Moderate-intensity Resistance Training Research Articles

The chronic leukocyte and inflammatory cytokine responses of older adults to resistance training in normobaric hypoxia; a randomized controlled trial

Trial designOlder adults experience chronic dysregulation of leukocytes and inflammatory cytokines, both at rest and in response to resistance training. Systemic hypoxia modulates leukocytes and cytokines, therefore this study characterized the effects of normobaric hypoxia on the leukocyte and cytokine responses of older adults to resistance training.Methods20 adults aged 60–70 years performed eight weeks of moderate-intensity resistance training in either normoxia or normobaric hypoxia (14.4% O2), consisting of two lower body and two upper body exercises. Venous blood was drawn before and after the training intervention and flow cytometry was used to quantify resting neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils, in addition to the subsets of lymphocytes (T, B and natural killer (NK) cells). Inflammatory cytokines were also quantified; interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Acute changes in leukocytes and cytokines were also measured in the 24 h following the last training session.ResultsAfter the intervention there was a greater concentration of resting white blood cells (p = 0.03; 20.3% higher) T cells (p = 0.008; 25.4% higher), B cells (p = 0.004; 32.6% higher), NK cells (p = 0.012; 43.9% higher) and eosinophils (p = 0.025; 30.8% higher) in hypoxia compared to normoxia, though the cytokines were unchanged. No acute effect of hypoxia was detected in the 24 h following the last training session for any leukocyte population or inflammatory cytokine (p < 0.05).ConclusionsHypoxic training caused higher concentrations of resting lymphocytes and eosinophils, when compared to normoxic training. Hypoxia may have an additional beneficial effect on the immunological status of older adults.Trial registrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR). Trial number: ACTRN12623001046695. Registered 27/9/2023. Retrospectively registered. All protocols adhere to the COSORT guidelines.

EXPLORING THE EFFECTS OF VIGOROUS INTERVAL TRAINING, MODERATE RESISTANCE TRAINING AND PILATES ON ARTERIAL STIFFNESS AND BLOOD PRESSURE DURING PREGNANCY: A RANDOMISED CROSS-OVER TRIAL

INTRODUCTION Regular moderate intensity exercise throughout pregnancy provides significant benefits to both maternal and foetal cardiovascular health outcomes. Current exercise guidelines recommend a combination of moderate intensity aerobic and resistance training (RT). However, there is limited research exploring the cardiovascular effects of higher intensities (vigorous/high) in comparison to common pregnancy exercise modalities such as RT and Pilates (PIL). AIM: To investigate the acute effects of three modes of exercise (resistance, vigorous aerobic intervals and Pilates) during trimester two (T2) and three (T3) of pregnancy on measures of arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity [PWV]) and blood pressure (BP). METHODS Eleven women with uncomplicated pregnancies (age 32 ± 3 years, pre-pregnancy BMI 23.9 ± 3.5 kg/m2) completed testing in T2 (average 20 ± 1.6 weeks gestation) and T3 (average 29 ± 2.5 weeks gestation). Participants performed one each of vigorous intensity interval training (VIIT) (∼33 min), resistance training (RT) (∼35 min) and Pilates (PIL) (∼35 min) in T2 and T3 in randomised order approximately 1 week apart each trimester. Resting outcome measures of PWV, BP and foetal heart rate (FHR) were obtained following 5 minutes of rest and again immediately and 10 minutes post exercise session. BP, maternal heart rate (MHR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored throughout. RESULTS There was no difference in the acute PWV response to each type of exercise across the trimesters (1 min VIIT: T2 = 5.53 ± 0.85m/s, T3 = 5.26 ± 0.67m/s, 95%CI[-1.36-0.67]; RT: T2 = 5.4 ± 0.80m/s, T3 = 5.48 ± 0.56m/s, 95%CI[-0.88-1.10]; PIL: T2 = 5.44 ± 0.68m/s, T3 = 5.44 ± 0.68m/s, 95%CI[-0.93-1.01]). There was no significant difference in the acute response in SBP to VIIT (T2 = 116 ± 12.1mmHg, T3 = 122 ± 7.2mmHg, 95%CI[-0.42 - 1.65]. SBP was significantly higher in T3 than T2 1 minute following PIL (T2 = 110 ± 5.8mmHg, T3 = 121 ± 11.7mmHg, 95%CI[0.04-2.1]) and 10 minutes following RT (T2 = 105 ± 10.1mmHg, T3 = 116 ± 5.0mmHg, 95%CI[0.27 - 2.46]. CONCLUSION VIIT, RT and PIL appear to elicit similar post-exercise haemodynamic and arterial stiffness responses in both the mother and foetus. As such, VIIT may be a suitable addition to standard moderate intensity and RT prescription during an uncomplicated pregnancy.

A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing the Impact of Preoperative Combined with Postoperative Progressive Resistance Training on Muscle Strength, Gait, Balance and Function in Patients Undergoing Total Hip Arthroplasty.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of a preoperative combined with postoperative moderate-intensity progressive resistance training (PRT) of the operative side in patients with hip osteoarthritis (HOA) who are undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA). The study seeks to evaluate the impact of this combined intervention on muscle strength, gait, balance, and hip joint function in a controlled, measurable, and objective manner. Additionally, the study aims to compare the outcomes of this combined intervention with those of preoperative or postoperative muscle strength training conducted in isolation. A total of 90 patients with HOA scheduled for unilateral primary THA were randomly assigned to three groups: Pre group (preoperative PRT), Post group (postoperative PRT), and Pre& Post group (preoperative combined with postoperative PRT) focusing on hip flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction of operated side. Muscle strength, gait parameters, balance, and hip function were assessed at specific time points during a 12-month follow-up period. All three groups showed significant improvements in muscle strength, with the Pre& Post group demonstrating the most pronounced and sustained gains. Gait velocity and cadence were significantly improved in the Pre& Post group at 1-month and 3-month postoperative follow-ups compared to the other groups. Similarly, the Pre& Post group exhibited superior balance performance at 3-month and 12-month postoperative follow-ups. The Harris Hip Score also showed better outcomes in the Pre& Post group at all follow-up intervals. Preoperative combined with postoperative moderate-intensity PRT in HOA patients undergoing THA led to superior improvements in muscle strength, gait, balance, and hip joint function compared to preoperative or postoperative PRT alone. This intervention shows significant promise in optimizing postoperative rehabilitation and enhancing patient outcomes following THA.

Effect of a Course of Resistance Training on the Serum Levels of Interleukin-17 and Interferon-β in Women with Multiple Sclerosis

Cytokines play an important role in my disease and are considered an important target for therapeutic interventions. the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of a period of resistance training on the serum level of 17 and interferon beta in young women with MS. Was. Method: The present study was conducted in a semi-experimental way with a pre-test and post-test design. 30 women with MS with age range of 30-35 years were randomly selected in two exercise and control groups. Resistance exercises were performed for 8 weeks and three sessions a week, each session lasting 60 minutes with an intensity of 60-70% of the maximum heart rate. Blood samples were taken before and after the training protocol with 12 hours of fasting and the levels of interleukin 17 and beta interferon were measured by ELISA method. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 software and covariance test. Results: The results showed that after 8 hours of resistance training intervention, the amount of interleukin 17 in the training group decreased significantly and the amount of beta interferon showed a significant increase compared to the control group Conclusion: Since moderate intensity resistance training decreased interleukin 17 and increased beta interferon in patients with MS, it seems that exercise intervention can be used to treat and prevent the progression of MS along with used drug treatments.

Hemodynamic Response in Ascending Aorta Surgery Patients during Moderate Intensity Resistance Training.

In patients undergoing ascending aortic surgery (AAS), postsurgical physical exercise with a safe and effective exercise prescription is recommended. Resistance training is associated with blood pressure (BP) elevations that may increase the risk of new aortic dissection or rupture. However, the acute hemodynamic response to resistance training for this patient group is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate peak systolic BP (SBP) increases in AAS patients during moderate intensity resistance training. SBP was measured continuously beat-to-beat with a noninvasive method during three sets of leg presses at moderate intensity. A 15-repetition maximum strength test was performed to estimate the maximal amount of resistance a participant could manage 15 times consecutively (equivalent to approximately 60-65% of their maximum strength). The study had 48 participants in total, i.e., 24 cases and 24 controls. Both groups consisted of 10 females (42%) and 14 males (58%). The case group had a mean age of 60.0 (SD ± 11.9) years and a mean of 16.3 months since surgery (minimum 4.4 and maximum 39.6 months). 22 of the 24 cases received antihypertensive medication. The median baseline BP was 119/74 mmHg among cases and 120/73 mmHg among controls. During the first set of leg presses, the median peak SBP was 152 mmHg, in the second set 154 mmHg, and in the third set 165 mmHg. Corresponding values in controls were 170 mmHg, 181 mmHg, and 179 mmHg. The highest peak SBP registered in an AAS patient was 190 mmHg and in any healthy control was 287 mmHg. The findings indicate that AAS patients in control of their BP have the endurance to perform 3 sets of resistance training at moderate intensity as their SBP increases with a maximum of 39% from the baseline compared to the 51% increase in the control group.

Finding the Optimal Resistance Training Intensity for Your Bones: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

The purpose of this trial is to evaluate the effect of twice-weekly, moderate-to-high intensity progressive resistance training (PRT) for 1year on lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) in individuals with low BMD, compared to attention control. Secondary analyses will examine if resistance training improves other health outcomes; if high intensity is more effective than moderate intensity resistance training for all outcomes; the cost of intervention versus benefit; the willingness to pay; and harms. For this study, 324 men or postmenopausal women aged ≥50years with a femoral neck, total hip, or lumbar spine BMD T-score of ≤-1, or a Fracture Risk Assessment Tool probability of ≥20% for major osteoporotic fracture or ≥ 3% for hip fracture are being recruited to participate in a randomized controlled trial with 1:1:1 randomization. Participants will be stratified by site (3 centers) to twice-weekly, supervised PRT at moderate intensity (about 10 repetitions maximum), to high intensity PRT (≤6 repetitions maximum), or to a home posture and balance exercise program (attention control) for 1year (resistance training to comparator allocation ratio of 2:1). The primary outcome is lumbar spine BMD via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Secondary outcomes include trabecular bone score, proximal femur and total hip BMD and structure, bone-free and appendicular lean mass, physical functioning, falls, fractures, glucose metabolism, cost per life-year gained, adverse events, and quality of life. Between-group differences will be tested in intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses using analysis of covariance, chi-square tests, or negative binomial or logistic regression, adjusting for site and baseline values. The Finding the Optimal Resistance Training Intensity For Your Bones trial will support decision making on resistance training for people at risk of fracture.

Effects of Resistance Training Intensity on Arterial Stiffness in Healthy Adults

PURPOSE: Resistance exercise is an effective behavioral intervention for improving skeletal muscle mass and strength, and preventing sarcopenia. However, the effects of resistance exercise on arterial stiffness remain controversial. This study aimed to organize and analyze the effects of resistance training intensity on arterial stiffness in healthy adults without overt clinical disease.METHODS: A thorough literature search was conducted to retrieve original research articles between 2000 and 2023 using the PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases.RESULTS: Long-term low-intensity resistance training (RT) was deemed a safe exercise intervention that can maintain or decrease arterial stiffness and increase muscle strength. Moreover, moderate-intensity RT was effective in improving muscle strength and hypertrophy but did not reduce arterial stiffness. High-intensity RT was an excellent intervention for enhancing muscle strength. However, a potential risk of increasing both central and peripheral artery stiffness in young adults was present.CONCLUSIONS: Compared to low-intensity RT, moderate-to-high-intensity RT was more effective in improving muscle strength and hypertrophy, but may increase arterial stiffness.

A Systematic Review of the Influence of High-Intensity Interval Training on Body Composition and Synthesizing Evidence from Scientific Literature

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE&#x0D; High-intensity interval training (HIIT) involves performing a series of intense exercises interspersed with periods of passive or active rest. HIIT provides changes in body composition and physical fitness. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of HIIT on changes in body composition and compare the results of HIIT with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and resistance training (RT).&#x0D; REVIEW METHODS&#x0D; The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched for studies examining the impact of HIIT on changes in body composition. Articles published up to 31.03.2023 were included, with a particular focus on the most recent publications.&#x0D; STATE OF KNOWLEDGE&#x0D; The classification of HIIT considers the intensity, duration and number of bouts during training session, as well as the length of the intervention period. Body composition describes qualitive and quantitative elements in the human body. Improving body composition benefits health and enables better training results. HIIT promotes weight loss, reduces BMI and decreases the content of adipose tissue, including visceral fat. HIIT is equally or more effective than MICT in burning fat tissue. Resistance exercises added to HIIT protocols have a favorable effect on changes in body composition.&#x0D; SUMMARY&#x0D; The assessment of HIIT effects on changes in body composition is complicated due to various interpretations of its definition. Further analyses are needed to systematize knowledge of the benefits of different HIIT protocols. Research optimizing them for reducing adipose tissue based on age, gender, body mass and presence of metabolic disorders are necessary.

The Positive Effect of Four-Week Combined Aerobic–Resistance Training on Body Composition and Adipokine Levels in Obese Females

Obesity is a metabolic disease that is caused by a lack of physical activity and is associated with an increased risk of chronic inflammation. A total of 40 obese adolescent females with an average age of 21.93 ± 1.35 years and average body mass index (BMI) of 30.81 ± 3.54 kg/m2 were enrolled in this study, randomized, and divided into four groups, i.e., control (CTL; n = 10), moderate intensity aerobic training (MAT; n = 10), moderate intensity resistance training (MRT; n = 10), and moderate intensity combined aerobic-resistance training (MCT; n = 10). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits method was used to analyze the adiponectin and leptin levels between pre-intervention and post-intervention. Statistical analysis was conducted using a paired sample t-test, while correlation analysis between variables used the Pearson product-moment correlation test. Research data showed that MAT, MRT, and MCT significantly increased adiponectin levels and decreased leptin levels compared to the CTL (p ≤ 0.05). The results of the correlation analysis of delta (∆) data showed that an increase in adiponectin levels was significantly negatively correlated with a decrease in body weight (BW) (r = -0.671, p ≤ 0.001), BMI (r = -0.665, p ≤ 0.001), and fat mass (FM) (r = -0.694, p ≤ 0.001) and positively correlated with an increase in skeletal muscle mass (SMM) (r = 0.693, p ≤ 0.001). Whereas, a decrease in leptin levels was significantly positively correlated with a decrease in BW (r = 0.744, p ≤ 0.001), BMI (r = 0.744, p ≤ 0.001), and FM (r = 0.718, p ≤ 0.001) and negatively correlated with an increase in SMM (r = -0.743, p ≤ 0.001). In summary, it can be concluded that our data show that adiponectin levels increased and leptin levels decreased after the intervention of aerobic, resistance, and combined aerobic-resistance training.

The effect of moderate-intensity endurance plus resistance training combined with MCCR diet on glycemic status in prediabetes

BackgroundThere is little clinical evidence that exercise improves prediabetic individuals' glycemic status on glycated hemoglobin A1c (Hb1Ac) and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) indices. The purpose of this study is to investigate how an eight-week high volume of moderate-intensity endurance plus resistance exercise combined with a medium carbohydrate, low fat, calorie-restricted, carbohydrate counting diet (MCCR) affects Hb1Ac and HOMA indices in individuals with prediabetes.MethodsTwenty-two young obese people (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2) were divided into two groups: prediabetes intervention group (INT, n = 10) and normoglycemic control group (CON, n = 12). All participants received the MCCR dietary intervention and a high volume of moderate-intensity endurance plus resistance training, 6 days/week, 5 times/day, and 50 min/time, for 8 weeks. Body composition and circumference, serum lipids, fasting blood glucose (FPG), 2-h post-glucose (2 h-PG), fasting insulin (FINS), Hb1Ac, the insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IS) and β-cell function (HOMA-β) indices were assessed.ResultsAfter exercise and dietary intervention, Hb1Ac, 2 h-PG, and FINS levels were significantly reduced in both the INT and CON groups (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). HOMA-IR, HOMA-IS, and body fat percent were significantly improved in the INT group (p < 0.05), but HOMA-β was not observed. Additionally, Hb1Ac levels were significantly normalized in the prediabetic individuals, with a reversion rate of 71.43%, while there was no difference in FPG.ConclusionThe MCCR diet combined with an eight-week high volume of moderate-intensity endurance and resistance training is effective in reversing Hb1Ac and improving insulin sensitivity in young, obese adults with prediabetes.

Long-Term Resistance–Endurance Combined Training Reduces Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Young Adult Females with Obesity

A sedentary lifestyle and an unhealthy diet increase the risk of obesity. People with obesity experience adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia, which increases the production of proinflammatory cytokines, thereby increasing the risk of morbidity and mortality. Lifestyle modification using non-pharmacological approaches such as physical exercise prevents increased morbidity through its anti-inflammatory effects. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different types of exercise on decreased proinflammatory cytokines in young adult females with obesity. A total of 36 female students from Malang City aged 21.86 ± 1.39 years with body mass index (BMI) of 30.93 ± 3.51 kg/m2 were recruited and followed three different types of exercise interventions: moderate-intensity endurance training (MIET), moderate-intensity resistance training (MIRT), and moderate-intensity combined training (MICT). The exercise was performed at a frequency of 3x/week for 4 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21.0, using the paired sample t-test. The results revealed that serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels were significantly decreased between pre-training and post-training in the three types of exercise (MIET, MIRT, and MICT) (p ≤ 0.001). The percentage change in IL-6 levels from pre-training in CTRL was (0.76 ± 13.58%), in MIET was (-82.79 ± 8.73%), in MIRT was (-58.30 ± 18.05%), in MICT was (-96.91 ± 2.39%), and (p ≤ 0.001). There was a percentage change in TNF-α levels from pre-training in CTRL (6.46 ± 12.13%), MIET (-53.11 ± 20.02%), MIRT (-42.59 ± 21.64%), and MICT (-73.41 ± 14.50%), and (p ≤ 0.001). All three types of exercise consistently reduced proinflammatory cytokines such as serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α.

Effect of High-Intensity vs. Moderate-Intensity Resistance Training on Strength, Power, and Muscle Soreness in Male Academy Soccer Players.

McQuilliam, SJ, Clark, DR, Erskine, RM, and Brownlee, TE. The effect of high vs. moderate-intensity resistance training on strength, power and muscle soreness in male academy soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 37(6): 1250-1258, 2023-The aims of this study were to investigate the impact of high-intensity, low-volume (HRT) vs . moderate-intensity, and high-volume resistance training (MRT) vs . soccer training only (control group [CON]) on changes in strength, power, and speed and to compare delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) between groups in male academy soccer players (ASP). Twenty-two ASP (age: 18 ± 1 years) were assigned to HRT ( n = 8), MRT ( n = 7), or CON ( n = 7). High-intensity resistance training completed 2 sets of 4 repetitions parallel back squat (PBS) repetitions at 90% 1 repetition maximum (1RM), while MRT performed 3 sets of 8 repetitions PBS repetitions at 80% 1RM, both once a week for 6 weeks in-season, alongside regular soccer training. All groups completed the following pretraining and posttraining assessments: 3RM PBS, bilateral vertical and horizontal countermovement jumps (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), and 30-m sprint. Delayed onset muscle soreness was assessed using a visual analog scale throughout training. High-intensity resistance training and MRT experienced similar increases compared with CON in absolute PBS 3RM ( p < 0.001), SJ height ( p = 0.001), and CMJ height ( p = 0.008) after training. There was a greater increase in PBS 3RM relative to body mass after HRT than MRT and CON ( p = 0.001) and horizontal CMJ distance improved in HRT but not in MRT or CON ( p = 0.011). There was no change in 10-m, 20-m, or 30-m sprint performance in any group. High-intensity resistance training volume was 58 ± 15% lower than that of MRT ( p < 0.001), and DOMS measured throughout training did not differ between groups ( p = 0.487). These findings suggest that 1 HRT session a week may be an efficient method for improving strength and power in ASP in-season with minimal DOMS.

The Effect of Resistance Training on the Rehabilitation of Elderly Patients with Sarcopenia: A Meta-Analysis

Resistance training is considered to be an efficient treatment for age-related sarcopenia and can improve muscle strength and quality in patients. However, there are currently no recommendations on resistance training parameters to improve muscle strength and quality in elderly patients with sarcopenia. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and included 13 eligible RCTs. Resistance training significantly improved grip strength, gait speed, and skeletal muscle index in patients with age-related sarcopenia, and kettlebell was found to be the most effective modality. However, it is noteworthy that the elastic band is also a recommended form of resistance training considering that the kettlebell intervention was tested in only one study, while the elastic band was confirmed by multiple studies. Elastic band training (Hedges's g = 0.629, 95%CI = 0.090-1.168, p < 0.05) (40-60 min per session, more than three times per week for at least 12 weeks) was the most efficient training method. Thus, resistance training can significantly improve muscle strength and muscle quality in elderly patients with sarcopenia. In addition, moderate-intensity resistance training using elastic bands may be the best training prescription for elderly patients with sarcopenia.

Acute effects of different intensities resistance training on inflammatory markers of women with severe obesity

This study objective to compare the acute effects between one resistance training bout with high versus moderate intensities on inflammatory markers in women with severe obesity. Experimental crossover study, performed with adult women with severe obesity (BMI ≥ 40.0 kg/m²; age ≥ 18 years old). Each participant performed a high and moderate intensity resistance training (HIRT and MIRT, respectively) with an interval of 7 days between bouts. Four exercises were performed in the both protocols, with total training volume equalized. MIRT consisted of 3 sets of 8 repetitions each, with an intensity of 75% of 1RM, while HIRT consisted of 2 sets of 6 repetitions, followed by a 20-second rest, with a new performance of 2 to 3 repetitions, with one more rest of 20s and finishing with 2 to 3 more repetitions, at an intensity of 85% of 1RM. Blood samples were collected before, 15 minutes after and 24 hours after both training protocols. The inflammatory markers analyzed were IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ. Nine participants have completed the intervention (n=9; 35.2 ± 10.93 years old; BMI = 48.3 ± 5.06 kg/m²). The Mann-Whitney U test showed that there was no significant difference between the HIRT and MIRT in the concentration of markers. Friedman's test did not report significant differences between intragroup measures for the HIRT as well as MIRT. This research suggests that a single session of high or moderate intensity resistance training does not change the inflammatory status of women with severe obesity.

Resistance training and Down Syndrome: A narrative review on considerations for exercise prescription and safety.

The current manuscript reviews the literature on the health effects of resistance training (RT) for individuals with Down syndrome (DS), focusing on this training modality’s methodology, application, and safety. The literature has mentioned that early aging in this population is associated with loss of muscle strength, lower lean and bone mass, and increased obesity. It is necessary to propose non-pharmacological measures for prevention and health promotion. Thus, this review suggests a current research-based RT guide for individuals with DS. This review is divided into three sections: Section 2 briefly reviews DS and the effects on structural and functional decline and how exercise and physical activity can influence health aspects in this population; Section 3 summarizes the evidence for RT prescription; Section 4 briefly reviews the health and potential benefits of RT in individuals with DS. The findings from this review suggest that most individuals with DS should engage in moderate-intensity RT at least 2 days a week and perform RT on the major muscle groups and include balance training. The RT program should be modified and adapted according to individuals’ characteristics and limitations. RT promotes positive, health-related benefits such as increasing strength, improving body composition, improving functional capacity and balance, reducing inflammatory status and oxidative stress, and improving the immune system. The RT protocols summarized in this current review provide guidance, critical conclusions, and novel research settings, which could be useful to coaches, clinicians, and researchers to effectively design RT program for individuals with DS.

The Effects of Eight Weeks Moderate- and High-Intensity Circuit Resistance Training on the Levels of Serum Amyloid A and Insulin Resistance in Sedentary Men

Introduction: Obesity-related inflammation has an important role in increasing the risk of various pathological conditions, including insulin resistance. In this study, the effects of 8 weeks of moderate and high-intensity circuit resistance training on the levels of serum amyloid A (SAA) and insulin resistance were investigated in sedentary men.Methods: In this study, 36 sedentary men (average BMI: 30.64 ± 3.14 kg/m2, age of 20 to 35 years old) were randomly assigned to the control (C), moderate-intensity circuit resistance training (MRT), and high-intensity circuit resistance training (HRT) groups. The training protocol was performed during eight weeks (three sessions per week). Blood samples were collected before and after eight weeks of training, and serum levels of SAA, insulin, and glucose were measured. The data were analyzed by SPSS-24 software using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test with the Bonferroni post hoc test.Results: The present study’s findings indicated that SAA levels and insulin resistance significantly reduced in the HRT and MRT groups compared to the control group (P &lt; 0.001). However, our results showed that the changes observed in SAA and insulin resistance were not significantly different between the HRT and MRT groups (P &gt; 0.05).Conclusion: It seems that HRT has no extra effects on inflammation and insulin resistance compared to MRT; however, changes in the levels of other inflammatory mediators should be determined.

The Effect of a Gym- and Home-based Training on Plasma TXNIP Level, Insulin Sensitivity, and Lipid Profile in Hypertensive Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is a possible factor in the relationship between metabolism and cellular redox state and plays a key role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Objectives: The present study aimed at evaluating the effects of combined training in the gym and at home on TXNIP plasma level, insulin sensitivity, and lipid profile in men with primary hypertension. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, forty-six hypertensive men (age 48 ± 9 years, BMI 30 ± 4 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to the gym-based training (GBT: ten weeks, four days/week of moderate-intensity resistance and aerobic training followed by stretching training), home-based training (HBT: the type, duration, and intensity were similar to the GBT), and control groups. Selected blood biochemical parameters were measured at baseline and after ten weeks of training programs. Results: The plasma levels of TXNIP in the GBT (P = 0.04) and HBT (P = 0.005) groups decreased significantly compared to the control group. Moreover, the levels of plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased and insulin sensitivity increased following GBT compared to the control group (P = 0.03, P = 0.02, and P = 0.01, respectively), with no significant difference observed between GBT and HBT (P = 0.47, P = 0.36 and P = 0.14, respectively). Conclusions: GBT was more effective compared to HBT in positive changes in blood glucose and lipid profile. However, HBT improved some important biochemical parameters and can be an alternative to complementary strategies strategy instead of GBT. Our data manifest that combined training has a positive effect on reducing the protein level, which negatively affects glucose and lipid metabolism in hypertensive men.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SPORT RELATED POLYGENIC PROFILE AND MAGNITUDE OF PHYSICAL PERFORMANCES CHANGES FOLLOWING RESISTANCE TRAINING AMONG NOVICE FIELD HOCKEY ATHLETES

Background: Studies have shown that inter-individual variation in response to resistance training is attributed to genetic variation. Aim: To correlate total genotype scores (TGS) with the magnitude of physical performances (skeletal muscle mass, muscular strength, muscular power, performance decrement, and VO2max) change, following 8 weeks of resistance training. Methods: We included forty-five (N=45) participants (age = 16.53 ± .5 years old, body mass = 61.03 ± 6.67 kg, height = 1.67±.05 m) and randomly assigned into; high intensity resistance training (n=15), moderate intensity resistance training (n=15) and a control group (n=15). They were prescribed with the same upper and lower body exercise routines. Pre- and post-test physical performances were measured. Genotyping was conducted using in-house designed allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assays. TGS for nine SNPs: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, ACE rs1799752; Alpha-acitin-3, ACTN3 rs1815739; Adrenergic Receptor B3, ADRB3 rs4994; Angiotensinogen, AGT rs699; Bradykinin Receptor B2, BDKRB2 rs1799722; Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha, PPARA rs4253778; Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Co-Activator 1-Alpha, PPARGC1A rs8192678; Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor, TRHR rs7832552 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, VEGF rs1870377,were calculated and assigned with strength-power and endurance quality. Pearson correlation analysis was employed to investigate the correlation between TGS, and magnitude of physical performances change following intervention. Result: There is a significant correlation between strength-power TGS with lower body muscular strength (r= .65, p&lt;.01) and power (r= -.69, p&lt;.01) following moderate intensity resistance training. Conclusion: In this study, it is demonstrated that participants with higher strength-power TGS, gained greater lower body strength improvement and lesser muscular power decrement even with moderate intensity as compared to high intensity resistance training. Therefore, personalising training based on athlete’s genetic profile may optimise performance.

The Impact Of Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Training On Pain Modulation In Pain Free Individuals

Blood flow restriction (BFR) resistance training (RT) is beneficial for enhancing muscle size and strength at low intensity and is effective and feasible in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. However, the effects of BFR RT on pain modulation remain unclear. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of low-intensity BFR and conventional moderate intensity (MI) RT on pain modulation in pain-free adults METHODS: Nineteen adults without current pain (10 M, mean age = 27 yrs., mean BMI = 23 kg/m2) participated in this study. Participants were screened for contraindications of BFR training (e.g., immobilization) and conditions that may influence pain modulation (e.g., neuropathy).A repeated measures design with counterbalanced order of RT conditions were applied. All participants completed two RT visits (MI or BFR) approximately 9 days apart. At each visit, dominant leg one-repetition maximum (1RM) was determined on a leg press machine after standardized warm-up. For both RT conditions, participants performed a unilateral leg press with the dominant leg. For MI, participants performed the unilateral leg press at 50% 1RM. For BFR RT, a 20-cm width cuff was placed at the proximal thigh during exercise. Participants performed the leg press at 30% 1RM with the cuff inflated to 60% limb occlusion pressure. Participants performed four sets of RT in each visit with a protocol of 30-15-15 repetitions at the first three sets and exercise to failure at the fourth set. Failure was defined as failing to maintain the form. A rate of two seconds per repetition was applied with a 30-second rest between sets. Pressure pain threshold (PPT) was measured over the rectus femoris immediately after exercise using a hand-held algometer. Exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH) was calculated as the change in PPT. Statistical Analysis: Paired t-tests (α = 0.05) and Cohen’s d for effect size were used to assess statistical significance. RESULTS: Mean (SD) baseline PPT was 46.6 N (15.2) and 45.2 N (10.4) at Visit 1 and Visit 2, respectively. Greater EIH was found with BFR compared to MI RT (31.23% vs. 14.21%, p = 0.039, d = 0.62) CONCLUSIONS: Low-intensity BFR RT elicited a greater EIH effect compared to MI RT in pain-free adults. Future studies are needed to evaluate mechanisms underlying EIH with RT and to extend this work to clinical populations

Clinical Care And Artificial-intelligence-guided Resistance Training Improve Functionality In Lower Back Pain

PURPOSE: To examine the role of artificial intelligence (AI) guided resistance training relative to clinical variables in subjects who suffer lower back pain (LBP). METHODS: 69 subjects (M24:F45) with LBP completed an 8-week intervention. Subjects self-selected clinical care enrollment (physical therapy, chiropractic, or no care) for their LBP prior to enrollment. Enrolled subjects were randomly assigned to either an 8-week AI-guided moderate-intensity core resistance training protocol or to no interventional training. This created four study groups (CONTROL (n = 9), TRAIN (n = 13), CLIN (n = 26), or COMBO (n = 21)). The CONTROL group received no treatment or training, the TRAIN group received training but no treatment, the CLIN group received treatment but no training, and the COMBO group received both treatment and training. AI-guided training was performed on a Tonal exercise trainer with supervision. Participants were evaluated using functional tests (Biering-Sorenson’s exam, 6-minute walk test) and patient-reported outcomes (PROMIS Physical Function, PROMIS Pain Interference, Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, Visual Analog Pain Scale) at baseline, 4-weeks, and 8-weeks. Wilcoxson matched pairs analysis was used for comparison of metrics within each group at baseline and 8 weeks. Significance level was set at α ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: TRAIN, CLIN, and COMBO groups increased Biering-Sorenson endurance from baseline to 8 weeks (23 + 8 sec, P < 0.02) and increased distance traveled in the 6-minute walk test (0.02 + 0.06 miles, P ≤ 0.03). The TRAIN, CLIN, and COMBO groups improved scores in both PROMIS Physical Function (1.8 + 0.8, P < 0.05) and Pain Interference (-3.3 + 1.4, P ≤ 0.02) after the 8-week intervention. For the TRAIN group, PROMIS scores also improved at the 4-week midterm evaluation (P ≤ 0.04). Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia and Visual Analog Pain Scale scores did not change for any group (P > 0.05). No significant changes were observed in the CONTROL group for any outcome measure (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Core-targeted, AI-guided resistance training and physical clinical care increased functional outcomes and patient satisfaction in individuals with LBP. Combining physical clinical care with AI-guided resistance training did not have a complimentary effect on improving functional or patient satisfaction outcomes.