Moderate-intensity Training Group Research Articles

The effect of different types of swimming intensity on increasing serum bone specific-alkaline phosphatase levels of obese male mice (Mus Musculus)

Obesity can interfere with the bone remodeling process, training is one solution to protect bone density. However, training and its intensity on bone remodeling through the biomarker Bone Specific-Alkaline Phosphatase (BALP) with obesity is still not widely studied so it is still unclear its effectiveness. The experimental study involved 24 mice (Mus musculus) that were induced with 30% fructose once a day for 60 days. Mice were grouped into 4 groups according to the intensity of training, namely the control group without training (K1), low intensity with a load of 3% body weight (K2), moderate intensity with a load of 5% body weight (K3), while high intensity was carried out with a load of 7% body weight for 70% (K4) of the maximum duration. All training sessions with a frequency of 3 times/week, and then a post-test comparison examination of BALP levels was carried out. The average number of BALP levels (ng/mL) in each group post-test, the control group had a result of 15.77±3.10, for the provision of low-intensity training with a value of 13.92±2.23, while for the moderate intensity training group of 13.11±1.67, for the highest increase was in high-intensity training with a value of 21.10±3.70. Based on the Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) test, the post hoc high-intensity training group was significantly different from other groups (p ≤ 0.05). All types of training intensity analyzed in this study increased BALP levels, especially in the high-intensity training group which had a very significant increase in BALP levels. Therefore, training and its intensity affect bone metabolism increase. Keywords: Aerobic Training, BALP, Obesity, Swimming, Training intensity.

Interval Versus Continuous Intradialytic Training on Muscle Quality Index and Functional Capacity in Hemodialysis Patients: a Prospective Randomized Clinical Study

INTRODUCTION. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important health well-being problem globally, with increasing incidence. That tends to create an “epidemic”. Generalized muscle weakness in hemodialysis patients typically affects the lower limbs and proximal muscles. Patients experience impaired endurance and quality of life. Exercise is prescribed for these individuals to improve their physical health and prevent disease consequences. AIM. To find out the effect of interval versus continuous intradialytic training on muscle quality index and functional capacity in Hemodialysis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Sixty men with chronic renal insufficiency grade 5 on hemodialysis aged from 45 to 55 years were divided into two groups using computerized block randomization: Groups (A) and (B) each containing 30 patients. They underwent 8-week program of high intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) intradialytic pedaling exercise plus hemodialysis three times per week. Pre-test and post-test evaluations have been carried out for 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and muscle quality index (MQI) of all patients. RESULTS. Both groups had a significant positive improvement in MQI and 6MWT with different proportions, patients received high intensity interval intradialytic pedaling exercise had a slightly significant improvement in MQI compared to moderate intensity continuous training group. While, moderate intensity training group had a more significant improvement in 6MWT compared to high intensity training group. CONCLUSION. Both HIIT and MICT are realistic and good options for individuals with CKD and have parallel profits on functional capability and, skeletal muscle quality and overall quality of life.

The adaptation of glucose levels to high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity training methods in obese male adolescents

This study aimed to show the effectiveness of high-intensity training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity training (MIT) on glucose levels in obese adolescents. This research was a true experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design. Treatment in the form of HIIT and MIT was given to the sample for four weeks. While the control group was not given any treatment. The Glucose Oxsidase – Peroxidase Aminoantypirin (GOD PAP) reagent tested glucose levels using a venous sugar blood test. The treatment was conducted at the Bung Hatta Ngawi Sports Center, East Java, Indonesia. This study used 45 obese male adolescents with type 1 body mass index of 25-29 kg/m2. Forty-five samples were divided into three groups, including 15 MIT groups, 15 HIIT groups, and 15 controls. The data analysis test used ANOVA using SPSS V.26 with a significance of 0.05. The results showed that there was a significant difference in glucose levels before and after the treatment (p=0.000). HIIT was better than MIT, with a pre and post-test difference of 33.35 (HIIT) and 23.20 (MIT) respectively. HIIT with a maximum intensity of 80% was the right choice as an alternative treatment for obesity during a pandemic. The results of the study can be concluded that HIIT was more effective in influencing glucose levels in obese adolescents than MIT.

Exercise therapy against platelet levels in obesity

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Moderate Intensity Training (MIT) and High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on the number of platelets used as a treatment option for obesity. Materials and methods. This research is a true experimental laboratory study with a post test only control group design. Using 21 obese male Wistar rats with a distribution of 7 Wistar HIIT groups, 7 Wistar MIT, and 7 control Wistar groups. The exercise intervention consisted of HIIT intensity (90-100% of baseline ability), MIT intensity (60-80% of baseline ability), and control without training for six weeks. A special mouse treadmill is used for exercise. Platelet measurement by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hematology tests are used to determine platelets. Data analysis used the Anova test. Results. There was a significant difference in platelets between the control, MIT and HIIT groups (p = 0.015). The mean value of platelets in MIT and HIIT was higher than the control group. HIIT vs Control there was no significant difference (p = 0.816) and MIT vs Control there was a significant difference (p = 0.017). Likewise HIIT vs MIT there is no significant difference (P = 0.058). Conclusion. Exercise with HIIT and MIT for 6 weeks can be used as an alternative to overcome obesity because it can reduce weight in obesity and is accompanied by an increase in platelets.

#5764 STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON THE FUNCTION OF EXTERNAL RESPIRATION IN PATIENTS WITH CKD IN THE PROCESS OF REHABILITATION

Abstract Background and Aims Chronic kidney disease is a global health problem in which patients performance decreases as renal dysfunction progresses. The aim was to study of the function of external respiration in patients with CKD in the dynamics of a 12-week rehabilitation program. Method The study included 130 patients with CKD stages 2-3, aged 45 to 65 years, whose average age was 58.7 ± 0.73 years, and the proportion of women in the sample was 47.7%. All patients were examined of urea, serum creatinine, hemoglobin level. To determine exercise tolerance, a cardiorespiratory exercise test and spirogram were performed. Patients of the main group, depending on the initial CRET parameters, were divided into 2 subgroups: 1 subgroup - 67 patients who performed light intensity exercises; 2 subgroups - 33 patients who performed medium-intensity exercises for 12 weeks 3 times a week. The choice of training intensity was made according to the level of individual or subjective perception of the load and was calculated using the approximate heart rate. The control group consisted of patients with CKD stages 2-3 who did not perform physical training. Results An analysis of the spinographic parameters of patients with CKD revealed that the FEV1 and FVC indicators are of great importance in assessing the results of rehabilitation measures. There were positive results of 12 weeks of physical training with a more pronounced increase in FEV1. Patients in the light intensity training group achieved 35-45% of maximum heart rate or 40% of peakO2 consumption, and in the moderate intensity training group, 45-55% of maximum heart rate and 50-60% of peakO2 were achieved. The index (FEV1/FVC, in %) showed significant differences both in the initial indicators and in the dynamics. Conclusion In patients with pre-dialysis stages of CKD, a significant effect was revealed with the combined use of standard therapy and physical activity of light and moderate intensity, which ensures the preservation of positive dynamics in terms of the degree of increase in diastolic blood pressure at the time of exercise and respiratory parameters (FEV-1 and FVC, p<0.05).

The Impact of Exercise Training Intensity on Physiological Adaptations and Insulin Resistance in Women with Abdominal Obesity.

Abdominal obesity has emerged globally as a major public health issue due to its high prevalence and morbidity. The benefits of physical exercise among the obese population are well documented. However, the optimal exercise intensity for reducing body fat and preventing insulin resistance and metabolic disorders is still under debate. This study aimed to examine the effects of three different intensities of combined endurance and strength training programs on anthropometric variables, physiological and muscular adaptations, and insulin sensitivity. Forty-three obese young women (age 26.4 ± 4.7 years, BMI 33.1 ± 2.5 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: a control group (G0), a moderate-intensity training group (G50, exercising brisk walking at 50% heart rate reserve HRR), a high-intensity training group (G75, exercise jogging at 75% HRR), and an alternated-intensity training group (G50/75, exercise brisk-walking/jogging at 50-75% HRR) with additional strength training once a week for each group. Body composition, waist circumference (WC), fasting blood glucose, insulin sensitivity and resistance (Homa-IR), resting heart rate (RHR), 6-min walk distance (6MWD), 1-repetition maximum (1-RM), and time to exhaustion (TTE) at 45% and 75% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for both the flexor and extensor muscle groups of the knees, were recorded before and after three months of exercise training. All training groups showed significant decreases in body mass, BMI, total body fat, body fat percentage, WC, abdominal and visceral mass (p < 0.001), with a greater reduction of body mass and BMI in G75 (p < 0.05). Lean mass increased significantly only in G50/75 (p < 0.05). The insulin sensitivity and Homa-IR decreased in the three training groups (p < 0.01), with greater enhanced resistance in G50 compared to G75 and G50/75 (p < 0.05). In contrast, there were no pre-post changes in all groups for fasting blood glucose (p > 0.05). 1-RM and TTE of the knee flexor and extensor muscles were improved in the three groups (p < 0.01), with greater improvement in G50/75 for 1RM and G75 in most of the TTE parameters (p < 0.05). RHR decreased and 6MWD increased significantly in the three training groups (p < 0.01), with greater 6MWD improvement in G75 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the three training intensities seem to generate benefits in terms of body composition, physiological and muscular adaptations, and insulin resistance. High training intensity resulted in greater improvements in body mass, BMI, and endurance and strength, whereas moderate training intensity resulted in greater improvements of insulin resistance and homo-IR. Following alternate-intensity training, greater improvements were observed in lean mass and maximal strength performance.

The effect of eight weeks of moderate and high intensity aerobic training on the gene expression of Mir-145, Wnt3a and Dab2 in the heart tissue of type 2 diabetic rats.

Pathological hypertrophy of heart tissue has been attributed to changes in some microRNAs and their target genes in heart tissue. This study intended to study the effects of eight weeks of moderate and high intensity aerobic training (MIT&HIT) on the mRNA of Mir-145, Wnt3a, and Dab2 in heart tissue of type 2 diabetic rats. To implement this experimental research, 60 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, including Healthy-control (HC), Diabetic-control (DC), Moderate intensity training (MIT), Diabetes-MIT (DMIT), high intensity training (HIT) and Diabetes-HIT (DHIT). The aerobic training was conducted with moderate (50-60% VO2max) and high (85-90% VO2max) intensity, 5days a week, for 8weeks. The Mir-145, Wnt3a and Dab2 gene expression in the heart tissue samples was measured by Real Time PCR. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test at the P < 0.05. Moderate and high intensity aerobic training was associated with non-significant increase in Mir-145 mRNA of Heart tissue in type 2 diabetic rats than the diabetic control group(P < 0.05). Moderate and high intensity aerobic training was associated with significant increase in Wnt3a mRNA (P = 0.001) and significant decrease in Dab-2 mRNA (P = 0.001) of Heart tissue in type 2 diabetic rats than the diabetic control group. The Dab-2 mRNA was significantly lower of heart tissue in the diabetes- high intensity training group than the diabetes- moderate intensity training group (P = 0.001). It seems that moderate and high intensity aerobic exercise can help regulate the genes of the physiological hypertrophy pathway of the heart tissue in diabetes.

Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-Intensity Training on Stress, Depression, Anxiety, and Resilience in Healthy Adults During Coronavirus Disease 2019 Confinement: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of two intervention programs, (1) high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and (2) moderate-intensity training (MIT), on anxiety, depression, stress, and resilience during the confinement caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthy adults.Methods: A total of 67 adults who participated were randomly assigned to two groups: HIIT and MIT groups. The MIT group had to perform a home-based intervention based on aerobic exercises, whereas the HIIT group had to perform a home-based intervention based on HIIT exercises. The two groups (HIIT and MIT) had to complete the same physical exercise volume, 40 min per session (6 days per week) during the confinement period (6 weeks). Depression, anxiety, stress, and resilience were assessed before and after the intervention.Results: Results showed that HIIT and MIT significantly reduced the stress, anxiety, and depression as well as increase the resilience (p < 0.05). Moreover, the improvements obtained in the HIIT group seem to be greater than those of the MIT group in depression (p < 0.05).Conclusions: HIIT and MIT decreased anxiety, stress, and depression as well as increased resilience during the COVID-19 confinement. In addition, the HIIT intervention seemed to be more beneficial to reduce depression than the MIT intervention.

Effects of moderate and high intensity isocaloric aerobic training upon microvascular reactivity and myocardial oxidative stress in rats.

Systemic and central cardiovascular adaptations may vary in response to chronic exercise performed with different intensities and volumes. This study compared the effects of aerobic training with different intensities but equivalent volume upon microvascular reactivity in cremaster muscle and myocardial biomarkers of oxidative stress in Wistar rats. After peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) assessment, rats (n = 24) were assigned into three groups: moderate-intensity exercise training (MI); high-intensity exercise training (HI); sedentary control (SC). Treadmill training occurred during 4 weeks, with exercise bouts matched by the energy expenditure (3.0-3.5 Kcal). Microvascular reactivity was assessed in vivo by intravital microscopy in cremaster muscle arterioles, while biomarkers of oxidative stress and eNOS expression were quantified at left ventricle and at aorta, respectively. Similar increasing vs. sedentary control group (SC) occurred in moderate intensity training group (MI) and high-intensity training group (HI) for endothelium-dependent vasodilation (10-4M: MI: 168.7%, HI: 164.6% vs. SC: 146.6%, P = 0.0004). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (HI: 0.13 U/mg vs. MI: 0.09 U/mg and SC: 0.06 U/mg; P = 0.02), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) (HI: 0.00038 U/mg vs. MI: 0.00034 U/mg and SC: 0.00024 U/mg; P = 0.04), and carbonyl protein content (HI: 0.04 U/mg vs. MI: 0.03 U/mg and SC: 0.01 U/mg; P = 0.003) increased only in HI. No difference across groups was detected for catalase (CAT) (P = 0.12), Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (P = 0.38) or eNOS expression in aorta (P = 0.44). In conclusion, higher exercise intensity induced greater improvements in myocardium antioxidant defenses, while gains in microvascular reactivity appeared to rely more on exercise volume than intensity.

Effects of different intensities of endurance training on serum fibroblast growth factor level, glucose, and insulin resistance in streptozotocin-diabetic male rats

Background and aims: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a myokine which is produced and secreted by skeletal muscle. Given the inconsistent results on the relationship between the intensity of training and the improvement of blood indices in diabetic patients, the current research investigated the effect of endurance training at different intensities on serum FGF21 level, glucose, and insulin resistance in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic male rats. Methods: To this end, 50 rats (with a mean weight of 23.28±25.05 g) were randomly divided into healthy (non-diabetic) control, diabetic control, as well as low, moderate, and high-intensity endurance training groups. Diabetes was induced in all rats by the injection of STZ. Three days after STZ injection, the blood samples were taken from the cut tip of the tails, and those rats with blood glucose levels above 300 mg/dL were considered diabetic and included in the study. The program included 8-week aerobic training at different intensities. The blood samples (5 cc) were directly collected from the hearts 48 hours after the last training session, followed by measuring the serum FGF21 level, glucose, and insulin. Finally, the analysis of variance and Bonferroni post-hoc test were used for inter-group comparison and the significance level was considered &lt;0.05. Results: Based on the results, the serum glucose level, insulin resistance, and FGF21 reduced after eight weeks of endurance training. The reduction of FGF21 in higher intensity endurance training group was greater compared to the other groups (P&lt;0.05) and the reduction of glucose in moderate intensity group was more significant in comparison to that of the other groups (P&lt;0.001). However, the insulin level increased, which was more pronounced in the moderate intensity training group compared to the other groups (P=0.002). Conclusion: Overall, both moderate and high-intensity endurance training led to a comparatively more effective reduction in blood glucose and insulin resistance. Therefore, these two parameters may have a protective effect on the complications associated with diabetes in the rats.

Effects of Moderate- and High-Intensity Chronic Exercise on the Adiponectin Levels in Slow-Twitch and Fast-Twitch Muscles in Rats.

Background and objectives: Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle secrete adiponectin, a hormone abundantly secreted by adipocytes, that through the adiponectin receptor, regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. Adiponectin appears to protect skeletal muscles from inflammatory damage induced by oxidative stress. It has been suggested that decreased adiponectin levels could be associated with pathologic conditions, including obesity and diabetes. Furthermore, some studies suggest that exercise could have a beneficial effect by increasing adiponectin levels, but this observation remains controversial. It is also unknown if physical exercise modifies adiponectin expression in skeletal muscles. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic exercise on serum adiponectin and adiponectin expression in slow-twitch (soleus) and fast-twitch (plantaris) muscles in healthy rats. Materials and methods: Two-month-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups with n = 6 in each group: control (C), moderate-intensity training (MIT), and high-intensity training (HIT). The rats were conditioned to run on a treadmill for the 8-week period. Forty-eight hours after the last session, blood samples were collected for adiponectin measurements and total RNA was isolated from plantaris and soleus muscles to measure by RT-qPCR adiponectin receptor 1 and adiponectin mRNA expression level. Results: MIT and HIT groups had reduced adiponectin protein levels in serum and the plantaris muscle, but not changes in adiponectin protein were observed in the soleus muscle. No significant differences in Adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) gene expression were observed following intense or moderate exercise in either muscle group studied. Conclusions: Our study shows that decreasing levels of circulating adiponectin is a result of physical exercise and should not be generalized as a predictive marker of disease.

The Effect of Ankle TheraBand Training on Dynamic Balance Index Among Elite Male Basketball Players

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of ankle TheraBand resistance training on dynamic balance index among elite male basketball players. Methods: This was a randomized trial performed on 24 male professional basketball players without lower extremity injury. The participants were selected using purposeful sampling and were randomly assigned into 3 groups of 8, including: (1) high-intensity resistance training using TheraBand (80% - 95% 1RM), (N = 8); (2) moderate-intensity resistance training using TheraBand (65% - 80% 1RM), (N = 8); and (3) control group with regular basketball training (N = 8). The groups were trained in three sessions for 8 weeks. Trial and error table for TheraBand resistance from American Physical Therapy Organization (APTA) 2012 was used to measure maximum 1RM in each participant. In addition, the dynamic balance index in the APSI (anterior - posterior stability index), MLSI (medial-lateral stability index) and OSI (overall stability index) were measured using Biodex stability system. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the data (P < 0.05). Results: Results showed that the high-intensity resistance training and moderate-intensity resistance training significantly improved dynamic stability index in the anterior - posterior axis, medial - lateral axis and overall axis (P = 0.0001). No significant changes were observed in the anterior - posterior and medial - lateral axes after a detraining period (4 weeks), “durability rate”. However, the overall axis values of the dynamic balance index in the moderate intensity training group indicated a higher durability rate than the high intensity resistance training group after detraining (P = 0.02). Conclusions: It can be concluded that the high and moderate intensity resistance training improved dynamic balance index, and even moderate intensity resistance training was effective after a period of detraining, so it can be recommended for basketball players.

PO-026 Effects of Different Exercise on the Expression of White Fat Browning Proteins in Growing Rats

Objective The prevention of obesity in children and adolescents can reduce the risk of obesity and various chronic diseases in adulthood. In recent years, it has been found that inducing browning of white fat can regulate energy balance and inhibit fat accumulation .Exercise as a healthy intervention can regulate energy balance by affecting the browning of white fat. However, the effect of exercise on the browning of white fat during the critical period of growth and development is not yet known, and the effect of different exercise methods on the browning of different location of white fat is inconsistent. Therefore, this study intends to explore the effects of different exercise methods on the expression of browning-related proteins of peripheral white adipose tissue and browning-related genes of hypothalamus in growing rats through animal experiments, and to explore the relationship between them.&#x0D; Methods 30 Male, 3-week-old SD rats were randomly divided into three groups, C group: Control group (sedentary, n=10);MD group: moderate-intensity training group (MD group, n=10), and high-intensity intermittent training group (HIIT group, n=10). MD group exercise program: 60% VO2max exercise for 60 minutes, 5 times a week for a total of 4 weeks. HIIT group exercise program: 85% ~ 90% VO2max exercise 6min, 50% VO2max exercise interval 4min, repeated 6 times. 5 times a week for a total of 4 weeks. The exercise intensity was adjusted based on the maximal oxygen uptake measurement every 2 weeks. Three groups of rats were weighed once a week. After the experiment, anesthesia was performed with 10% chloral hydrate 50 mg/Kg (body weight) in the abdominal cavity to rapidly separate the hypothalamus、Perirenal and epididymal fat and put into liquid nitrogen and transfer these to -80°C refrigerator for testing. The expression of POMC, NPY, LEPR and GRP78 mRNA in hypothalamus was determined by RT-PCR. The expression of PRDM16 and UCP1 protein in perirenal white fat was measured by Western Blot.&#x0D; Results 1. The weight of the three groups of rats increased continuously within 4 weeks of exercise intervention. Compared with group C,the weight of group E and group H increased slowly from the second week (p&lt;.05). 2. The increase in absolute weight and relative weight of visceral fat in MD group and HIIT group was significantly lower than that in C group (p&lt;.01); the increase in absolute weight and relative weight of visceral fat in MD group was significantly lower than HIIT group(p&lt;.05).3. Compared with group C, the expression of PRDM16 protein in WAT of the kidneys in group MD was significantly increased (p&lt;.01), and the UCP1 protein expression was significantly increased (p&lt;.01). Compared with group C, there was no significant difference in PRDM16 and UCP1 protein expression in WAT of HIIT group (p&gt;.05). 4. Compared with group C, the expression of NPY mRNA in hypothalamus in group MD was significantly decreased,(p&lt;.01), POMC, LEPR, GRP78 mRNA expression had no significant difference (p&gt;.05); Compared with group C, there was no significant difference in the expression of hypothalamus POMC, NPY，LEPR and GRP78 mRNA in HIIT group (p&gt;.05). 5. There was a negative correlation between the expression of NPYmRNA in hypothalamus and the expression of PRDM16 protein in white fat(p&lt;.01).&#x0D; Conclusions Moderate-intensity exercise for 4 weeks in the growth and development period of rats can decrease NPY expression in hypothalamus of rats and induce white-to-brown phenomena in perirenal adipose tissue ,but not in HIIT.

Effects of moderate- and high-intensity aerobic training program in ambulatory subjects with incomplete spinal cord injury-a randomized controlled trial.

Randomized controlled trial. To investigate if high-intensity interval training (HIIT) exhibits a higher increase in physical capacity and activity levels compared to moderate-intensity training (MIT) and treatment as usual. Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital. Thirty ambulatory participants with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) were recruited at discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. Two intervention groups performed a 12-week individual training program at home by walking or running, depending on their physical ability. The MIT group was instructed to exercise three times a week at 70% of maximal heart rate (HRmax), while the HIIT group was instructed to exercise twice a week at 85-95% of HRmax. The control group received treatment as usual. Pre- and post-tests consisted of maximal exercise testing on a treadmill (peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2)), a 6-min walking test (6MWT), and 7 days of continuously activity monitoring (total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and daily number of steps). The HIIT, MIT, and control groups showed an increase in peak VO2 from pre- to post-test. However, no between-group difference in physical capacity (peak VO2 and 6MWT) and physical activity levels (TDEE and daily number of steps) were found between these groups. Performing HIIT did not exhibit a greater increase in physical capacity and activity levels than performing MIT or "treatment as usual" in ambulatory participants with SCI. Further studies are needed to elucidate both short- and long-term effects of HIIT and MIT in this SCI subpopulation.

High Intensity Interval Training Does Not Improve Cardiorespiratory Parameters In Trained Young Soccer Players

Soccer performance is the result of technical, tactical, physiological and psychological attributes of the players. PURPOSE: The present study investigated the effect of high- intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous moderate intensity training (CONT) on selected parameters of the cardiorespiratory function in young trained soccer players. METHODS: Thirty Greek amateur soccer players (mean ± sd, age 19 ± 2,21y, Body mass 71.19 ± 2.5 kg) were randomized into a high-intensity interval training group (HIIT, n = 10), a continuous moderate intensity training group (CONT, n = 10) and a control group (Control, n = 10). The intervention for HIIT and CONT groups was 16 more training sessions, 2 per week while CONTROL group continued regular soccer training routine. The HIIT group training sessions consisted either of 15s sprints interspersed by 15s of recovery at 120%VO2max with 8 min total exercise time or they played 4x4 min (16 min total time) small-sided games (4v4) followed by 2 min recovery interval. The CONT group training sessions consisted either of 40 min continuous running at 70% VO2max or 10v10 full field soccer game for 40min. RESULTS: Mean values ± sd pre and post-training for Body weight, (HIIT: 69.49 ± 8.39 v 69.0 ± 8.8; CONT: 71.2 ± 10.93 v 70.2 ± 11.01 kg), %fat, (HIIT: 13.02 ± 2.41 v 12.12 ± 2.49, CONT: 13.75 ± 2.19 v 13.82 ± 2.21), VO2max, (HIIT: 55.08 ± 4.43 v 57.75 ± 5.63, CONT: 56.46 ± 4.61 v 58.41 ± 5.24 ml.kg-1.min-1), vVO2max (velocity at VO2max, HIIT: 15.9 ± 0.70 v 16.5 ± 0.52, CONT: 16.5 ± 1.51 v 16.7 ± 1.19 km.h-1) and vVT (velocity at ventilatory threshold, HIIT: 11.8 ± 0.87 v 12.5 ± 0.69, CONT: 12.4 ± 1.03 v 12.5 ± 1.13 km.h-1). VO max, vVO2max and vVT improved 4.6, 3.6 and 5.6% only after HIIT training but the difference didn’t pass statistical significance due to large sd of the sample. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the combination of the training regiments of this study did not improve cardiorespiratory parameters of endurance performance in already trained young soccer players. There was, though, a tendency for better adaptations favors the time efficient HIIT training.

Effects of Different Training Loads on Emotional State and mRNA and Protein Expressions of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Subunits, Postsynaptic Density 95, and Kinesin Family Member 17 in Hippocampus of Rats.

BackgroundEmotional state can be affected by different training loads. The aim of this study was to explore the changes of rat emotional state, as well as the mRNA and protein expressions of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95), and kinesin family member 17 (KIF-17) in the hippocampus, by long-term moderate-intensity and high-intensity training models in rats.Material/MethodsThe exercise model of SD rats was set up by treadmill running of moderate and high intensities for 4 weeks. The rats in the moderate-intensity training group were given endurance training with increasing intensity, while rats in the high-intensity training group were given high-speed training, and those in the normal control group were also established. The body weights of rats were measured before and after exercise to determine weight reduction. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the mRNA and protein expressions of NMDARs, PSD-95, and KIF-17 in hippocampus of rats under different training loads.ResultsCompared with the control group, the rats in the moderate-intensity training group had better body condition and emotional state, while the rats in the high-intensity training group had poor body condition and emotional state. The mRNA and protein expression of PSD-95, KIF-17, and NMDARs in the moderate-intensity training group were significantly elevated (P<0.05) while those in the high-intensity training group were suppressed (P<0.05).ConclusionsDifferent training loads have remarkable influences on the cognition, emotion, and mental status of rats, and can affect the mRNA and protein expressions of NMDARs, PSD-95, and KIF-17 in rats. Appropriate training loads alleviate hypoxia damage to the hippocampus, and also effectively improve hippocampus function.

A pilot study examining the effects of low-volume high-intensity interval training and continuous low to moderate intensity training on quality of life, functional capacity and cardiovascular risk factors in cancer survivors.

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of low-volume high-intensity interval training and continuous low to moderate intensity training on quality of life, functional capacity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in cancer survivors.MethodsCancer survivors within 24 months post-diagnosis were randomly assigned into the low-volume high-intensity interval training group (n = 8) or the continuous low to moderate intensity training group (n = 8) group for 36 sessions (12 weeks) of supervised exercise. The low-volume high-intensity interval training (LVHIIT) group performed 7 × 30 s intervals (≥85% maximal heart rate) and the continuous low to moderate intensity training (CLMIT) group performed continuous aerobic training for 20 min (≤55% maximal heart rate) on a stationary bike or treadmill.ResultsSignificant improvements (time) were observed for 13 of the 23 dependent variables (ES 0.05–0.61, p ≤ 0.05). An interaction effect was observed for six minute walk test (18.53% [32.43–4.63] ES 0.50, p ≤ 0.01) with the LVHIIT group demonstrating greater improvements.ConclusionThese preliminary findings suggest that both interventions can induce improvements in quality of life, functional capacity and selected cardiovascular disease risk factors. The LVHIIT program was well tolerated by the participants and our results suggest that LVHIIT is the preferred modality to improve fitness (6MWT); it remains to be seen which intervention elicits the most clinically relevant outcomes for patients. A larger sample size with a control group is required to confirm the significance of these findings.

Sprint Interval versus Moderate Intensity Training and Effects on Framingham Risk Score in Prediabetic Women

The Framingham Risk Score (FRS) was developed to determine the likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the next 10 years. Run-Sprint Interval Training (RSIT) has shown improvements in various health and blood markers while reducing exercise time. To date there has not been a study that examines the effects of R-SIT and Moderate Intensity Training (MIT) on FRS of prediabetic women. PURPOSE: To examine the effects of 16-weeks of RSIT and MIT training on FRS of sedentary prediabetic women. METHODS: Participants were randomized into RSIT (n=6) or MIT (n=9) groups and required to attend 3 weekly training sessions and 1 weekly Diabetes Prevention Program session for 16-weeks. During the first 4 weeks, RSIT performed 4x30s maximal sprints on a treadmill at a self-selected speed and incline, followed by a 4-min active recovery between intervals. Intervals increased by 2 every 4 weeks. MIT walked continuously at 45-55% Heart Rate Reserve for 30-mins during the first 4 weeks, and increased by 10-mins every 4 weeks. FRS markers were measured at baseline, mid, and post intervention. RESULTS: There were no significant changes within groups for FRS, SBP, HDL-C, and TC. At baseline significant differences were observed in FRS (RSIT 2.39 +0.97, MIT 6.41+0.75%) and Vascular Age (VA) (RSIT 43.33+5.95, MIT 59.33+3.06 yr). At 16-weeks there were significant differences between groups (RSIT, MIT respectively) in TC (167.12+8.14, 218.91+18.37 mg/dL), triglycerides (TGs) (101.33+10.38, 152.56+14.30 mg/dL), VLDL-C (18.67+2.02, 30.55+2.83 mg/dL), FRS (2.73+0.65, 6.74+0.96%), and VA (39.50+11.18, 60.55+3.79 yr), with RSIT significantly decreasing TGs from mid to post (124.67+13.39, 101.33+10.38 mg/dL, respectively). When evaluating change scores, there were significant differences between groups for LDL-C (RSIT −8.81+6.98, MIT 10.88+6.0 mg/dL) and a trend for VA (RSIT −3.83+1.93, MIT 1.38+1.68 yr, p=0.063). CONCLUSION: There were no significant within group changes in FRS during a 16-week intervention, however, following the intervention, RSIT had better FRS, TC, VLDL-C and TG when compared to MIT. Additionally, RSIT demonstrated greater change in LDL-C and VA. Further research is needed to determine if RSIT or MIT will improve FRS.

Effects of moderate- and high-intensity chronic exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in fast and slow muscles.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein expression is sensitive to cellular activity. In the sedentary state, BDNF expression is affected by the muscle phenotype. Eighteen Wistar rats were divided into the following 3 groups: sedentary (S); moderate-intensity training (MIT); and high-intensity training (HIT). The training protocol lasted 8 weeks. Forty-eight hours after training, total RNA and protein levels in the soleus and plantaris muscles were obtained. In the plantaris, the BDNF protein level was lower in the HIT than in the S group (P < 0.05). A similar effect was found in the soleus (without significant difference). In the soleus, higher Bdnf mRNA levels were found in the HIT group (P < 0.001 vs. S and MIT groups). In the plantaris muscle, similar Bdnf mRNA levels were found in all groups. These results indicate that high-intensity chronic exercise reduces BDNF protein level in fast muscles and increases Bdnf mRNA levels in slow muscles.

Effects Of Isocaloric Aerobic Training With Different Intensities Upon Fitness, Adiposity And Microcirculation In Rats

BACKGROUND: The role of exercise intensity and volume within aerobic training to improve cardiovascular and metabolic markers remains unclear. PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of isocaloric aerobic training performed with different intensities upon body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and endothelial-dependent vasodilation in eutrophic rats. METHODS: Wistar rats (n=30) were assigned into three groups: sedentary control (SC), high-intensity training (HI), and moderate-intensity training (MI). MI and HI groups performed treadmill running for 4 weeks at speeds corresponding to 50% and 80% oxygen uptake reserve (VO2R), respectively. The duration of exercise sessions was controlled through energy expenditure (MI=3.4±0.3, HI=3.2±0.3 kcal; P=0.61). At the end of intervention all groups had assessed the body composition (DEXA), cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), and endothelial-dependent vasodilation (intravital microscopy). RESULTS: Only HI presented lower fat mass (101.2±3.0 g vs. 124.8±2.0 g; P=0.01) and % fat (29.8±1.0% vs. 35.5±1.0%; P=0.03) compared to SC after training. The VO2max increased in both exercised groups vs. SC (P<0.001), but improvement was higher in HI over MI (P<0.001) (ΔSC= -3.7±3.0 ml.kg-1.min-1; ΔHI= 4.9±2.0 ml.kg-1.min-1; ΔMI= 2.5±3.0 ml.kg-1.min-1). Endothelial-dependent vasodilation in response to acetylcholine improved similarly in HI and MI (21.5% vs. 20.8%; P=0.73) vs. SC (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Isocaloric aerobic training with high-intensity was more effective to improve adiposity and cardiorespiratory fitness in eutrophic rats. On the other hand, endothelial function improved similarly in both exercise groups, suggesting that energy expenditure would be more important than exercise intensity to enhance endothelial-dependent vasodilation. Supported by the Brazilian Council for the Technological and Research Development (CNPq) and Carlos Chagas Foundation for the Research Development in the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ).