pocket probing depth (PPD) changes and number of teeth lost per year (TL). Bayesian multilevel and regression analyses were performed at site, tooth, and patient levels. During the mean follow-up period of > 3 years including active and supportive periodontal therapies, mean PPD, PPD > 3 mm and PPD > 7 mm percentage reductions were 1.03, 1.48 and 2.57 times statistically significantly less pronounced, respectively, in smokers than in non-smokers. Multilevel analysis showed that the variability of PPD > 7 mm reduction was mainly associated with patient-level factors. Smokers presented a higher risk for periodontitis progression. In smokers, periodontal parameter improvement was less pronounced in the maxilla and molars. The mean TL was related to the FTND score, not to cigarette consumption. Regression analysis did not demonstrate other influences of demographic and periodontal treatment characteristics on treatment outcomes, except patient age. Smoking negatively impacted periodontal treatment outcomes at specific tooth sites (deep pockets, maxillary molars) and periodontitis progression, independent of other risk factors.

Roma socioeconomic status has higher impact on smoking behaviour than genetic susceptibility

Abstract Background Prevalence of smoking in Hungarian Roma (HR) population is two to five times higher than in Hungarian general (HG) population. Our study aims to examine genetic susceptibility and other possible determinants associated to smoking behaviours in these populations. Methods A questionnaire based cross-sectional study was designed in HG (N = 412) and HR (N = 402) populations. Ten Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped known to be robustly linked to smoking behaviours. Risk allele frequencies were compared. Additive genetic risk scores (unweighted GRS and weighted GRS) were constructed to compare genetic load from SNPs in genes NRXN1, CHRNA5/4, AGPHD1, MAOA, TRPC7, KCNJ6, GABRA4, and CYP2A6. Smoking behaviour were associated with GRSs and confounders (age, gender, BMI, socioeconomic status-SES) in several regression models. SES was calculated based on Modified Kuppuswamy scale 2019. Results Risk allele frequencies of four SNPs were found to be different between populations (p &amp;lt; 0.01). Median of GRS was equivalent among in populations; whilst wGRS median was slightly higher among Roma (5.2 compared to Hungarian 4.9; P = 0.02). In Roma both genders were more likely to be heavy smoker (OR = 2.05, 95%CI: 1.47-2.86; OR = 1.89, 95%CI: 1.58-2.25, for males and females, respectively) compared to counterparts from general population. GRS were higher among heavy smokers of both populations compared to other smoking behaviours (ORRoma= 1.06, 95%CI:0.98-1.15; ORHungarian=1.05, 95%CI=0.91-1.2). Strong reversible relationship was found between SES and smoking behaviours among study populations (p &amp;lt; 0.0001). Heavy, moderate, and former smokers were having lower SES compared to never smokers of both populations (SES β=-0.037, P = 0.04 for Hungarian; β=-0.039, P = 0.02 for Roma). Conclusions Socioeconomic status was shown as a priority indicator based on multifactorial regression analysis. The highest efforts should be focused on improving the SES of Roma population. Key messages Result of this study indicate the priority impact of SES instead of genetic susceptibility on Roma smoking behaviours variations. Interventions on improving socioeconomic status of the Roma might result in decreasing their cigarette consumption.

Blue-yellow deficiencies in young moderate smokers

PurposeTo evaluate whether tobacco affects color vision in young moderate smokers. MethodsChromatic mechanisms of 13 moderate smokers (10–20 cigarettes/day and at least 5 years smoking) and 17 non-smokers in the 18–35 age range were assessed with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue (FM100h) test and short wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP). ResultsFM100h Total Error Scores (TES) were higher for smokers, and although differences were not significant (p = 0.14), a linear model with principal component analysis was able to explain 95% of the variance in TES and red-green partial error scores, though not in blue-yellow partial error scores (p = 0.07), using the number of years as smokers and the number of cigarettes/day as predictors. SWAP sensitivity values were globally worse (p = 0.002) for smokers (25.7 + 6.2 dB) than for non-smokers (26.7 + 6.2 dB). In the upper visual hemifield sensitivity, total deviation and pattern deviation values were worse for smokers (p < 0.001). Differences in mean defect and pattern standard deviation were not significant (p > 0.05 in both cases). The number of out-of-limits points in the total difference and pattern difference map were significantly larger for smokers. After correcting for multiple comparisons, only the differences in the upper visual hemifield were significant. ConclusionsThis pilot study suggests that even young moderate smokers show small sensitivity loss in the blue-yellow mechanism, it is statistically significant, restricted to the upper visual hemifield. This corresponds to a retinal region where literature reports a lower density of retinal ganglion cells and where, therefore, the chromatic mechanisms would be more fragile.

Cigarette Smoking Reduction and Health Risks: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Studies have shown the health benefits of cigarette smoking cessation. However, the literature remains unclear about the relationship between smoking reduction and health risks. This comprehensive review and meta-analysis updates previous reviews with the newest estimates. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the association between smoking reduction and some health risks in observational studies. We defined the following smoking categories: heavy smokers smoked ≥15-20 cigarettes per day (CPD), moderate smokers smoked 10-19 CPD, and light smokers smoked <10 CPD. The relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using random-effect models. We identified 19 studies including four case-control and 15 cohort studies. Compared with continuing heavy smokers, we found decreased lung cancer risk for those who reduced CPD by more than 50% (RR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.91), from heavy to moderate (RR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.85), and from heavy to light (RR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.72). We also found lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) for those who reduced from heavy to light smoking (RR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.67, 0.89) but not those who reduced by more than 50% and reduced smoking from heavy to moderate. We did not find any significant difference in all-cause mortality, all-cancer risks, and smoking-/tobacco-related cancer risk among those who reduced. Substantial smoking reduction may decrease lung cancer risk but results on CVD (coronary heart disease and stroke combined) risk were mixed. The relationships between smoking reduction and other endpoints examined were not significant. This meta-analysis helps clarify our understanding of various smoking reduction levels on some health risks. While smoking reduction may decrease risks of lung cancer, the relationships between smoking reduction and other endpoints, including all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease, remain unclear. Although smoking reduction may decrease lung cancer risks, the magnitude of lung cancer risk remain high. Among smokers, complete cessation remains the most effective approach for cancer and CVD prevention.

The Correlation between Lipid Profile and Smoking

The objectives were to find out the alterations in serum lipid status among adult male smokers and non smokers in Maysan Province, south of Iraq, as well as to evaluate the relationship between the heaviness of smoking and dyslipidemia in smoker subjects. A comparative study was achieved on 160 men with aged 30-63 years which were grouped to smokers and nonsmokers, among them 120 individuals were smokers and the other 40 were nonsmokers. According to the intensity of smoking, the smoker group is divided again into three subgroups: mild (A), moderate (B), and heavy (C) smokers. The concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein-c (HDL-c), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein-c (LDL-c) and very low density lipoprotein-c (LDL-c) were measured and calculated. The results revealed that concentrations of serum lipid profiles in smokers were significantly higher than that of nonsmokers except in case of high density lipoprotein-c which was significantly reduced among smokers. In addition to that the lipid profile had a significant correlation with the cigarette numbers of that smoked daily; the mean values of all lipid fractions except HDL-c were noticeably increased from group A to group C, while they were decreased in the case of HDL-C. There were significantly different between nonsmokers and different groups of the smoker, the values of TC of groups A, B, and group C were (178.6, 181.7, and 183.5) mg/dl respectively. According to similar arrangement of above smoker groups, the mean values of TG were (238.4, 245.2, and 248.7) mg/dl. In case of HDL- c, they were (31.5, 28.4, and 26.8) mg/dl. Among LDL-c level, they were (194.8, 203.8, and 204.9) mg/dl. In VLDL- c level, they were (47.7, 48.2, and 50.5) mg/dl. The findings of the study showed that smokers (especially heavy smokers) are at much greater risk of initiating atherosclerotic plaques and various heart diseases than non-smokers.

The effect of cigarette smoking on the semen parameters of infertile men

Introduction 36.9% of men worldwide use tobacco. Previous studies suggest a negative effect of cigarette smoking on semen quality, but the results are contradictory. We have studied the effects of smoking on the semen characteristics such as sperm concentration, semen volume, sperm motility, sperm vitality and sperm morphology in a large group of infertile men. Methods This retrospective study was conducted on a total of 5146 infertile men with at least one year of idiopathic infertility, who admitted to the Centre for Reproductive medicine (CRG) at the Brussels University Hospital, Belgium between 2010 and 2017. The smokers were classified as mild (1-10 cigarettes/d), moderate (11-20 cigarettes/d) or heavy smokers (> 20 cigarettes/d). Semen analysis was performed for all patients. Statistical analysis was performed using the R software package and t-test or Mann-Whitney U tests were used, group comparisons were performed using ANOVA, ANCOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests as appropriate. A p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results Comparing the semen parameters in the two global groups showed that smoking had a significant decrease in semen volume (p=0.04074) and sperm concentration (p=0.029). ANOVA testing on the different smoking groups versus non-smoking group showed a significant decrease in sperm concentration (p=0.0364). After adjusting for the confounders, age and testosterone, ANCOVA testing showed significant effect on the sperm concentration (p=0.03871) in smokers versus non-smokers. No significant correlation was detected between the other semen characteristics. Conclusion We concluded that smoking had a significant and independent effect on the sperm concentration in a semen analysis. Other parameters, like semen volume, sperm motility, sperm vitality and sperm morphology were not influenced by smoking.

Resilience is associated with importance of quitting in homeless adult smokers

ObjectiveThe prevalence of cigarette smoking in homeless populations is disproportionately high with rates between 57 and 80%. Resilience may affect a smoker’s ability to successfully quit smoking. This cross-sectional study examined the association between resilience levels and smoking behaviors in homeless adults. MethodFifty-nine homeless adults were recruited from a large multi-service homelessness agency in the northeast United States. Surveys were administered to measure smoking behaviors and resilience. ResultsMost participants were current smokers (83.1%), with more than half (67.1%) identifying as “moderate smokers” (smoking 10–20 cigarettes per day). Of the current smokers, 93.9% reported smoking daily and 71.4% had tried to quit at least once in their lifetime. The number of quit attempts was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with one’s contemplation of quitting (r = 0.29) and how one viewed importance of quitting (r = 0.33). Resilience levels were significantly associated with how participants ranked importance of quitting (r = 0.37). Smokers reported a high desire to quit smoking, but level of confidence in their ability to quit was low. Difficulty in finding stable housing and social support were reported as barriers to quitting. ConclusionsThis study demonstrates an association between importance of quitting and resilience levels in homeless adult smokers. Future work is needed to examine whether resilience is related to successful smoking cessation in homeless adults, and whether resilience levels can be increased with targeted interventions.

Does acute stress influence the Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer effect? Implications for substance use disorders

RationalThe ability of conditioned stimuli to affect instrumental responding is a robust finding from animal as well as human research and is assumed as a key factor regarding the development and maintenance of addictive behaviour.ObjectivesWhile it is well known that stress is an important factor for relapse after treatment, little is known about the impact of stress on conditioned substance-associated stimuli and their influence on instrumental responding.MethodsWe administered in the present study a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) paradigm with stimuli associated with smoking- and chocolate-related rewards using points in a token economy to light to moderate smokers who also indicated to like eating chocolate. After completion of the first two phases of the PIT paradigm (i.e. Pavlovian training and instrumental trainings), participants were randomly allocated to the socially evaluated cold pressor test or a control condition before the final phase of the PIT paradigm, the transfer phase, was administered.ResultsThe presentation of a smoking-related stimulus enhanced instrumental responding for a smoking-related reward (i.e. ‘smoking-PIT’ effect) and presentation of a chocolate-related stimulus for a chocolate-related reward (i.e. ‘chocolate-PIT’ effect) in participants aware of the experimental contingencies as indicated by expectancy ratings. However, acute stress did not change (i.e. neither enhanced nor attenuated) the ‘smoking-PIT’ effect or the ‘chocolate-PIT’ effect, and no overall effect of acute stress on tobacco choice was observed in aware participants.ConclusionsThe established role of stress in addiction appears not to be driven by an augmenting effect on the ability of drug stimuli to promote drug-seeking.

Maternal cigarette use during pregnancy and school readiness: An analysis of preschool age children in São Paulo, Brazil

BackgroundBarriers to early childhood development (ECD) are a global concern. Limited research exists on prenatal smoking and ECD in vulnerable populations, especially as it relates to school readiness (SR). AimsTo examine how maternal cigarette use during pregnancy is associated with SR in a sample of Brazilian preschool-age children. Study designWe used the Brazilian Preschool Mental Health Study, a cross-sectional, epidemiological study of preschool-age children in Embu das Artes, São Paulo. SR was assessed using the Engle Scale of Child Development (ESCD). We restricted analyses to biological mothers, who represented 81.9% (n = 591) of the total 722 with ESCD data. Logistic regression models, adjusting for birth and child characteristics (year of preschool, sex, race, history of head trauma, coma, convulsions or epilepsy), sociodemographic factors and school environment, were used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. ResultsPrenatal smoking was negatively associated with SR. Children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy were more likely to be in the lowest ESCD quartile (aOR = 1.26, 95%CI: [1.02–1.55]) compared to those of non-smoking mothers, and each cigarette resulted in additional risk (aOR = 1.03, 95%CI:[1.01–1.05]). Children of heavy smokers had worse ESCD scores compared to children of non-smokers (aOR = 1.69, 95%CI:[1.18–2.44]), as well as when compared to children of moderate and non-smokers combined (aOR = 1.77, 95%CI:[1.22–2.57]). This relationship was not seen when comparing children of moderate smokers to children of non-smokers. Inferences were robust when examining very heavy smoking. ConclusionMaternal tobacco use during pregnancy may affect child SR. Additional studies in other populations are needed to corroborate these results.

Estimates of Caffeine Use Disorder, Caffeine Withdrawal, Harm and Help-seeking in New Zealand: A cross-sectional survey

BackgroundCaffeine Use Disorder (CUD) is not yet formally recognized in the DSM-5, but emerging evidence suggests CUD could impact up to one in five people. The primary aim of this study was to estimate levels of caffeine consumption and its associations with CUD and withdrawal, taking socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender, ethnicity, income) into account. Secondary aims were to measure caffeine-related harm and treatment preferences. MethodsWe administered an online cross-sectional survey via Facebook to a convenience sample of 2379 adults in New Zealand. Caffeine consumption was assessed across six products: coffee, tea, energy drinks, cola, alcohol mixed with caffeine, and other products (e.g., caffeine pills, sports supplements). Results20% of participants met proposed criteria for CUD, with 30% meeting DSM-5 criteria for caffeine withdrawal. Moderate (200–400 mg per day) and high consumption (>400 mg per day) was associated with a three-fold increase in the odds of CUD and a two-fold increase in the odds of withdrawal. Women and current smokers were at higher risk of CUD and withdrawal even at moderate consumption levels. Nearly 85% of respondents experienced at least one caffeine-related harm in the past 12-months. The number of harms increased with level of caffeine consumption. Nearly 50% indicated a self-help treatment for caffeine reduction would be of interest. ConclusionsHigh rates of CUD and caffeine withdrawal amongst moderate caffeine users, women and smokers suggests caffeine consumption guidelines may need refinement. Caffeine-related harm that is not clinically meaningful may still be of concern to individuals and warrants further investigation.

Outcomes of a survey of dry eye disease amongst cigarette smokers in a peripheral medical college

To find out an association, if any, between smoking and dry eye diseases and whether it has any relation to the number of cigarettes smoked. Patients attending the hospital outpatient department were enquired about smoking and then given the option to enrol in the study following a written and informed consent. Depending on the number of cigarettes they smoked, patients were divided in three groups, namely low, moderate and high smokers based on the heaviness of Smoking Index. They were labelled as Group A, B and C respectively. Symptomatic assessment of each group was done by the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, and a score greater than 12 was considered meaningful. Clinical evaluation was done by performing TBUT and Schirmer’s test. Respective cut off values were 10 seconds and 10 mm. Deviations from established normal values were observed and analyzed. A total of 205 patients participated in this study of which 90.7% (n= 186) were males and 9.3% (n= 19) were females. 30.7% (n= 63) patients were low smokers (Group A), 42.9% (n= 88) were moderate smokers (Group B) and 26.3% (n= 54) were high smokers (Group C). The mean TBUT and OSDI scores showed progressive deterioration from Group A to C, whereas the mean Schirmer’s values across all groups remained relatively unaffected. Cigarette smoking had a deleterious effect on the health of the ocular surface, but the aqueous tear secretion remained unaffected.

Smoking-Cessation Interventions After Lung Cancer Screening Guideline Change

Recent guideline changes for lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography recommend smoking-cessation interventions be done in parallel with screening. The purpose of this study is to determine the post-guideline rates of smoking-cessation interventions among patients eligible and ineligible for lung cancer screening. Using electronic health records collected from a large ambulatory care system in northern California between 2010 and 2017, authors identified new patients who were current smokers aged 55-80 years visiting a primary care provider, and grouped patients into lung cancer screening-eligible heavy smokers, screening-ineligible moderate smokers, and screening-ineligible light smokers. Screening-eligible smokers versus screening-ineligible smokers were compared in receipt of smoking-cessation interventions before (2010-2013) and after (2014-2017) the guideline change, overall and by intervention type (formal counseling, informal counseling, pharmacotherapy) using hierarchical generalized linear models. Analyses were conducted in 2018-2019. After the guideline change, the likelihood of receiving any smoking-cessation intervention (OR=1.44, 95% CI=1.28, 1.61, p<0.05), informal counseling (OR=1.29, 95% CI=1.15, 1.46, p<0.05), and pharmacotherapy (OR=1.24, 95% CI=1.02, 1.50, p<0.05) during a new patient visit significantly increased, with the increase not varying by level of smoking. For formal counseling, the post-guideline increase was greater for screening-eligible heavy smokers (OR=3.15, 95% CI=1.18, 8.36, p<0.05) and moderate smokers (OR=3.58, 95% CI=1.29, 9.95, p<0.05) relative to light smokers. Smoking-cessation interventions increased after new lung cancer screening guidelines. Given the sizable adverse impacts of smoking on morbidity and mortality, small increases in the implementation of smoking-cessation interventions could have substantial public health benefits.

Differences in smokers\u2019 awareness of the health risks of smoking before and after introducing pictorial tobacco health warnings: findings from the 2012\u20132017 international tobacco control (ITC) Netherlands surveys

BackgroundAs of May 2016, pictorial health warnings (PHWs) showing the harms of smoking were implemented in the European Union. After one year they had to be fully implemented. We studied changes in awareness of the health risks of smoking after implementation of PHWs among smokers from the Netherlands, whether the trend before the implementation changed after the implementation, and whether there were differences between subgroups.MethodsWe used survey data from six yearly waves of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Netherlands Survey from 2012 to 2017. The number of participating smokers ranged between 1236 and 1604 per wave. Data were analyzed using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) analyses.ResultsIndicators of awareness of the health risks of smoking that did not change between 2015 and 2017 were perceived susceptibility (β = 0.043, p = 0.059) and perceived severity (β = − 0.006, p = 0.679) regarding lung problems. Perceived susceptibility, however, was more pronounced between 2015 and 2017 than between 2012 and 2015(p value of interaction: p = 0.044). Noticing information about the dangers of smoking (β = 0.119, p < 0.001) and knowledge about the health risks of smoking (β = 0.184, p < 0.001) increased between 2015 and 2017. These increases were both more pronounced when compared to 2012–2015 (p values of interactions: p = 0.002 and p < 0.001 respectively). Compared to high educated smokers, low educated smokers (β = − 1.137, p < 0.001) and moderate educated smokers (β = − 0.894, p < 0.001) were less knowledgeable about the health risks of smoking in 2016 and 2017.ConclusionsIntroducing PHWs coincided with an increase in smokers’ knowledge about the health risks of smoking. Dutch tobacco control policy and campaigns should focus on improving Dutch smokers’ awareness of the health risks of smoking even more, especially among low educated smokers.

Smoking Related Major- and Minor Salivary Gland Flow Rates, Xerostomia and Other Sicca Symptoms in Hungary

Objectives of this study were to explore the prevalence of subjective and objective dryness symptoms by smoking status in different age groups, to measure whole and minor saliva flow rates, and to evaluate the possible associations between salivary parameters, oral symptoms and the intensity of smoking in a sample of Hungarian adults. Repeated cross-sectional studies were conducted in 2003 (n=600) and 2014�2018 (n=301) among Hungarian adults visiting regional outpatient dental clinics of their residence where dentist interviewed them about their subjective sicca symptoms and cigarette smoking habits (non-smoker � NS, light smoker � LIS, moderate or heavy smoker � MHS), and measured unstimulated whole saliva flow rate (UWS), palatal- and labial minor saliva flow rates to assess xerostomia objectively. The severity of xerostomia was significantly higher in among 30�39-year-old male smokers (44.8%; p=0.001), and among 18-29-year-old female smokers (52.9%; p=0.013), compared to their non-smoker counterparts (6.7% and 27.1%, respectively). UWS flow rate was significantly lower among 18-29-year-old MHS females compared to NS and LIS females in the same age group (p=0.019, p=0.015, respectively). Significantly increased palatal saliva flow rate was registered among 30�39-year-old MHS males compared to their NS counterparts (p=0.046). Our study highlighted that high intensity of smoking may cause xerostomia, a decrease in the UWS flow rate, and an increase in palatal saliva flow rate in some age groups, however, other sicca symptoms were mostly unrelated to the presence of dry mouth.

Effects of Donor Smoking History on Early Post-Transplant Lung Function Measured by Oscillometry

Oscillometry (Osc) is a non-invasive test of respiratory impedance that is sensitive to small airways, a region of lung that is not well characterized by conventional pulmonary function tests (PFT) and has been shown to detect chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) prior to changes in PFT. We posit that Osc could identify small airway obstruction post-lung transplant (LTx) and discriminate between lungs from smoking vs non-smoking donors. All double LTx recipients who consented to the study were prospectively tested with Osc prior to PFT during post-LTx clinic follow-up. Osc was conducted according to ERS criteria. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare Osc and PFT parameters of recipients of non-smoking vs. smoking donor lungs. From December 2017 to July 2019, 179 patients were enrolled, of whom 102 received lungs from donors with a smoking history (27 had ≥20 pack years) and 68 received lungs from non-smokers. We excluded 33 patients with insufficient data on donor smoking history. No differences were observed between smoking and non-smoking donor groups overall. However, in patients who received donor lungs with ≥20 pack years, Osc identified small airway obstruction 8 weeks post LTx. The main Osc parameters of small airway obstruction, Ax (area of reactance) and X5 (reactance at 5 Hz) were significantly different between the 2 groups. The R5-19 (difference between resistance at 5 and 19 Hz), a measure of small airway obstruction, was increased in smokers, but the difference was not significant. Differences in PFT were not significant (Table 1). Recipients of lungs from donors with a significant smoking history had evidence of small airway obstruction as detected by Osc. Differences in Osc measurements were not detected for donors with a <20 pack year smoking history, suggesting that a moderate smoking history is unlikely to affect post-LTx lung function. Longer follow-up is needed to determine whether the observed differences persist over time and lead to graft dysfunction.

Trends in Smoking Behaviors Among US Adolescent Cigarette Smokers.

Identifying trends in smoking behaviors among youth cigarette smokers could inform youth policy and interventions. Using 2011-2018 National Youth Tobacco Survey data, logistic/linear regressions were used to analyze trends in smoking frequency, intensity, age of first cigarette use, and electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use frequency among current smokers. Stratified analyses were conducted among male, female, middle school, and high school students and race and ethnicity subgroups separately. From 2011 to 2018, there was a decrease in smoking ≥10 days (50.0% to 38.3%), ≥20 days (37.2% to 26.3%), and 30 days (26.6% to 18.2%) among current smokers. Smoking prevalence decreased among male, female, high school, non-Hispanic white, and non-Hispanic other students. Overall, light smoking (≤5 cigarettes per day [CPDs]) increased (76.6% to 82.7%), and moderate smoking (6-10 CPDs) decreased (10.7% to 8.3%). Trends in light, moderate, and heavy smoking varied by demographic groups. Age at first cigarette use increased among female (12.28 to 13.29), high school (12.91 to 13.18), and non-Hispanic other students (11.64 to 12.83) and decreased among male students (12.90 to 12.57). From 2014 to 2018, there was an increase in e-cigarette use frequency for ≥10 days (20.8% to 40.9%), ≥20 days (13.5% to 31.7%), and all 30 days (9.3% to 22%). From 2011 to 2018, current youth cigarette smokers smoked fewer days and fewer CPDs, and age of first cigarette use increased. However, over time, male youth smoked more heavily and started smoking earlier. E-cigarette use increased from 2014 to 2018. Differences by demographic characteristics can inform future research and interventions.

Cigarette smoking and knee osteoarthritis in the elderly: Data from the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey.

The relationship between smoking and osteoarthritis (OA) has not been investigated in a large-scale study. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between smoking and knee OA in the elderly. This study included 5117 subjects aged >60years who responded to questionnaires on their history of smoking and knee OA diagnosed by a physician taken from the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES-VI) 2013-2015. We classified all 5117 subjects into 2 groups (the OA group and non-OA group) and compared the demographics and characteristics between the 2 groups. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the possible association between knee OA and smoking. The prevalence of current smoking in the OA group (5.1%) was significantly lower than in the non-OA group (14.6%; p<0.001). Furthermore, the proportion of moderate smokers who smoked >10 cigarettes per day or heavy smokers who smoked >20 cigarettes per day was significantly higher in the non-OA group. In the multivariate analysis, current smoking history was a preventative factor for the prevalence of OA in a multivariate model that included age, sex, body mass index, waist circumference (OR: 0.752, 95% CI: 0.571-0.989, p=0.042). This large-scale national study highlights an inverse association between smoking and the prevalence of knee OA in the general Korean elder adult population, primarily in males. Further investigation of this relationship between smoking and knee OA is needed to determine smoking's specific mechanism of protection against knee OA.

Relationship between Smoking and Quality Of Life on Patient’s with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease In Dr.Reksodiwiryo Padang Hospital

Abstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease with the limitation of the airway, which is not completely reversible and is progressive. One of the risk factors of this disease is exposure to cigarette smoke for a long time. The purpose of this research is to know the relationship of smoking with the quality of life of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients at Dr. Reksodiwiryo Padang Hospital. This cross-sectional research has been implemented in February-May 2019 and involving 35 research subjects that meet inclusion and exclusion criteria. In this study, data was obtained that 97.1% of male gender research subjects, aged 60-69 years, 37.1%, 45.7% had moderate smoking status, poor quality of life 54.3% and there was a relationship with quality of life in Dr. Reksodiwiryo Padang Hospital (P-value &lt; 0.05). In this research can be concluded that there is a smoking relationship with the quality of life patients of chronic abortive pulmonary disease patients in Dr. Reksodiwiryo Hospital, Padang.Keywords: Smoking Status, quality of life, COPD.