Moderate-intensity Resistance Training Research Articles

Effect of an Acute Resistance Training Bout and Long-Term Resistance Training Program on Arterial Stiffness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Resistance training (RT) and exercise is useful for preventing cardiovascular disease, systolic hypertension and stroke, which are associated with the stiffening of the larger central arterial system. The aim of this systematic review was to (a) understand the changes in arterial stiffness (AS) in various parts of the body measurement after acute RT bout and long-term RT, and (b) to determine the impact of exercise intensity on these changes in healthy individuals. A systematic computerized search was performed according to the PRISMA in PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar with final selection of 23 studies. An acute RT bout led to a temporary increase in pulse wave velocity (PWV) regardless of the measurement method or intensity. A long-term RT at above an 80% repetition maximum (RM) have an ambiguous effect on PWV. A low-intensity RT or whole-body vibration training program decreased carotid–femoral PWV and brachial–ankle PWV (d = 1.02) to between 0.7 ± 1.4 ms−1 (p < 0.05) and 1.3 ± 1.07 ms−1 (p < 0.05) and improved other cardiac functions. A long-term RT of moderate (60–80% 1RM) or low intensity (<60% one-repetition maximum (1RM)) can decrease AS. Low and moderate intensity RT is beneficial to reduce high AS to prevent cardiovascular diseases.

The effects of 12 weeks’ resistance training on psychological parameters and quality of life in adults with Facioscapulohumeral, Becker, and Limb–girdle dystrophies

Purpose Investigate the impact of 12-weeks’ moderate-intensity resistance training on psychological parameters in ambulatory adults with Facioscapulohumeral, Becker, and Limb–girdle muscular dystrophy. Methods Seventeen adults with Facioscapulohumeral (n = 6), Limb–girdle (n = 6; types 2A, 2B, 2L, and 2I), or Becker (n = 5) muscular dystrophy took part. Participants were tested at baseline (PRE), after a 12-week control period (PRE2), and after a 12-week supervised resistance training programme (POST). Training included multi-joint and single-joint resistance exercises. Outcomes from self-report questionnaires were health-related quality of life, depressive symptoms, trait anxiety, self-esteem, and physical self-worth. Results No difference in outcome measures, except depressive symptoms, was found in the control period (PRE to PRE2). Symptoms of depression were reduced by 9% from PRE to PRE2 (p < 0.05) and by a further 19% from PRE2 to POST (p < 0.05). Other changes from PRE2 to POST were that trait anxiety reduced by 10%, self-esteem increased by 10%, physical self-worth increased by 20%, and quality of life improved in 8 domains (p < 0.05). Conclusion These findings demonstrate the positive impact of moderate-intensity resistance training on psychological health and quality of life in adults with Facioscapulohumeral, Becker, and Limb–girdle muscular dystrophies. Implications for rehabilitation Resistance training can have a positive impact on psychological health and quality of life in adults with Facioscapulohumeral, Becker, and Limb–girdle muscular dystrophy. Healthcare professionals should consider including moderate-intensity resistance training within the management and treatment programmes of adults with Facioscapulohumeral, Becker, and Limb–girdle muscular dystrophy.

Comparing the reinforcing value of high intensity interval training versus moderate intensity aerobic exercise in sedentary adults

Exercise is a reinforcer for both animals and humans, as they will work progressively harder to gain access for the opportunity to exercise. Exercise activates brain reward pathways similar to drugs of abuse, and the magnitude of the reinforcing value of exercise is a predictor of exercise behavior. The majority of research on exercise reinforcement has studied moderate intensity aerobic exercise (MIAE) or resistance training. There is limited research on the relative reinforcing value (RRV) of high intensity interval training (HIIT), which is often reported to be a preferred form of exercise in comparison to MIAE. Experiment 1 was a pilot study of 20 sedentary females designed to compare the reliability of differences in RRVHIIT vs RRVMIAE over two sessions, assess protocols comparing different volumes of HIIT in comparison to MIAE, and estimate sample sizes needed for a fully powered study to assess which type of exercise protocol was a better substitute for a highly liked sedentary activity. Experiment 2 studied 44 participants to assess whether HIIT or MIAE would be better substitutes for highly liked sedentary activities. Experiment 1 showed that measures of RRVHIIT or RRVMIAE were reliable, and that volume of HIIT did not influence RRVHIIT, even if it was of equal amount or duration to MIAE. Experiment 2 showed that HIIT was a more preferred substitute for sedentary behaviors than MIAE. Predictors of RRVMIAE were liking of MIAE and pleasantness of affect post MIAE. These results suggest inactive people may find interval training to be more reinforcing than MIAE, and may be more likely to adopt and maintain an exercise program involving HIIT rather than MIAE. The next stage of research should be to understand how to sensitize the RRV of exercise to motivate sedentary people to be more active.

Activité physique chez l’adulte en consultation de l’ostéoporose

Physical activity is a modifiable risk factor for osteoporosis. Studies on physical activity and bone health have mainly targeted postmenopausal women. Observational studies with fracture outcomes of physical activity interventions in adults older than 40 years found 11-40 % reduced risk of any fracture. There is no randomised controlled trials of exercise with fracture as a primary outcome. However, there is evidence that exercise can reduce fall-related fractures, particularly exercise that includes functional strength and balance training. Exercise recommendations to optimize bone health emphasize moderate-intensity or high-intensity progressive resistance training (PRT), and impact (weight-bearing activities) and balance training in order to reduce falls and improve bone mineral density. Indeed, multicomponent programmes that combine impact exercise with sufficiently dosed, moderate-intensity or high-intensity PRT and that are progressive in nature are the most effective. Professionals should avoid restricting physical activity and exercise unnecessarily according to age. People with osteoporosis should be encouraged to do more rather than less. Important themes for osteoporosis are: strong, steady and straight!

MyomiR-OsteomiR crosstalk induced by different modes and intensities of exercise training and its role in controlling osteogenic differentiation in old male Wistar rats

The crosstalk between skeletal muscles and other tissues such as bones is typically established via the secretion of myokines and myomiRs induced by exercise training (ET). The present study aimed at evaluating the relationship between changes made by different ET modes and intensities in myomiRs, osteomiRs, and other myogenic and osteogenic biomarkers in old male Wistar rats. To this end, a total number of 50 old (23months of age) male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups, namely, moderate-intensity endurance training (MIET), high-intensity endurance training (HIET), moderate-intensity resistance training (MIRT), high-intensity resistance training (HIRT), and control (CON), each one comprised of 10 subjects. The study findings revealed positive correlations between myomiRs (i.e., miR-1) and myomiR-204a (r=0.725; p=0.042), myomiR-1, and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) osteogenic marker (r=0.869; p=0.025) in the HIET group, myomiR-206 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) (r=0.908; p=0.012) in the MIRT group, myomiR-133a and osteomiR-133a (r=0.971; p=0.005) in the MIET group, myomiR-133a and osteomiR-204a in the MIRT group (r=0.971; p=0.004), and myomiR-133a and RUNX2 gene expression in the HIET group (r=0.861; p=0.027). It was concluded that myomiRs involved in myoblast-osteoblast differentiation might not alone regulate the myogenic and osteogenic targets in response to different modes and intensities of ET treatments.

The Effect of Moderate and High Intensity Resistance Training on the Expression of PGC-1α, TFAM and AMPK of Cardiomyocytes in Elderly Rats

The Effect of Moderate and High Intensity Resistance Training on the Expression of PGC-1α, TFAM and AMPK of Cardiomyocytes in Elderly Rats

ACUTE EFFECTS OF STRENGTH TRAINING WITH DIFFERENT INTENSITIES ON INFLAMMATORY MARKERS OF GRADE III OBESE WOMEN

Objective: To compare the acute effects of a high-intensity (AI) resistance training protocol with a moderate-intensity (MI) resistance training protocol on inflammatory markers in grade III obese women. Methods: This is a crossover controlled clinical trial carried out with 9 obese grade III women (BMI=48.29±5.06 kg/m²; age=35.22±10.93 years), where blood samples were collected in the pre, 15 minutes and 24 hours after two different training protocols, high and moderate intensity, being analyzed the plasma concentrations of the cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN- γ. For data analysis, the Friedman and Mann-Whitney tests were used. Participants performed the AI protocol and one week later the MI protocol. The training consisted of 4 exercises with the total volume equalized, with intensities 75 and 85% of 1RM for the MI and AI protocols, respectively. Results: There were no significant differences between the three temporal measures in the AI group [IL-02 (p=0.459); IL-04 (p=0.368); IL-06 (p=0.368); IL-10 (p=0.895); TNF-α (p=0.895) and IFN-γ (p=0.895)] or MI [IL-02 (p=0.459); IL-04 (p=0.368); IL-06 (p=0.459); IL-10 (p=0.368); TNF-α (p=0.641) and IFN-γ (p=0.121)]. In the analysis between groups, the IL-04 value was significantly higher in the AI group at the PRE moment (p=0.008), with no other significant difference for any of the variables and moments analyzed. Conclusion: Moderate and high intensity strength training protocols did not cause acute changes in the inflammatory profile of grade III obese women, and can be applied to this audience without harming low-grade chronic inflammation.

The Effect of Supervised Early Resistance Training Versus Aerobic-Based Rehabilitation on Cognitive Recovery Following Cardiac Surgery via Median Sternotomy (SEcReT): A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial

Post-operative cognitive impairment remains the most prevalent adverse outcome following cardiac surgery. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week early moderate-intensity resistance training program compared to aerobic-based rehabilitation on post-operative cognitive recovery following cardiac surgery via median sternotomy.

High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Cognitive Flexibility in Older Adults.

Introduction: Regular aerobic exercise is associated with better executive function in older adults. It is unclear if high-intensity-interval-training (HIIT) elicits moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) or resistance training (RT). We hypothesized that HIIT would augment executive function more than MICT and RT. Methods: Sixty-nine older adults (age: 68 ± 7 years) performed six weeks (three days/week) of HIIT (2 × 20 min bouts alternating between 15 s intervals at 100% of peak power output (PPO) and passive recovery (0% PPO); n = 24), MICT (34 min at 60% PPO; n = 19), or whole-body RT (eight exercise superior improvements in executive function of older adults than moderate-intensity-continuous-training, 2 × 10 repetitions; n = 26). Cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., ) and executive function were assessed before and after each intervention via a progressive maximal cycle ergometer protocol and the Stroop Task, respectively. Results: The findings revealed a significant group by time interaction (p = 0.001) in which all groups improved following training, but HIIT and MICT improved more than RT. From pre- to post-training, no interaction in the naming condition of the Stroop Task was observed (p > 0.10). However, interaction from pre- to post-training by group was observed, and only the HIIT group exhibited a faster reaction time (from 1250 ± 50 to 1100 ± 50 ms; p < 0.001) in switching (cognitive flexibility). Conclusion: Despite similar improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, HIIT, but not MICT nor RT, enhanced cognitive flexibility in older adults. Exercise programs should consider using HIIT protocols in an effort to combat cognitive decline in older adults.

The effect of resistance training on sleep in Chinese older adults: A randomized controlled trial

Sleep disturbances affect approximately half of the older adult population and add additional risks of developing Alzheimer's disease. This study is to test the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program on sleep in older adults residing in an assisted living facility in China. A total of 62 eligible participants were randomly assigned to RT (n = 31) or control group (n = 31). Participants in RT group participated in three 1-hour moderate intensity RT sessions per week for 12 weeks (at least 48 h between sessions). In the overall sample, sleep efficiency increased (P < 0.01), wake after sleep onset (P < 0.01) decreased in participants in RT group at post-intervention, compared to control group. Similar results were found in participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The findings support that RT improves sleep efficiency and decreases sleep fragmentation in older adults in general and in those with MCI.

Maintenance of muscle strength following a one-year resistance training program in older adults.

Muscle mass, strength and function declines with advancing age. Strength training (ST) improves these parameters in older adults, but the gains often disappear after completion of a short-term intervention. The purpose of the present study was to investigate muscle mass, -strength and -function one year after the completion of a successful long-term (12months) supervised ST program in older adults. Men and women (n=419, age: 62-70years) completed one year of supervised heavy resistance training (HRT, n=143) or moderate intensity resistance training (MIT, n=144) and were compared to a non-exercising control group (CON, n=132). At 1-year follow-up, 398 participants returned for measurements of muscle power, -strength and -mass, physical function, body composition, hippocampus volume and physical/mental well-being. The results were compared to pre-training (baseline) and post-training (1-year) values. Further, the participants from the two previous training groups (HRT+MIT, n=265) were divided into 1) those who on their own continued the ST program (>9months) the year after completion of the supervised ST program (CONTIN, n=65) and 2) those who stopped during the follow-up year (<9months) (STOP, n=200). Out of all the improvements obtained after the 1-year training intervention, only knee extensor muscle strength in HRT was preserved at 1-year follow-up (p<0.0001), where muscle strength was 7% higher than baseline. Additionally, the decrease in muscle strength over the second year was lower in CONTIN than in STOP with decreases of 1% and 6%, respectively (p<0.05). Only in CONTIN was the muscle strength still higher at 1-year follow-up compared with baseline with a 14% increase (p<0.0001). The heavy strength training induced increase in whole-body lean mass was erased at 1-year follow-up. However, there was a tendency for maintenance of the cross-sectional area of m. vastus lateralis from baseline to 1-year follow-up in HRT compared with CON (p=0.06). Waist circumference decreased further over the second year in CONTIN, whereas it increased in STOP (p<0.05). Even though long-term strength training effectively improved muscle function and other health parameters in older adults, only knee extensor muscle strength was preserved one year after completion of heavy (but not moderate intensity) resistance training. Continuation of strength training resulted in better maintenance of muscle strength and health, which indicates that it is required to continue with physical activity to benefit from the long-term effects of strength training upon muscle function and health in older men and women.

COVID-19 — Is It Time for Exercise Clinicians to Prehabilitate “High Risk” Respiratory Patients?

COVID-19 — Is It Time for Exercise Clinicians to Prehabilitate “High Risk” Respiratory Patients?

Effects of Supervised Early Resistance Training versus standard care on cognitive recovery following cardiac surgery via median sternotomy (the SEcReT study): protocol for a randomised controlled pilot study

IntroductionMild cognitive impairment is considered a precursor to dementia and significantly impacts upon quality of life. The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment is higher in the post-surgical cardiac population than in the general population, with older age and comorbidities further increasing the risk of cognitive decline. Exercise improves neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity and inflammatory and neurotrophic factor pathways, which may help to augment the effects of cognitive decline. However, the effects of resistance training on cognitive, functional and overall patient-reported recovery have not been investigated in the surgical cardiac population. This study aims to determine the effect of early moderate-intensity resistance training, compared to standard care, on cognitive recovery following cardiac surgery via a median sternotomy. The safety, feasibility and effect on functional recovery will also be examined.MethodsThis study will be a prospective, pragmatic, pilot randomised controlled trial comparing a standard care group (low-intensity aerobic exercise) and a moderate-intensity resistance training group. Participants aged 18 years and older with coronary artery and/or valve disease requiring surgical intervention will be recruited pre-operatively and randomised 1:1 to either the resistance training or standard care group post-operatively. The primary outcome, cognitive function, will be assessed using the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale and cognitive subscale. Secondary measures include safety, feasibility, muscular strength, physical function, multiple-domain quality of recovery, dynamic balance and patient satisfaction. Assessments will be conducted at baseline (pre-operatively) and post-operatively at 2 weeks, 8 weeks, 14 weeks and 6 months.DiscussionThe results of this pilot study will be used to determine the feasibility of a future large-scale randomised controlled trial that promotes the integration of early resistance training into existing aerobic-based cardiac rehabilitation programs in Australia.Trial registrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) ACTRN12617001430325p. Registered on 9 October 2017. Universal Trial Number (UTN): U1111-1203-2131.

Effect Of Type And Intensity Of Community-based Exercise Interventions In Older Women

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of different community-based exercise interventions on hemodynamic and functional variables in older women. METHODS: 33 sedentary or insufficiently active older women (69 ± 5 ys) were randomly assigned to perform a twice-weekly community-based moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training plus resistance training (MICT+RT), high-intensity interval training plus resistance training (HIIT+RT) or resistance training (RT) programs. Anthropometric (weight, height and BMI), hemodynamic (resting blood pressure and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity) and functional variables (seat-and-reach, handgrip, five times sit-to-stand (FTSS), timed up-and-go (TUG), and 6-minute walking (6MW) tests) were assessed before and after 9 months of follow-up. RESULTS: There were no significant difference between groups in any variable at baseline. Anthropometric and hemodynamic variables, as well as seat-and-reach and handgrip did not change during follow-up in any group. However, FTSS, TUG and 6 MW improved (P < 0.05) similarly between groups during follow-up. (Table 1). CONCLUSION: The present preliminary results suggest that twice-weekly community-based exercise programs of different types and intensity are effective to improve functional capacity, but not anthropometric and hemodynamic variables, in older women.Table 1.: Anthropometric, hemodynamic and functional variables before and after 9 month follow-up

The influence of prolonged strength training upon muscle and fat in healthy and chronically diseased older adults.

Physical muscle function and brain hippocampus size declines with age, accelerating after the age of 60. Strength training over a few months improves physical function, but less is known about how long-term strength training affects physical function and hippocampus volume. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of 1-year strength training of two different intensities upon muscle mass, function, and hippocampus volume in retirement-age individuals. In this multidisciplinary randomized controlled trial (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02123641), participants were allocated to either a) supervised, heavy resistance training (HRT, n=149, 3/wk), b) moderate intensity resistance training (MIT, n=154, 3/wk) or c) non-exercise activities (CON, n=148). 451 participants were randomized (62-70yrs., women 61%, ≈80% with a chronic medical disease) and 419 were included in the intention-to-treat analysis (n=143, 144 and 132; HRT, MIT and CON). Changes in muscle power (primary outcome), strength and size, physical function, body composition, hippocampus volume and physical/mental well-being were analyzed. Of the participants (HRT+MIT), 83% completed training at least 2/week. Leg extensor power was unchanged in all groups, but strength training had a positive effect on isometric knee extensor strength in both groups, whereas an increased muscle mass, cross-sectional area of vastus lateralis muscle, a decreased whole-body fat percentage, visceral fat content and an improved mental health (SF-36) occurred in HRT only. Further, chair-stand performance improved in all groups, whereas hippocampus volume decreased in all groups over time with no influence of strength training. Together, the results indicate that leg extensor power did not respond to long-term supervised strength training, but this type of training in a mixed group of healthy and chronically diseased elderly individuals can be implemented with good compliance and induces consistent changes in physiological parameters of muscle strength, muscle mass and abdominal fat.

Effects of a Clinic-Based Exercise Program on Sleep Disturbance Among Cancer Survivors

IntroductionSleep disturbance is the second leading negative side effect reported by cancer survivors, and evidence exists to suggest that exercise may improve sleep for cancer survivors. This study examined changes in sleep following a 3-month, clinic-based exercise program among a diverse group of cancer survivors.MethodsSingle group, pre-post study design. Participants were enrolled in a supervised exercise program which consisted of moderate intensity aerobic and resistance training, twice per week for 3-months. To be eligible, individuals had to be diagnosed with cancer, and undergoing, or within 6-months of completing chemo and/or radiation therapy. Sleep was assessed at pre-and post-program using 3 self-report questions as part of a standard wellness assessment conducted at the program’s facility. Changes in categorical outcomes were evaluated using McNemar and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Tests.ResultsParticipants (N = 94) were mostly female (68.1%, N = 64), mean age = 54.26 ± 14.26 (20-78), and diagnosed with more than 8 different cancer types. Half (N = 48, 51.1%) of participants improved on 1 or more of the questions assessing sleep. At post-program, 39% of participants reported that they did not awaken feeling rested versus 48% at pre-program (P = .08). At post-program, 47% reported awakening ≥1 time per night versus 46% at pre-program (P = .97), and 17% reported poor or very poor sleep quality at post-program versus 24% at pre-program (P = .16). There were no differences in demographic, cancer-related, psychosocial, and physical fitness variables between participants who improved on any of the questions assessing sleep versus those who did not.ConclusionsA clinically implemented exercise program may help some cancer survivors improve sleep, however more studies utilizing validated, objective measures of sleep are needed to confirm effectiveness.

Exercise program on the health of people with epilepsy: protocol of a randomized controlled trial study

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to describe an experimental protocol to evaluate how a structured exercise program can impact on the health of people with epilepsy. Methods: For this purpose, a randomized control trial will be conducted in the city of Pelotas, southern Brazil. Participants will be randomized into two groups: 1) Control- maintain usual activities, and 2) Exercise- a structured exercise program, with two 60-minute sessions per week, for 12 weeks. The intervention will be composed by warm-up (5-minutes), moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (15-20 minutes, performed on a treadmill), resistance training (2-3 sets, 10-15 repetitions), and 5-minutes of stretching exercises. Sociodemographic characteristics, clinical information, cognitive function, anthropometric measurements (weight, height, hip and waist circumferences), cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), and strength (dynamometer) will be measured at baseline and 12-week post-intervention. Participants will receive a diary to record their seizures throughout the study. Results: A structured exercise program is expected to generate beneficial health effects, and the results can assist in health professionals’ clinical practice for people with epilepsy.

Interval Endurance and Resistance Training as Part of a Community-Based Secondary Prevention Program for Patients With Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Artery Disease.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been observed to improve health and fitness in patients with cardiovascular disease. High-intensity interval training may not be appropriate in community-based settings. Moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT) and resistance training (RT) are emerging as effective alternatives to HIIT. These have not been well investigated in a community-based cardiac maintenance program. Patients with coronary artery disease and/or diabetes mellitus participated in clinical examinations and a 6-mo exercise program. Center-based MIIT and home-based moderate continuous intensity exercise were performed for 3-5 d/wk for 30-40 min/session. RT, nutritional counseling, coping, and behavioral change strategies were offered to all patients. Within-group changes in clinical metrics and exercise performance were assessed on a per-protocol basis after 6 mo. Two hundred ninety-two patients (74%) concluded the 6-mo program. There were no serious adverse events. The peak oxygen uptake and peak workload increased significantly, 21.8 ± 6.1 to 22.8 ± 6.3 mL/kg/min and 128 ± 39 to 138 ± 43 W, respectively (both P < .001). Submaximal exercise performance increased from 68 ± 19 to 73 ± 22 W (P < .001). Glycated hemoglobin decreased from 6.57 ± 0.93% to 6.43 ± 0.12%, (P = .023). Daily injected insulin dosage was reduced from 42 IU (interquartile range: 19.0, 60.0) to 26 IU (interquartile range: 0, 40.3, P < .001). MIIT and RT were feasible and effective in a community-based cardiac maintenance program for patients with cardiovascular disease, improving exercise performance, and blood glucose control.

The acute impact of resistance training on fatigue in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis.

Fatigue is the most prevalent symptom among patients with sarcoidosis, and skeletal muscle dysfunction is a common clinical feature, making resistance training (RT) a recommended treatment strategy. Despite lacking knowledge regarding whether high-intensity RT will aggravate fatigue, low to moderate-intensity is routinely used even if the evidence for this protocol to improve muscle strength is inconclusive. This study aimed to investigate whether one single session of high-intensity RT induces a higher increase in fatigue than one single session of moderate-intensity RT. In this randomized crossover study, 41 patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis (age: 53 ± 11 yr) were recruited. They randomly performed one single session of high-intensity RT, 4 sets × 5 repetitions maximum (5RM), and one single session of moderate-intensity RT, 2 sets × 25 RM. Fatigue was assessed with the Visual Analogue Scale (0–100 mm) immediately before (T0), immediately after (T1) and 24 hours after (T2) each exercise session. Fatigue development from T0 to T1 was significantly lower after 5RM (−3 ± 18 mm) than after 25RM (5 ± 15 mm), p = 0.004. No difference was seen from T0 to T2 between 5RM (0 ± 17 mm) and 25RM (6 ± 18 mm), p = 0.147. The high-intensity 5RM session did not induce a larger increase in fatigue than the moderate-intensity 25RM session. RT appears feasible and safe in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis irrespective of the intensity. Thus, the long-term effects of high-intensity RT on fatigue should be explored in a RT programme of longer duration.

Impact of High-Intensity Interval Training, Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training, and Resistance Training on Endothelial Function in Older Adults.

It is unclear if high-intensity interval training (HIIT) elicits superior improvements in brachial artery (BA) flow-mediated dilation (FMD) responses (i.e., endothelial-dependent vasodilation) than moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) or resistance training (RT) in otherwise healthy older adults. Whether HIIT enhances lower-limb FMD responses and/or augments low flow-mediated constriction (L-FMC) (endothelial-dependent vasoconstriction) responses more than MICT or RT is also unknown. We tested the hypothesis that HIIT would improve BA and popliteal artery (POP) FMD and L-FMC responses more than MICT or RT in healthy older adults. Thirty-eight older adults (age, 67 ± 6 yr) performed 6 wk of either HIIT (2 × 20 min bouts alternating between 15-s intervals at 100% of peak power output [PPO] and passive recovery [0% PPO]; n = 12), MICT (34 min at 60% PPO; n = 12), or whole-body RT (8 exercises, 2 × 10 repetitions; n = 14). The L-FMC and FMD were measured before and after training using high-resolution ultrasound and quantified as the percent change in baseline diameter during distal cuff occlusion and after cuff release, respectively. Resting BA blood flow and vascular conductance (both, P < 0.003) were greater after HIIT only. The HIIT and MICT similarly increased BA-FMD (pre-post: both, P < 0.001), but only HIIT improved BA L-FMC (P < 0.001). Both HIIT and MICT similarly enhanced POP FMD and L-FMC responses (both, P < 0.045). Resistance training did not impact FMD or L-FMC responses in either artery (all, P > 0.20). HIIT and MICT, but not RT, similarly improved lower-limb vasodilator and vasoconstrictor endothelial function in older adults. Although HIIT and MICT groups enhanced BA vasodilator function, only HIIT improved resting conductance and endothelial sensitivity to low-flow in the BA. In the short-term, HIIT may be most effective at improving peripheral vascular endothelial function in older adults.