Moderate Smokers Research Articles

How does the affordable care act Medicaid expansion affect cigarette consumption?—The mechanism and heterogeneity

AbstractWe examine the average effect of the affordable care act (ACA) Medicaid expansion on cigarette consumption as well as heterogeneous effects by consumer types, depending on whether they use anti‐smoking products and their baseline level of cigarette consumption. Using the Nielsen homescan consumer panel and generalized difference‐in‐differences (GDD) method, we find that anti‐smoking products can induce cigarette smoking among moderate and heavy smokers. However, the ACA Medicaid expansion reduces cigarette smoking through channels other than anti‐smoking products. As a net result, the ACA Medicaid expansion leads to a reduction in smoking. Light smokers are the main beneficiaries of ACA Medicaid expansion—their average cigarette consumption reduces by over one pack per month.

Endovascular Treatment of Aortic Bifurcation Occlusive Disease 10 Years After Open Surgical Repair of an Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

A 74 year old man, a moderate smoker treated 10 years previously by open infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm tube graft, presented with left leg rest pain. (A) Computed tomography angiography revealed dilatation of the infrarenal aortic segment (31 mm) with a newly developed left common iliac artery occlusion and right common iliac artery sub-occlusion. (B) Two balloon expandable stents (8 × 59 mm; Omnilink Elite [Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, CA, USA]) were deployed in a kissing stent configuration with good results and no complications. The patient received dual antiplatelet therapy for three months and after this period was asymptomatic.Image 1

Value and Interest Rates: Are Rates to Blame for Value’s Torments?

<h3>Objective</h3> Since conflicting results have been published on the role of tobacco smoking on the risk of endometriosis, we provide an up-to-date summary quantification of this potential association. <h3>Design</h3> We performed a PubMed/MEDLINE search of the relevant publications up to September 2014, considering studies on humans published in English. We searched the reference list of the identified papers to find other relevant publications. Case–control as well as cohort studies have been included reporting risk estimates on the association between tobacco smoking and endometriosis. 38 of the 1758 screened papers met the inclusion criteria. The selected studies included a total of 13 129 women diagnosed with endometriosis. <h3>Setting</h3> Academic hospitals. <h3>Main outcome measure</h3> Risk of endometriosis in tobacco smokers. <h3>Results</h3> We obtained the summary estimates of the relative risk (RR) using the random effect model, and assessed the heterogeneity among studies using the χ² test and quantified it using the I² statistic. As compared to never-smokers, the summary RR were 0.96 (95% CI 0.86 to 1.08) for ever smokers, 0.95 (95% CI 0.81 to 1.11) for former smokers, 0.92 (95% CI 0.82 to 1.04) for current smokers, 0.87 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.07) for moderate smokers and 0.93 (95% CI 0.69 to 1.26) for heavy smokers. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The present meta-analysis provided no evidence for an association between tobacco smoking and the risk of endometriosis. The results were consistent considering ever, former, current, moderate and heavy smokers, and across type of endometriosis and study design.

Effects of Donor Smoking History on Early Post-Transplant Lung Function Measured by Oscillometry

<h3>Purpose</h3> Oscillometry (Osc) is a non-invasive test of respiratory impedance that is sensitive to small airways, a region not well characterized by conventional pulmonary function tests (PFT). It has been shown to detect early COPD prior to changes in PFT. We posit that Osc could identify small airway obstruction post-lung transplant (LTx) and discriminate between lungs from smoking vs non-smoking donors. <h3>Methods</h3> Double LTx recipients who consented were prospectively tested with Osc and PFT during post-LTx follow-up. Osc was conducted according to ERS criteria. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare Osc and PFT results of recipients of non-smoking vs. smoking donor lungs. <h3>Results</h3> From December 2017 to December 2019, 268 patients were enrolled. 106 received lungs from non- smokers and 147 from smokers, with 36 heavy (> 20 pack years) smokers. We excluded 6 patients with no donor smoking history and 9 who did not undergo any testing.No differences were observed between smoking and non-smoking donor groups overall. However, in the subgroup which received Ltx from heavy smokers, Osc identified small airway obstruction at 8 weeks post-LTx. The main Osc parameters of small airway obstruction, R5-R19, AX (area of reactance) and X5 (reactance at 5 Hz) were significantly different between the 2 groups. In contrast, no differences were observed in the FEV1/FVC or the % predicted FEV1 (Figure 1). The difference in R5-R19 persisted at 3 months but not observed for AX and X5. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Recipients of lungs from donors with heavy smoking history had evidence of small airway obstruction detected by Osc which was not reflected in traditional PFT parameters. This was not observed in donors with a < 20 pack year smoking history, suggesting that moderate smoking is unlikely to affect posttransplant lung function. Longer follow-up is needed to determine whether the observed differences persist over time and lead to graft dysfunction.

The relationship between smoker status and oxygen saturation values after general anesthesia in the operating room installation at RSD Mangusada Badung in 2021

In the implementation of anesthesia especially general anesthesia, The adequacy of oxygen in the blood is absolutely necessary, the presence of obstructions can affect oxygen saturation is very need to be considered. The phenomenon that often occurs in smoking patients is partial or total airway obstruction because of mucus hypersecretion which if not handled properly can cause hypoxia. This study aims to determine the relationship between smoker status and oxygen saturation values after general anesthesia in the operating room installation at RSD Mangusada Badung in 2020. This type of research is quantitative with observational methods and cross sectional design, The sample in this study were all post-general anesthesia patients in the operating room installation of RSD Mangusada Badung according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria selected by purposive sampling as many as 44 respondents. The study was conducted for 1 month. The results obtained by most of the post general anesthesia patients were included in the moderate smoking category, namely 17 (38.6%) respondents and the mean value of oxygen saturation in post-general anesthesia patients in the Operating Room Installation at RSD Mangusada Badung was 98.14% Data were analyzed by the nonparametric spearman rank test at the significance level α 0.05, p values ​​were 0.000 <0.05. This shows that there is a significant relationship between smoking status and oxygen saturation values ​​in post-general anesthesia patients at the Operation Room Installation of RSD Mangusada Badung. It is expected that people can reduce or stop smoking to maintain the stability of oxygen saturation in the blood. Keywords: smoker status, oxygen saturation, general anesthesia

Preoperative Cumulative Smoking Dose on Lung Cancer Surgery in a Japanese Nationwide Database

BackgroundSmoking is a known risk factor for postoperative mortality and morbidity. However, the significance of cumulative smoking dose in preoperative risk assessment has not been established. We examined the influence of preoperative cumulative smoking dose on surgical outcomes after lobectomy for primary lung cancer. MethodsA total of 80,989 patients with primary lung cancer undergoing lobectomy from 2014 to 2016 were enrolled. Preoperative cumulative smoking dose was categorized by pack-years (PY): nonsmokers, PY = 0; light smokers, 0 < PY < 10; moderate smokers, 10 ≤ PY < 30; and heavy smokers, 30 ≤ PY. The risk of short-term outcomes was assessed according to PY by multivariable analysis adjusted for other covariates. ResultsPostoperative 30-day mortality, as well as pulmonary, cardiovascular, and infectious complications, increased with preoperative PY. Multivariable analysis revealed that the odds ratios (ORs) for postoperative mortality compared with nonsmokers were 1.76 for light smokers (P = .044), 1.60 for moderate smokers (P = .026), and 1.73 for heavy smokers (P = .003). The ORs for pulmonary complications compared with nonsmokers were 1.20 for light smokers (P = .022), 1.40 for moderate smokers (P < .001), and 1.72 for heavy smokers (P < .001). Heavy smokers had a significantly increased risk of postoperative cardiovascular (OR, 1.26; P = .002) and infectious (OR, 1.39; P = .007) complications compared with nonsmokers. ConclusionsThe risk of mortality and morbidity after lung resection could be predicted according to preoperative cumulative smoking dose. These findings contribute to the development of strategies in perioperative management of lung resection patients.

Effect of tobacco smoking on the enzymatic activity of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase

Background : There have not been many studies evaluating the relationship of Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels with former smoking and it is still not clear whether the effect is independent of alcohol drinking. This study was performed to evaluate the association between smoking status and serum GGT concentration. Methodology : One hundred and twenty participants were incorporated in the research. All the subjects were separated into 2 groups. Group 1 consist of 60 volunteers with habit of smoking. Group 2 consist of 60 volunteers without the habit of smoking. Four to 6 ml venous blood was reserved from all character by disposable syringes. The samples were instantly centrifuged for (10) minutes at 3000 round per minute, and the serum gained was analysed straight. Results: The findings specified that the smoker group classify as moderate smoker group. The findings acquired specified that the mean serum GGT activity was (23.49 3.39 IU/L), in smokers group. This value was superior significantly to that acquired in non-smokers group (12.92 2.73 IU/L) (p Conclusions: Significant augmented action of GGT in smokers appears to sustain the injurious effects of cigarette smoking. Supplementary findings are essential to explain the alliance among dietary and existence factors and serum GGT activity. Keywords: Epidemiology, Liver diseases, Smoking, Serum GGT.

Early to Midlife Smoking Trajectories and Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged US Adults: the CARDIA Study.

Smoking starts in early adulthood and persists throughout the life course, but the association between these trajectories and midlife cognition remains unclear. Determine the association between early to midlife smoking trajectories and midlife cognition. Prospective cohort study. Participants were 3364 adults (mean age = 50.1 ± 3.6, 56% female, 46% Black) from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study: 1638 ever smokers and 1726 never smokers. Smoking trajectories were identified in latent class analysis among 1638 ever smokers using smoking measures every 2-5 years from baseline (age 18-30 in 1985-1986) through year 25 (2010-2011). Poor cognition was based on cognitive domain scores ≥ 1 SD below the mean on tests of processing speed (Digit Symbol Substitution Test), executive function (Stroop), and memory (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test) at year 25. Five smoking trajectories emerged over 25 years: quitters (19%), and minimal stable (40%), moderate stable (20%), heavy stable (15%), and heavy declining smokers (5%). Heavy stable smokers showed poor cognition on all 3 domains compared to never smoking (processing speed AOR = 2.22 95% CI 1.53-3.22; executive function AOR = 1.58 95% CI 1.05-2.36; memory AOR = 1.48 95% CI 1.05-2.10). Compared to never smoking, both heavy declining (AOR = 1.95 95% CI 1.06-3.68) and moderate stable smokers (AOR = 1.56 95% CI 1.11-2.19) exhibited slower processing speed, and heavy declining smokers additionally had poor executive function. For minimal stable smokers (processing speed AOR = 1.12 95% CI 0.85-1.51; executive function AOR = 0.97 95% CI 0.71-1.31; memory AOR = 1.21 95% CI 0.94-1.55) and quitters (processing speed AOR = 0.96 95% CI 0.63-1.48; executive function AOR = 0.98 95% CI 0.63-1.52; memory AOR = 0.97 95% CI 0.67-1.39), no association was observed. The association between early to midlife smoking trajectories and midlife cognition was dose-dependent. Results underscore the cognitive health risk of moderate and heavy smoking and the potential benefits of quitting on cognition, even in midlife.

Evaluation of the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on smoking addiction levels.

AimsThis study aims to evaluate the changes in smoking addiction levels during the on‐going Covid‐19 pandemic.MethodsThis study included 104 participants, ≥18 years old who were previous patients of family health clinics for a variety of reasons in the months preceding the onset of the Covid‐19 pandemic. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence was administered to these patients as part of their initial intakes. The participants were asked to complete a questionnaire related to socio‐demographic information and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence after obtaining agreement to participate during the pandemic period. In addition, written informed consent was obtained. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 20, was used to analyse the acquired data.ResultsThe participants were 48.1% and 51.9% women and men, respectively. The pre‐pandemic and Covid‐19 pandemic mean smoking addiction scores were 5.03 and 5.6, respectively. The smoking addiction levels before and during the Covid‐19 pandemic significantly differed (P < .001). Of the individuals with low smoking addiction levels before the pandemic, 17.6% and 29.4% became moderately and highly addicted, respectively. Of the individuals with moderate smoking addiction level, 6.3% and 43.9% became lowly and highly addicted, respectively.ConclusionThe smoking addiction level may change based on various factors including behavioural changes. While increases in smoking addiction during the pandemic can be observed caused by behavioural changes and anxieties that may arise because of the pandemic, a decrease in addiction levels and even smoking cessation can also be observed during these times because of the more progressive course of Covid‐19 in smokers. Health institutions should therefore take advantage of this period and focus more efforts on the cessation of smoking and other substance abuse issues.

GAMBARAN KADAR SERUM INTERLEUKIN-6 PADA PEROKOK AKTIF

AbstractCigarette smoke contains Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS when it is over-produced causes oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is related to the synthesis of pro-in-flamatory cytokines which encourage inflammation which is characterized by the increase in proinflammatory cytokines. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of serum interleukin-6 levels in active smokers. The research sample was 11 active smokers in the Bali Regional Police who were selected using a non- probability sampling technique using purposive sampling. Measurement of serum interleukin-6 levels was performed using the ELISA method. The results showed that serum interleukin-6 levels increased in all age groups and most were found at the age of 35-44 years (36.3%), with normal and obese BMI each 45.5%, in white cigarette smokers with filters (72.7%), moderate smoking intensity (63.6%), with smoking duration of 11-15 years (36.4%). The conclusion in this study is that most active smokers have increased serum interleukin-6 levels. Keywords: active smokers, serum, interleukin-6

Smoking status and endothelial function in Japanese men

It is established that smoking is a major risk factor of atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction occurs in the initial step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and plays a critical role in the development of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between smoking status and endothelial function in detail in men. We measured flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) in 2209 Japanese men including 1181 men who had never smoked and 1028 current smokers. All of the participants were divided into five groups by smoking pack-years: never smoker group (= 0), light smoker group (> 0 to 10), moderate smoker group (> 10 to 20), heavy smoker group (> 20 to 30) and excessive smoker group (> 30). FMD significantly decreased in relation to pack-years (6.6 ± 3.4% in the never smoker group, 6.8 ± 3.0% in the light smoker group, 6.5 ± 2.9% in the moderate smoker group, 5.9 ± 2.9% in the heavy smoker group, and 4.9 ± 2.7% in the excessive smoker group; P < 0.001). After adjustment for age (≥ 65 years), body mass index, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, and year of recruitment, FMD was significantly smaller in the excessive smoker group than in the never smoker group as a reference group (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.42 to 2.67; P < 0.001). These findings suggest that FMD decreases with an increase in the number of cigarettes smoked and that excessive smoking is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Cigarette smoking is harmful to vascular function in men who are heavy smokers.

Effects of Smoking on ACE2 Expression Pattern: Risk and Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Respiratory epithelium expressing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the entry for novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), pathogen of the COVID-19 pneumonia outbreak, although a few recent studies have found different ACE2 expression in lung tissue of smokers. The effect of smoking on ACE2 expression and COVID-19 is still not clear. So, we did this research to determine the effect of smoking on ACE2 expression pattern and its relationship with the risk and severity of COVID-19. The clinical data of COVID-19 patients with smoking and non-smoking were analyzed, and ACE2 expression of respiratory and digestive mucosa epithelia from smoker and non-smoker patients or healthy subjects were detected by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Of all 295 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients, only 24 (8.1%) were current smokers with moderate smoking or above, which accounted for 54.2% of severe cases with higher mortality than non-smokers (8.3% vs. 0.4%, p = 0.018). Data analysis showed the proportion of smokers in COVID-19 patients was lower than that in general population of China (Z = 11.65, P < 0.001). IHC staining showed ACE2 expression in respiratory and digestive epithelia of smokers were generally downregulated. The proportion of smokers in COVID-19 patients was lower, which may be explained by ACE2 downregulation in respiratory mucosa epithelia. However, smoking COVID-19 patients accounted for a higher proportion in severe cases and higher mortality than for non-smoking COVID-19 patients, which needs to be noted.

Correlation between cigarette smoking and raised intraocular pressure in males

OBJECTIVE: Smoking is one of the most important risk factors both in systemic as well as ocular diseases. Its role in pathogenesis of ocular hypertension and open-angle glaucoma has been proposed, but there remains a controversy in the study results. Our aim is to find any association between cigarette smoking and raised intraocular pressure (IOP). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 60 male subjects were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thirty-one were selected using simple random sampling, had raised IOP, among which 17 were smokers. Two-nine matched subjects had normal IOP, with 11 smokers among them. Smoking parameters were classified using Smoking Index as well as pack-years. The correlation between different smoking parameters and IOP was studied and analyzed. RESULTS: There was a positive association between IOP and smoking overall (P value 0.021). In addition, there was a significant correlation between IOP and pack-years (P value 0.036), as well as IOP and duration of smoking (P = 0.044). However, there was no significant association of daily number of cigarettes smoked with IOP, as well as between mild, moderate, and heavy smokers in terms of intraocular pressure. CONCLUSION: Smoking is found to be an important risk factor in pathogenesis of ocular hypertension, as well as glaucoma. Lifestyle modification in terms of prohibition of smoking may reduce the overall incidence and progression of glaucoma worldwide.

The effects of smoking Haschich on blood parameters in young people from the Beni Mellal region Morocco

&lt;abstract&gt;&lt;sec&gt; &lt;title&gt;Objective&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;The objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of smoking hashish on some blood parameters (Red blood cells, Hemoglobins, Hematocrits, MCV, MCH, MCHC, White blood cells, Urea, Creatinine, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Liver Aminotransferases) among young people from the Beni Mellal region, Morocco.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt; &lt;title&gt;Methods&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;Blood samples are collected from 30 male, fasting, voluntary and anonymous individuals in three groups; 10 non-smokers (controls), 10 moderate chronic smokers (5 joints/day (5 j/d) or less for a period not exceeding 3 years) and 10 intense chronic smokers (15 joints/day or more for a period equal to or greater than 5 years).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt; &lt;title&gt;Results&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;The results obtained show that with the duration and number of joints consumed, a decrease in the level of HB, RBCs, HT, platelets, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, SGOT and SGPT while there is an increase in MCH, MCHC, eosinophils and creatinine.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt; &lt;title&gt;Conclusion&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;These results could be explained by the impact of the active ingredients in the joints, including THC in cannabis and the components of smoked cigarettes in conjunction with cannabis resin on consumer nutrition.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt;&lt;/abstract&gt;

Hubungan Klasifikasi Perokok dengan Kesehatan Jaringan Periodontal Masyarakat yang Merokok di Pulau Harapan diukur dengan Skor CIPTN

The Ministry of Health in Alamsyah, (2017) states that smoking behavior is an activity of burning one of the tobacco products, then smoking or inhaling the smoke, including clove cigarettes, white cigarettes, cigars or other forms produced from the nicotina tabacum, nicotina rustica and other species. The classification of smokers consists of: light smokers (1-4 cigarettes/day), moderate smokers (5-14 cigarettes/day), heavy smokers (&gt; 15 cigarettes/day). This study was conducted to obtain an overview of the health of the periodontal tissue in people who smoke on the island of Harapan. Data were collected by classifying smokers and intra-oral examination of CPITN on every community who smoked on the island of Harapan whose results were recorded on the examination sheet. This examination was carried out in January 2020. The data were analyzed by Univariate and Bivariate. Based on the results of research on male smokers in Harapan Island, Seribu Islands region, it can be concluded that there are no smokers who have a score of 0 or have healthy periodontal tissue. In the category of moderate smokers, the highest number of CIPTN 2 scores or had tartar on the sub gingiva was 9 people (52.9%), while in the heavy smoker group the highest score also had CIPTN 2 scores or had tartar on the sub gingiva as many as 18 people (48,6%). The statistical test results obtained P = 0.029 where the P value &lt;0.05, it can be concluded that there is a difference in the proportion of the classification of smokers to the state of the periodontal tissue calculated based on the CIPTN status or there is a significant relationship between the classification of smokers and the state of the periodontal tissue calculated by the CIPTN score).

Adherence to Prudent and Mediterranean Dietary Patterns Is Inversely Associated with Lung Cancer in Moderate But Not Heavy Male Polish Smokers: A Case-Control Study.

Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide. Studies regarding dietary patterns (DPs) and lung cancer are limited, with results remaining inconclusive, and the association of DPs with lung cancer in smokers is unclear. This study analyzed the associations between DPs, including the Polish-adapted Mediterranean diet (Polish-aMED) score, and lung cancer risk in Polish adult male smokers. This case-control study involved 439 men aged 45–80 years from northeastern Poland, including 187 newly diagnosed lung cancer cases. Dietary data was collected with a 62-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ-6). Two approaches were applied to identify dietary patterns. The Polish-aMED score was calculated (hypothesis-driven approach) and a principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify PCA-driven DPs (data-driven approach). A logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of the lung cancer risk associated with the adherence to DPs overall as well as for moderate (2.5–11 pack-years) and heavy (>11 pack-years) smokers. Among moderate smokers, the risk of lung cancer was lower by 41% (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.39–0.90; p < 0.05; adjusted model) in the higher adherence to the prudent DP when compared to the lower adherence, and by 66% (OR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.15–0.76; p < 0.05; adjusted model) in the high adherence (7–9 points) to the Polish-aMED score when compared to the low adherence (0–3 points). No significant association between the westernized traditional DP or the sweet dairy DP and lung cancer was revealed. In conclusion, the current study suggests that pro-healthy dietary patterns, including the Mediterranean pattern, may favour lower risk of lung cancer in moderate smokers, although it was not confirmed in heavy smokers.

Influence of Moderate Cigarette Smoking on the Peri-Implant Clinicoradiographic Inflammatory Parameters Around Cement- and Screw-Retained Dental Implants.

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of moderate cigarette smoking on the clinical (bleeding on probing [BoP] and probing depth [PD]) and radiographic (crestal bone resorption [CBR]) parameters around cement- and screw-retained dental implants at 5-year follow-up. A questionnaire was used to collect information about age, gender, smoking history, duration of implants in function, jaw location of the implant, and daily toothbrushing and flossing. Peri-implant BoP, PD, and CBR were measured in all groups. Group comparisons were performed using 1-way analysis of variance, and for multiple comparisons, the Bonferroni post hoc adjustment test was performed. The level of significance was set at P < .05. Forty-eight patients (25 smokers and 23 nonsmokers) had cement-retained dental implants, and 48 (24 smokers and 24 nonsmokers) had screw-retained dental implants. Among patients with cement- and screw-retained dental implants, PD (P < .05) and CBR (P < .05) were significantly higher among smokers than nonsmokers. The peri-implant sites that demonstrated BoP were statistically significantly higher among nonsmokers (P < .05) than smokers among patients with cement- and screw-retained dental implants. There was no statistically significant difference in peri-implant PD and CBR among smokers with cement- and screw-retained dental implants. Among nonsmokers with cement and screw-retained dental implants, there was no statistically significant difference in BoP, PD, or CBR. Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased PD and CBR around cement- and screw-retained dental implants. Cigarette-smoking increases peri-implant soft-tissue inflammation as well as loss of crestal bone, and this relationship is independent of the type of implant retention protocol used. The author recommends that cement- and screw-retained dental implants are suitable for prosthesis restoration in nonsmokers. Further studies on dual smokers (individuals smoking cigarettes and other forms of tobacco products) are needed related to the clinicoradiographic inflammatory parameters around cement- and screw-retained dental implants.

The relationship between smoking degree based on the Brinkman index with the neutrophil lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte platelet ratio and serum MPV/platelet values in healthy adult smokers

Smoking has been shown to increase systemic inflammation. Platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and mean platelet volume (MPV) are indicators of increased platelet activation associated with venous thromboembolic events (VTE). We aim to determine the relationship between smoking degree based on the Brinkman index and the level of inflammation. An observational analytic study using a cross-sectional approach was conducted from October to December 2019 involving all adult smokers in the city of Denpasar, Bali, who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Correlation test was used to determine the relationship between smoking degrees and NLR, PLR, and MPV/platelets in the subject. It was found that the research subjects had an average age of 37.13 years. Brinkman Index (IB) obtained IB 25-1000 (average 275.5506), with the ratio of mild: moderate: severe degrees are 44:45:11 people. The serum NLR value was 0.09 to 4.49 (mean 1.6633), PLR value was 47.97 to 188.81 (mean 104.4154), and MPV/Plt value 0.02 to 0.08 (mean 0.03). The degree of smoking based on the Brinkman Index in 100 samples, consisting of 44% of light smokers, 45% of moderate smokers and 11% of heavy smokers. Heavy smokers have higher NLR and PLR and lower MPV/Plt. There was no significant relationship between smoking degrees and NLR, PLR, and MPV/Plt (P = 0.494: 0.557: 0.776). All smokers classified as normal nutritional status (22%) and overweight (78%). The Spearman test showed that there was a significant relationship between smoking age and smoking degree (P = 0.000), but none for nutritional status (BMI) and smoking degree (P = 0.155). Pearson correlation test showed that the age of the smoker have no relationship with the ratio of NLR, PLR and MPV/Platelet (P = 0.670: 0.878: 0.229). T-Test result showed no relationship between NLR and PLR with nutritional status (P = 0.074: 0.116). The Mann-Whitney test also showed no relationship between MPV/Plt and nutritional status (P = 0.498). In conclusion, the higher the degree of smoking based on the Brinkman index, the higher the NLR and PLR values. There was no significant relationship between smoking degrees based on the Brinkman Index and serum NLR, PLR, and MPV/Platelet in healthy adult smokers. Keywords: Smoking degrees, Brinkman index, neutrophil lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte platelet ratio, serum MPV/platelet.

The Association Between Smoking Status and Severity Degree of Diabetic Foot

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease which happens to be the 7th leading cause of death worldwide. In Indonesia, 6.9% of population aged ³ 15 years old suffers from this disease. Diabetic foot is one of the complication of diabetes mellitus which has high mortality and morbidity level. Smoking is an addictive behavior that is really common in Indonesia. Components inside a cigarette, such as nicotine, can contribute in determining the prognosis of diabetic foot through various mechanism. This study aims to investigate the association between smoking status and the severity degree of diabetic foot. This study is an observational analytic study using a cross-sectional approach. Data collection was conducted on January 2019 until July 2019 in RSUK Pesanggrahan and Atma Jaya Hospital Jakarta. The research data was obtained through interviews with diabetic foot patients and medical record reading. Data was analyzed using the chi-square method. There were 40 patients eligible to be the subject of this study. The smoker status with the most distribution was moderate smoker (27.5%) and severity degree of diabetic foot with most distribution was Wagner 3 (25%). Bivariate analysis showed that there was a significant association between smoking status and severity degree of diabetic foot (p &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, there is a significant association between smoking status and the severity degree of diabetic foot. Therefore, education regarding the importance of smoking cessation to diabetic foot patients should be done in order to improve the prognosis of diabetic foot patients.

The Relationship Between Smoking Status And Diabetic Foot Severity

The Association Between Smoking Status and Severity Degree of Diabetic Foot. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease which happens to be the 7th leading cause of death worldwide. In Indonesia, 6.9% of population aged 15 years old suffers from this disease. Diabetic foot is one of the complication of diabetes mellitus which has high mortality and morbidity level. Smoking is an addictive behavior that is really common in Indonesia. Components inside a cigarette, such as nicotine, can contribute in determining the prognosis of diabetic foot through various mechanism. This study aims to investigate the association between smoking status and the severity degree of diabetic foot. This study is an observational analytic study using a cross-sectional approach. Data collection was conducted on January 2019 until July 2019 in RSUK Pesanggrahan and Atma Jaya Hospital Jakarta. The research data was obtained through interviews with diabetic foot patients and medical record reading. Data was analyzed using the chi-square method. There were 40 patients eligible to be the subject of this study. The smoker status with the most distribution was moderate smoker (27.5%) and severity degree of diabetic foot with most distribution was Wagner 3 (25%). Bivariate analysis showed that there was a significant association between smoking status and severity degree of diabetic foot (p &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, there is a significant association between smoking status and the severity degree of diabetic foot. Therefore, education regarding the importance of smoking cessation to diabetic foot patients should be done in order to improve the prognosis of diabetic foot patients.