Moderate Knowledge Research Articles

Exploring Blood Donation: Perspectives among Undergraduate Students in Peshawar, Pakistan

To improve voluntary donation and public health in the face of Pakistan's shifting regulations and challenges, it is crucial to comprehend the blood donation patterns of undergraduate students in Peshawar. Objective: To compare and assess undergraduate students in medical, allied health sciences, and non-medical fields in Peshawar, Pakistan, on their knowledge, attitudes, barriers to, and motivations for, blood donation. Methods: An eight-month observational cross-sectional study with 1232 undergraduate students from various academic fields was conducted. Participants were assessed through a comprehensive questionnaire regarding blood donation. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27.0, employing descriptive statistics and the chi-square test. Results: The study enrolled 1232 undergraduate students, with 65.2% male and 34.6% female participants. Among them, 82.3% were aware of their blood group. While 24.74% exhibited poor knowledge about blood donation, 62.98% demonstrated moderate knowledge, and 12.29% had good knowledge. Additionally, 39.9% had never donated blood, but 83.9% expressed willingness to donate in the future. Fear of needles (13.90%), fear of infection (13.20%), and medical unfitness (13.10%) were significant barriers, while motivations included saving lives (22.20%), helping friends and family (19.40%), and moral obligation (14.80%). Conclusions: The study concluded that undergraduate students in Peshawar possess a moderate level of understanding regarding blood donation, with medical students showing higher knowledge levels. Despite variations across disciplines, positive attitudes towards donation were common, indicating potential for increased voluntary donation

Analysis of Nurses Knowledge and Motivation for the Implementation of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation at Kaimana Hospital

Background: In carrying out cardiopulmonary resuscitation actions, compression accuracy and compression speed are required to be correct and appropriate in order to create a quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation series. Therefore, nurses' knowledge and motivation are needed in carrying out cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Purpose: This research aims to determine the relationship between knowledge, motivation and accuracy in carrying out cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Method: This research uses a descriptive correlation research design with a cross sectional approach. With a purposive sampling technique, a sample of 49 respondents was obtained, the independent variables were knowledge and motivation, the dependent variable was cardiopulmonary resuscitation, using a questionnaire and observation sheet. The chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between the two variables. Results: The results of research from 49 respondents showed that the majority of respondents had moderate knowledge of 73.5%, moderate motivation of 59.2% and inappropriate RJP actions of 85.7%. Analysis using the chi-square statistical test on knowledge and motivation towards the implementation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation resulted in p = 0.000 ˂ 0.05, which means there is a relationship between knowledge and motivation towards the implementation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation measures. Conclusion: Knowledge has more influence on the implementation of RJP when compared to motivation, but in reality the level of knowledge is mostly in the medium category so it has an impact on the quality of RJP actions. The results will greatly influence health services to patients. Therefore, it must be supported by continuous learning or training in RJP techniques.

Delirium Knowledge, Risk Factors, and Attitude Among the General Public in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction Delirium is a common and serious neuropsychiatric disorder, of acute onset, present at any age, but more common in older adults, and very common in clinical practice. It combines mental and behavioral symptoms with a fluctuating course, with worsening of the condition in the afternoon and at night, with important repercussions on increased mortality, greater risk of cognitive impairment, and hospitalization costs. Delirium's impact extends to patients, families, and healthcare systems, emphasizing the need for public awareness and education in Saudi Arabia. Methodology It is a cross-sectional conducted in Saudi Arabia that aims to assess knowledge, risk factors, and attitudes regarding delirium among all Saudi and non-Saudi residents aged 18 and older. A 36 self-administered questionnaire, standardized Nordic, was used. Data were cleaned in Microsft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, USA) and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY).This study was conducted in Saudi Arabia from May 2023 till March 2024. Results Our study involved 1,470 participants from Saudi Arabia, primarily females (79.1%), Saudi nationals (89.9%), and unmarried individuals (65.4%). Most participants were aged 18-24 (59.5%) and held bachelor's degrees (57.3%). Commonly recognized delirium risk factors included increasing age (63.3%), dementia (58.2%), and longer ICU stays (48.7%). The participants showed moderate knowledge of delirium symptoms and consequences. Attitudes varied, with many agreeing that delirium requires intervention (30.7%) but fewer considering it preventable (17.1%). Sociodemographic factors, including gender and age, significantly influenced knowledge and attitudes, while education levels did not. Conclusion Our study found that gender and age influenced knowledge and attitudes, highlighting the importance of targeted education. Future research should further investigate the effectiveness of such interventions in enhancing knowledge and awareness and promoting preventive actions.

A Study on the Assessment of Knowledge about Basic Life Support among Undergraduate and Post graduate Science Students

Aim: To assess the knowledge about basic life support among undergraduate and post graduate science students. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted among the students of different colleges with various science courses. A total of 140 study participants were included in the study based on the study criteria. The data was collected using a questionnaire designed with the google form. The questionnaire consists of 20 questions regarding the basic life support. The google form was circulated among the social media groups and the responses recorded were analysed and interpreted. Students of both the genders of age above 18 years studying various science courses were included and students other than the life science courses in various colleges were excluded from the study. Results: A total of 140 study participants were included in this study. Among them, 45 (32.1%) were found to be males and 95 (67.9%) were found to be females. Most of the study participants were in the age group 21-25 years (56.4%). In this study, a total of 20 questions were given in order to assess the knowledge of the students in the aspect of basic life support. Among the 140 study participants, 59 (42.1%) were observed to be with good knowledge, 75 (53.6%) were observed with moderate knowledge and 6 (4.3%) were observed to be with poor knowledge in the aspect of basic life support. Conclusion: In this study, most of the study participants were having moderate knowledge (53.6%) followed by good knowledge (42.1%) in the aspect of basic life support. Almost 95.7% were having ample knowledge in the aspect of dealing the basic life support measures which seems to be very good sign and lack of knowledge in dealing these aspects among the various science background students will definitely impact the society in a negative way. In conclusion, we recommend the training in CPR/BLS should be implemented in the curriculum of all the students itself which will definitely be a valuable life saving skill set to the society.

Knowledge and Attitude Regarding the Impact of Video Games among Parents of School Going Children in Selected Urban Areas of Guwahati, Kamrup (M), Assam with a View to Develop an Information Booklet: a Descriptive Study

Video game culture is a worldwide new media subculture formed around video games and game playing.(1) Adolescents and children are the group of people who are mostly engrossed to video games in society. The vulnerability of these groups especially children is prominent, as they are at such crucial stages in their development that they are highly influenced by their environment.(2) The COVID-19 pandemic during 2020-2021 gave further visibility to video games as a timepass to enjoy with friends and family online as a means of social distancing.(1) The present study was conducted with the aim of finding out the knowledge and attitude regarding the impact of video games among parents of school going children in selected urban areas of Guwahati, Kamrup (M), Assam and is there any correlation between knowledge and attitude. Quantitative research approach and descriptive research design was used in the study. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to select 120 samples. The study was conducted in selected urban areas of Guwahati, Kamrup (M), Assam who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The tools used for the study were structured knowledge questionnaire and 5 point Likert Scale to assess the level of knowledge and attitude regarding the impact of video games. The analysis revealed that overall majority i.e. 80% had moderate knowledge, 14.17% had adequate knowledge and 5.83% had inadequate knowledge regarding the impact of video games. With respect to attitude majority 65.83% had desirable attitude, 34.17% had moderately desirable attitude regarding the impact of video games and there was a moderately positive correlation between knowledge and attitude.

A Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding Heat Stroke and is Prevention among Farmers in Selected Rural Area, Lucknow

a study to assess the knowledge regarding heat stroke and its prevention among farmers in selected rural area, Lucknow. Qualitative research approach with descriptive research design was used on 42 farmers each farmers were given informative programme on heat stroke. The socio-demographic data was collected. The knowledge was asses by self structured questionnaire. Descriptive statics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Result: The finding related to the knowledge and its prevention regarding selected structured questionnaire of heat stroke. There are significant in term of knowledge of p value >0.05. According to knowledge,[ 61.90%] had moderate knowledge,[ 35.71%] had adequate knowledge, [2.385] had inadequate knowledge. The data shows there is significant with demographic variables. The following conclusion were made on the basis of finding of the study the farmers are having moderate knowledge regarding heat stroke and its prevention .There was significant association existing in farmers at p value >0.05 . According to knowledge [61.90%], moderate knowledge [35.71], adequate knowledge [2.385] regarding heatstroke. The future study should enhanced and promote the knowledge and its prevention regarding heatstroke among the farmers worldwide

Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards enhanced recovery after surgery among colorectal cancer patients

To explore the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) towards enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) among colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. This cross-sectional study included CRC patients who underwent selective operation at the author’s Hospital, between April 2021 and April 2023. Their demographic characteristics and KAP towards ERAS were collected using a self-designed questionnaire. A total of 652 valid questionnaires were collected, with knowledge, attitude, and practice scores of 37.29 ± 11.35 (possible range: 11–55), 39.51 ± 6.40 (possible range: 11–55), and 6.53 ± 2.21 (possible range: 0–8), respectively. A positive correlation was found between knowledge and attitude (r = 0.291, P < 0.001), knowledge and practice (r = 0.292, P < 0.001), and attitude and practice (r = 0.363, P < 0.001). Structural equation model (SEM) analysis showed that knowledge had a significant direct effect on attitude (β = 0.164, P < 0.001) and attitude had direct effect on practice (β = 0.099, P < 0.001), indicating an indirect effect of knowledge on practice. Attitude also had a direct effect on practice (β = 0.038, P < 0.001). CRC patients showed moderate knowledge and attitude, and proactive practice towards ERAS. Further improvement of knowledge may improve their attitude and practice, leading to better outcomes and quality of care among CRC patients.

Public Awareness and Practice Regarding Over-the-Counter Medications: A Cross-Sectional Study in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.

Background Pharmaceuticals classified as over-the-counter (OTC) medications are also known as self-medications, in which drugs are sold directly to customers without a valid prescription. According to the World Health Organization, self-medicationrefers to taking medication for ailments that one has self-diagnosed. The public viewed OTC medications as safer, more effective, and beneficial, but misuse can lead to other health issues. Therefore, this study aimed to assess awareness and practices regarding OTC medications. Methodology The study employed a cross-sectional design involving the public residing in Al-Ahsa in eastern Saudi Arabia. The study setting was primary health centers (PHCs) in Al-Ahsa. Four PHCs were chosen by the cluster sampling method. One PHC from each of the four health clusters (northern, southern, middle, and eastern)was selected and a total of 326 people were chosen by simple random sampling from those four PHCs. Data were collected through a structured self-administered questionnaire. Descriptiveand inferential statistics such as mean, standard deviation, chi-square, and correlation analyses were used to analyze the results. Results The mean age of the participants was 38.26 ± 9.73 years. The overall meanknowledge score regarding OTC medications was 14.21 (SD = 3.3). About 39 (11.96%) of the participants had adequate knowledge, 184 (56.44%) had moderately adequate knowledge, and 103 (31.6%) had inadequate knowledge about the safety of using OTC medications. The overall mean score of practices was 20.7 ± 4.42. The chi-square test results showed a significant (p < 0.01) association between the level of knowledge and age, occupation, nationality, and marital status. Additionally, a positive linear relationship (r=+.386) was found between knowledge and practices regarding OTC medications. Conclusion In conclusion, many people in the present study had moderate knowledge and good practices regarding OTC medications. To protect the public from harm, there is an urgent need for more concrete regulatory control over OTC drugs and self-medication. So, it is recommended to create awareness about the proper use of OTC medications.

Knowledge regarding disaster preparedness among nursing interns undergoing clinical training at R.L. Jalappa Hospital and Research Center. Kolar, to develop information handout

The study was to understand knowledge regarding disaster preparedness among nursing interns and to determine the association between the knowledge scores with socio demographic variables. A descriptive survey design was adopted by using Purposive Sampling techniques among 75 Nursing Interns and collected data using structured knowledge questionnaire was used to collect the data based on expert’s validation and inclusion criteria of the study. The study highlighted that majority 58.66% (44) of the samples belongs to moderate knowledge and 38.6% (29) samples belongs to inadequate knowledge, 2.66% (2) samples belong to adequate knowledge. There are many studies conducted which supporting to the study. Finally, the researchers concluded the findings of the study clearly showed that there was Moderate Knowledge on disaster preparedness among nursing interns, thus study recommended to conduct seminar and simulation training programme to the nursing interns on current practice to save the lives of the nation through disaster preparedness.

Investigating fertility health knowledge and lifestyle risk factors among Nigerian university students: A cross-sectional survey.

Adolescents who are unaware of infertility risk factors and the long-term health effects of their lifestyle choices may participate in unsafe sexual and lifestyle behaviors. Their reproductive goals and health may be affected by such behaviors. Adolescents' awareness of male and female infertility risk factors was assessed, along with lifestyle risk variables related to sexual behavior and psychoactive substance use. The causes of inconsistent condom use were also examined. In 2022, a cross-sectional survey was undertaken involving 598 sexually active university students from Nigeria (18.6 years±0.9), the majority of whom were female (57.2 %). Descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and binary logistic regression were utilized in the data analysis to determine the influence of lifestyle factors and levels of knowledge on fertility. Most participants had a moderate understanding of male and female infertility risk factors. The results showed that female students were more informed. Multiple sexual partners and psychoactive substance use were common lifestyle variables. Younger female students, those with several partners, and participants who frequently used alcohol and narcotics used condoms inconsistently. The study emphasizes the need for fertility health and lifestyle risk education for Nigerian youth. Despite moderate knowledge, lifestyle implications on fertility are unclear. Fertility health education in schools could help students make informed reproductive choices and lower the risk of infertility and chronic diseases. Research is needed to confirm findings and inform nationwide targeted interventions.

Socio-educational strategies plan for the development of psychomotor skills in early childhood edu-cation students

The development of psychomotor skills allows students to demonstrate movement skills, knowledge and social relationships that strengthen the personality of the individual. The purpose of the study was to propose a plan of socio-educational strategies for the development of psychomotor skills in early education students of the Sewarare 1200 kindergarten, located in Mexico. It was configured within a quantitative paradigm, of a descriptive-projective type, with a transversal non-experimental design, with a sample of 47 students and 4 teachers, to whom a questionnaire structured in two parts was applied. The results showed that initial education teachers in the area of Physical Education have moderate and low knowledge in the management of socio-educational strategies. While the students demonstrated a moderate and low level of psychomotor competencies. Hence the need to propose a plan of socio-educational strategies for the development of psychomotor skills in students which offers elements of experiences, adaptation to space, relationship with others, bringing rewarding and healthy emotions, essential for the future performance of the learner in the different facets of life, besides being a pedagogical tool to help teachers to contribute and improve their school practice. Key words: Learning, didactic activities, sensory coordination, physical education, movements.

Knowledge on Use of Diaper and Its Impact on Child Health among Mothers of Infants

The present study aims to assess the knowledge on use of diaper and its impact on child health among mothers of infants. The objectives of the study was to assess the knowledge on use of diaper and its impact on child health among mothers of infants and to find out the association between the knowledge onuse of diaper and its impact of child health among the mothers of infants and selected socio personal variables. Non experimental descriptive study design was used in the study. The data was collected by using a semi structured questionnaire. The collected data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The result shows that out of 50 samples majority of the children are of age range 0-2 months, 52% were male children and was first born (54%). Majority of the sample are at age group 26-30 years ( 36%) , 58% samples are educated upto graduate level, 42% of samples were housewives and 48% have family income above 30,000, 94% of children were using disposable diapers ,42% of children using diapers for 3-4 hours and 80% children had no exposure to diaper rash.Among the samples, 56% of mother had moderate knowledge, 34% of mothers had poor knowledge and, 10% of mothers had good knowledge. There is significant association between the age of mother and occupation of mother and there is no association between age of child, sex of child, birth order of child, education of mother, income of family, type of diaper used, duration of diaper used, previous exposure to diaper rash.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward the prevention of occupational exposure in public health emergencies among nurses in Wuhan.

Nurses have an essential role in dealing with public health emergencies (PHE). This study explored the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) towards preventing occupational exposure in PHE among nurses in Wuhan. This cross-sectional study was conducted in May 2023 to assess the KAP of nurses in Wuhan, China. Questionnaires were created and distributed to evaluate the KAP of nurses and explore the factors associated with KAP. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between baseline demographic characteristics and KAP, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to explore complex relationships and causal pathways among relevant factors. A total of 440 valid questionnaires were collected. The mean knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were 11.84 ± 2.37, 39.87 ± 3.10, and 44.05 ± 3.76, respectively. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that age >50 years old (p = 0.039), working experience of 1-3 years (p = 0.060) and 4-6 years (p = 0.024), participation in PHE training, and scene rescue (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with knowledge score. In addition, the attitude of the nurses was significantly related to knowledge scores (p = 0.002). Moreover, practice was significantly associated with knowledge scores (p = 0.005) and attitude scores (p < 0.001). The correlation analysis showed that the practice was significantly associated with knowledge (r = 0.336, p < 0.001) and attitude (r = 0.449, p < 0.001). Nurses exhibited moderate knowledge, relatively positive attitude, and practice, which needed to be improved regarding occupational exposure in PHE. The practice of the nurses could be promoted by paying more attention to the working experience, participation in training and scene rescue in PHE, and their knowledge and attitude.

Delivery of a post-natal neonatal jaundice education intervention improves knowledge among mothers at Jinja Regional Referral Hospital in Uganda.

Neonatal jaundice (NNJ) is a major contributor to childhood morbidity and mortality. As many infants are discharged by 24 hours of age, mothers are key in detecting severe forms of jaundice. Mothers with limited knowledge of NNJ have a hard time identifying these infants who could go on to have the worst outcomes. This study aimed to determine the effect of a jaundice education package delivered to mothers prior to hospital discharge on maternal knowledge after discharge. This was a before and after interventional study involving an education package delivered through a video message and informational voucher. At 10-14 days after discharge, participants were followed up via telephone to assess their post-intervention knowledge. A paired t-test was used to determine the effectiveness of the intervention on knowledge improvement. Linear regression was used to determine predictors of baseline knowledge and of change in knowledge score. Of the 250 mothers recruited, 188 were fit for analysis. The mean knowledge score was 10.02 before and 14.61 after the intervention, a significant difference (p<0.001). Factors determining higher baseline knowledge included attendance of 4 or more antenatal visits (p < 0.001), having heard about NNJ previously (p < 0.001), having experienced an antepartum illness (p = 0.019) and higher maternal age (p = 0.015). Participants with poor baseline knowledge (β = 7.523) and moderate baseline knowledge (β = 3.114) had much more to gain from the intervention relative to those with high baseline knowledge (p < 0.001). Maternal knowledge of jaundice can be increased using a simple educational intervention, especially in settings where the burden of detection often falls on the mother. Further study is needed to determine the impact of this intervention on care seeking and infant outcomes.

Preschool children's asthma medication: parental knowledge, attitudes, practices, and adherence.

Introduction: As parents or legal guardians primarily care for children with asthma, understanding their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) barriers to treatment and medication adherence is of essential importance. This study aimed to analyze the KAP toward asthma medication and adherence among preschool-aged asthmatic children's parents and explore the factors influencing adherence. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between February 2023 and April 2023. Parents of preschool children with asthma were asked to complete the questionnaire containing knowledge, attitude, practice dimensions, and demographic characteristics. The Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) was used to investigate adherence. Results: A total of 632 valid questionnaires (154 male and 478 female) were included. Parents showed moderate knowledge (9.49 ± 2.86, 63.27%, possible range: 0-15) and moderate attitudes (26.18 ± 2.51, 74.80%, possible range: 7-35) towards asthma medication, while their practices (27.46 ± 5.26, 91.53%, possible range: 6-30) were proactive; however, medication adherence was low (4.84 ± 1.78, total score: 8). The attitude scores (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01-1.19, P=0.020), practice scores (OR = 1.16, 95%CI: 1.12-1.21, p < 0.001), and smoking (OR = 1.64, 95%CI: 1.14-2.37, p = 0.008) were associated with medication adherence. Discussion: Preschool-aged asthmatic children's parents showed moderate knowledge, attitudes, and proactive practice toward asthma medication. Continuous training and education programs should be provided for parents to improve asthma medication management in preschool children.

IJCM_282A: Knowledge, attitude and practices towards food labelling and its use among health care students of Mangalore

Background: Food labelling plays a crucial role in informing consumers about the nutritional content of prepackaged food items, aiding them in making informed choices for their diet and health. However, the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding food labelling among healthcare students, particularly medical and dental students, remain understudied. Understanding these aspects is essential given the increasing consumption of prepackaged foods, especially among the youth. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical and dental students at Kasturba Medical College (KMC) and Manipal College of Dental Sciences (MCODS), Manipal University, Mangalore. A total of 191 undergraduate students participated in the study. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire covering aspects related to knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding food labeling and nutritional content. The questionnaire was administered after obtaining informed consent, and data were analyzed using SPSS v17.0. Results: The study found that the majority of students had moderate knowledge about food labelling and its nutritional applications. While most students reported reading food labels before purchasing prepackaged items, the most sought-after products were snacks like chips and aerated drinks. However, time constraints were cited as a significant hindrance to reading labels. Despite favourable attitudes towards food labelling, a low proportion of students reported changing their food preferences based on label information. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study highlights the need for educational programs to enhance students’ knowledge about nutrition and food libelling. Additionally, there is a call for clearer and more informative libelling practices to empower consumers to make healthier food choices. Awareness programs targeting students can play a pivotal role in emphasizing the importance of food labels in promoting a balanced diet and overall well-being.

IJCM_405A: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice Regarding Menstrual Hygiene Among Students Of A Government School, Thrissur, Kerala

Background: Menstrual hygiene practices are consequently a significant public health issue. However, menstrual practices are still tainted by taboos and other sociocultural constraints, which adversely affect health since adolescent females are unaware of the scientific facts regarding menstrual hygiene practices. Objective: To determine knowledge, attitude, practice regarding menstrual hygiene among adolescent school girls in a government higher secondary school, Thrissur, Kerala Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted among students of 8th standard to 12th standard in a government higher secondary school Thrissur. The data was collected after obtaining permission from head of the institution and verbal consent from the participants. Results: The study was conducted among 237 adolescent girls studying from 8th to 12th standard in a government school in Thrissur. Out of the total study participants 96 % have high knowledge about menstrual hygiene and the rest have moderate knowledge. 77.6% students use sanitary pads as adsorbing material, 15.6 % use cloth and only 6.8 % use menstrual cup. But 62 % have the opinion that menstrual cup is better than pads. 49% of the students believe that menstrual blood is impure and 50 % of students believe that normal routine activities cannot be done during menstruation. Most of the participants (92 %) adopt burning as the method of disposal while 4.2 % were practicing flushing of the pads. 61.2 % students liked to share doubt with mother and 30 % like to share with friends. Conclusion: Majority of the students have good knowledge about menstrual hygiene, but the scientific knowledge about menstruation is lacking behind.

Awareness and Knowledge About RefractiveSurgery Among Medical Students in Baghdad

Purpose: Refractive error represents a common eye disorder that can significantly impact an individual's visual function and overall well-being. There are several methods of correcting refractive errors and objective of this study was to assess the awareness of refractive surgery and the preferred methods of refractive error correction among medical students in Baghdad. Study Design: Cross sectional survey. Place and Duration of Study: University of Baghdad Al-Kindy College of Medicinefrom November 2022 to March 2023. Methods: Medical students from six Baghdad medical colleges with total sample size of 350 were included. Students who had undergone refractive surgeries and fifth and sixth year medical students were also excluded. Level of knowledge was categorized as; &lt;50% (0-5) poor knowledge, 50-70% (6-8) moderate knowledge and &gt;70% (9-12) good knowledge. Results: Among the students with refractive errors, 82% had knowledge about their refractive error. Forty percent had myopia, 12% had astigmatism, 15 % had myopia and astigmatism, 10% had hyperopia, 5% had hyperopia and astigmatism. Among them 57.8% were not willing to undergo refractive surgery due to fear of complications. Forty eight percent had poor knowledge,43.1% had moderate and only 8.26% had a good knowledge of refractive surgeries. The majority preferred eyeglasses (82.6%) followed by both eyeglasses and contact lenses. Conclusion: Students had good awareness about refractive surgery but their familiarity and knowledge about it remained poor because of complications. An overwhelming majority of students still preferred spectacles as the method for vision correction.

IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND EATING BEHAVIOR AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN EDUCATION?

This research aims to see how adolescents' knowledge and attitudes about balanced nutrition are related to their eating behavior. Adolescents are the age group most vulnerable to changes in unhealthy eating habits, which can have a major impact on important aspects of their health. This research involved 160 junior high school students aged 12 to 17 years. Guidelines for knowledge of balanced nutrition (PUGS) as well as eating attitudes and behaviors are the topics of the Nutritional Literacy Survey. Based on the investigation, it is known that 66.9% are in the middle adolescence group (aged 14–17 years). Most respondents had moderate nutritional knowledge with a percentage of 69.4%, a negative attitude percentage of 55.6%, and eating behavior was also in the moderate category at 65.6%. The results of research using bivariate analysis show that the relationship between knowledge and adolescent eating behavior has a p-value of 0.114 (p &gt; 0.05) and the relationship between attitude and adolescent eating behavior has a p-value of 0.108 (p &gt; 0.05), so it can be concluded that there is no relationship between knowledge and attitudes towards the balanced nutritional eating behavior of adolescents. The significance of this research lies in the importance of integrating nutrition education into school programs and curricula to increase nutrition knowledge in adolescents, such as nutrition with science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Additionally, educational programs that focus on sustainable development and health awareness may be effective in encouraging healthy eating habits in this age group.

Knowledge of Peptic Ulcer Prevention among Nurses in a Baghdad Teaching Hospitals

Background: Perforation is a serious complication of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)and cases with perforated peptic ulcer regularly carries high threat for morbidity and mortality. Acute perforated peptic ulcer is a leading source of generalized peritonitis and its management has continued to be a gruelling task in moderate source setting environment. In this article, I have assessed nurses’ knowledge-related prevention of peptic ulcer. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional design was carried out at Baghdad Teaching Hospitals for the period between 20th November 2022 to 20th April 2023. A non-probability sampling was used among 50 nurses. A study instrument was constructed to collect data of knowledge-related prevention of peptic ulcer, which consists of two parts. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 26.0 version. Descriptive and inductive statistics were utilized to summarize the results. Results: In study, half of the study samples 52% were male, 66% were age range from 19 – 29 years, 58% were married martial, 40% were graduated from college of nursing, and 76% haven’t any training course. The results also show 74% of nurses have a smoking history, the study indicated that nurses had moderate knowledge about prevention of peptic ulcer. Conclusion: The study showed that the level of nurses’ knowledge concerning peptic ulcer was moderate. Also, there were no significant relationships between nurse’s knowledge concerning peptic ulcer and their sociodemographic characteristics. Keywords: knowledge, peptic ulcer, nurses, cross-sectional study, Baghdad, Iraq