Moderate-intensity Continuous Exercise Research Articles

Comparison of the lymphocyte response to interval exercise versus continuous exercise in recreationally trained men

The purpose of this investigation was to compare changes in circulating lymphocyte subset cell counts between high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), sprint interval exercise (SIE), and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE). Recreationally active men (n ​= ​11; age: 23 ​± ​4 ​yr; height: 179.9 ​± ​4.5 ​cm; body mass: 79.8 ​± ​8.7 ​kg; body fat %:12.6 ​± ​3.8%; V̇O2max: 46.6 ​± ​3.9 ​ml⋅kg−1⋅min−1) completed a maximal graded exercise test to determine maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) and three duration-matched cycling trials (HIIE, SIE, and MICE) in a randomized, counterbalanced fashion. HIIE consisted of fifteen 90-s bouts at 85% V̇O2max interspersed with 90-s active recovery periods. SIE consisted of fifteen 20-s bouts at 130% maximal power and 160-s active recovery periods. MICE was a continuous bout at 65% V̇O2max. Total exercise duration was 53 ​min in all three trials, including warm-up and cool-down. Blood was collected before, immediately post, 30 ​min, 2 ​h, 6 ​h, and 24 ​h post-exercise. Changes in lymphocyte subset counts, and surface expression of various markers were analyzed via flow cytometry. Changes were assessed using mixed model regression analysis with an autoregressive first order repeated measures correction. Significant decreases were observed in absolute counts of CD56dim NK cells, CD19+ B cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells 30 ​min and 24-h post-exercise in all three trials. Despite resulting in greater total work and oxygen consumption, MICE elicited similar changes in lymphocyte subset counts and receptor expression compared to both SIE and HIIE. Similarly, while the two interval trials resulted in differing oxygen consumption and total work, no differences in the lymphocyte response were observed. Though both forms of exercise resulted in declines in circulating lymphocyte cell counts, neither exercise type provides an immune-related advantage when matched for duration.

Acute Physiological Responses to Moderate-Intensity Continuous, High-Intensity Interval, and Variable-Intensity Intermittent Exercise

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study examined acute physiological responses to moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE), variable-intensity intermittent exercise (VIIE), and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) protocol, matched for total work output in healthy adults (n = 8, age = 25.1 ± 6.0 yrs). Methods: Three experimental trials were completed in a random order. MICE was continuous exercise at 40% of peak work rate (WRpeak). VIIE consisted of sixteen 10-sec bursts at 120% WRpeak, sixteen 20-sec bursts at 60% WRpeak and recovery at 20% WRpeak interspersed throughout the protocol. HIIE consisted of eight intervals of 2 minutes at 70% WRpeak and 1 minute at 20% WRpeak. Oxygen consumption during work-intervals and time within moderate and vigorous-intensity zones determined the magnitude and duration of physiological stresses. Perceptual responses were measured by affective response and post-exercise enjoyment (PACES). Repeated-measure ANOVAs analyzed differences between trials. Statistical significance was established if p ≤ 0.05. Results: Oxygen consumption during work-intervals in VIIE was greater than MICE, but less than HIIE. VIIE and HIIE had similar duration within vigorous-intensity zone (11.1 ± 3.5 min vs. 13.5 ± 1.3 min); both were greater than MICE (4.9 ± 1.1 min). The time spent in the moderate-intensity zone was different between all trials (VIIE = 11.1 ± 2.0 min; MICE = 17.4 ± 5.2 min; HIIE = 4.9 ± 0.4 min). Affective responses were similar among all trials. Post-exercise enjoyment was greater in VIIE than HIIE; both were not different from MICE. Conclusion: These results suggests the VIIE paradigm could be a viable alternative to HIIE and MICE protocols.

Acute high intensity interval exercise is similarly effective as moderate intensity continuous exercise on plasma glucose control in type 2 diabetic men aged 30 to 50 years: a randomized controlled trial.

The aim of this study was to compare the acute effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) versus moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in men aged 30-50 years with type 2 diabetes (T2D), hoping to provide empirical evidence for the effects of different exercise types on glucose management in T2D patients. Fourteen men with type 2 diabetes (T2D) underwent a randomized three crossover intervention: HIIE with cycling; energy expenditure matched MICE with cycling; and a sedentary control [CON]) in postprandial state. Plasma glucose and insulin levels were measured at pre-exercise, postexercise, 1 h postexercise, prelunch and 1 h postlunch, respectively. Responses of areas under the curve (AUC) during 4 h from pre-exercise to 1 h postlunch were also calculated. Both HIIE and MICE decreased plasma glucose and insulin levels during 4 h experimental period compared to CON, with significant intervention × time interaction effects for glucose (P=0.001) and insulin (P=0.006) values evolution. Area under curve (AUCs) for glucose and insulin were reduced in HIIE and MICE compared to CON (P<0.05), whereas no differences were found between HIIE and MICE. Acute HIIE and the matched MICE improve plasma glucose control in the same magnitude in type 2 diabetic men aged 30-50 years.

Effect of Exercise Intensity in Glut4 Expression on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Rat

Glucose transporter4 (GLUT4) is the main glucose transporter in skeletal muscle. Impaired GLUT4 expression plays a role in the disorders of glycemic homeostasis such as Type- 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Exercise can increase the GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscles so that glucose can get into the cells faster. The intensity of exercise is an important factor in reducing blood glucose levels in patients with T2DM. This study used stored biological material of gastrocnemius muscle from 15 T2DM models of Wistar rats. Rats were divided into three treatment groups namely P0 (no exercise, control), P1 (moderate-intensity continuous exercise), and P2 (vigorous-intensity continuous exercise), and treated for 8 weeks. Glut4 expression was determined by real time-PCR. The relative expression of the Glut4 gene was calculated using the Livak formula. Moderate-intensity exercise increased Glut4 expression by 2.39 times while vigorous-intensity exercise increased Glut4 expression 2.56 times compared to control. The vigorous-intensity continuous exercise expressed higher Glut4 expression than the moderate- intensity continuous one.

Effect of self-tailored high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness after myocardial infarction: A randomised controlled trial

BackgroundWhether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is more efficient than moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) to increase cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with acute coronary syndrome at moderate-to-high cardiovascular risk is controversial. The best approach to guide training intensity remains to be determined. ObjectiveWe aimed to assess intensities achieved with self-tailored HIIT and MICE according to perceived exertion and to compare the effect on cardiorespiratory fitness in patients early after ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). MethodsWe included 69 males starting cardiac rehabilitation within 4 weeks after STEMI. After a 3-week run-in phase with MICE, 35 patients were randomised to 9 weeks of HIIT (2×HIIT and 1×MICE per week) and 34 patients to MICE (3×MICE). Training workload for MICE was initially set at the patients’ first ventilatory threshold (VT). HIIT consisted of 4×4-min intervals with a workload above the second VT in high intervals. Training intensity was adjusted weekly to maintain the perceived exertion (Borg score 13–14 for MICE, ≥15 for HIIT). Session duration was 38min in both groups. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing pre- and post-intervention. ResultsBoth groups improved peak VO2 (ml/kg/min) (HIIT +1.9, P<0.001; MICE +3.2, P<0.001, Cohen's d −0.4), but changes in VO2 were not significantly different between groups (P=0.104). Exercise regimes did not differ between groups in terms of energy expenditure or training time, but perceived exertion was higher with HIIT. ConclusionsSelf-tailored HIIT was feasible in patients early after STEMI. It was more strenuous but not superior nor more time-efficient than MICE in improving peak VO2.The trial was registered at ClinicalTrial.gov (NCT02627586).

High intensity interval training versus moderate intensity continuous training for people with interstitial lung disease: protocol for a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundInterstitial lung disease is a debilitating condition associated with significant dyspnoea, fatigue, and poor exercise tolerance. Pulmonary rehabilitation is an effective and key intervention in people with interstitial lung disease. However, despite the best efforts of patients and clinicians, many of those who participate are not achieving clinically meaningful benefits. This assessor-blinded, multi-centre, randomised controlled trial aims to compare the clinical benefits of high intensity interval exercise training versus the standard pulmonary rehabilitation method of continuous training at moderate intensity in people with fibrotic interstitial lung disease.MethodsEligible participants will be randomised to either a standard pulmonary rehabilitation group using moderate intensity continuous exercise training or high intensity interval exercise training. Participants in both groups will undertake an 8-week pulmonary rehabilitation program of twice-weekly supervised exercise training including aerobic (cycling) and strengthening exercises. In addition, participants in both groups will be prescribed a home exercise program.Outcomes will be assessed at baseline, upon completion of the intervention and at six months following the intervention by a blinded assessor. The primary outcome is endurance time on a constant work rate test. Secondary outcomes are functional capacity (6-min walk distance), health-related quality of life (Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ), St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis specific version (SGRQ-I), breathlessness (Dyspnoea 12, Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnoea Scale), fatigue (fatigue severity scale), anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), physical activity level (GeneActiv), skeletal muscle changes (ultrasonography) and completion and adherence to pulmonary rehabilitation.DiscussionThe standard exercise training strategies used in pulmonary rehabilitation may not provide an optimal exercise training stimulus for people with interstitial lung disease. This study will determine whether high intensity interval training can produce equivalent or even superior changes in exercise performance and symptoms. If high intensity interval training proves effective, it will provide an exercise training strategy that can readily be implemented into clinical practice for people with interstitial lung disease.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT03800914). Registered 11 January 2019, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03800914Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12619000019101. Registered 9 January 2019, https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=376050&isReview=true

Acute Interval and Continuous Moderate Intensity Exercise Enhanced Circadian Thermogenic Activity through Browning related Genes in Obese Adolescent Female

Thermogenesis is associated with oxidation activity in muscle and fat tissue, the target of non-pharmacological therapy in preventing the increase in obesity. This research was designed to reveal the circadian profile of thermogenic gene expression after the acute interval and continuous moderate-intensity exercise. The subjects were 22 randomly selected obese adolescent females who met the predetermined inclusion criteria. The study subjects were then divided into three groups: control group (CG), acute interval moderate-intensity exercise group (AIMIE), and acute continuous moderate-intensity exercise group (ACMIE). Acute interval and continuous exercise were performed by running on a treadmill for 40-45 minutes, while moderate-intensity was defined as 60%-70% of the maximum heart rate (HRmax). The blood samples were collected initially (pre-exercise), followed by 10 minutes, 6 hours, and 24 hours post-acute interval and continuous moderate-intensity exercise treatment. Measurement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) and fibronectin type III domain 5 (FNDC-5) expressions in protein level were confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Data were analyzed using one way-ANOVA and two way-ANOVA with a significant level of 5%. The findings suggest a substantial increase in the expression of PGC-1α and FNDC-5 after exercise compared to before the workout. A significant difference in PGC-1α and FNDC-5 expressions between the control group compared to AIMIE and ACMIE (p ≤ 0.05) has been observed. However, there is no significant difference in PGC-1α and FNDC-5 expressions after exercise between AIMIE and ACMIE (p ≥ 0.05). In conclusion, acute interval and continuous moderate-intensity exercise increase the expression of thermogenesis-related genes. Hence, acute interval and continuous moderate-intensity exercise might be potential non-pharmacological therapy to prevent, reduce, and control the increasing prevalence of obesity.

Acute exercise-induced changes in learning-related biomarkers and word learning success

Background: Acute exercise performed prior to a language learning task can improve learning in young adults. This has been linked with increases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We have previously shown that in older adults with lower baseline learning abilities, a single bout of moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) improves immediate word learning performance, however, potential biomarkers responsible are yet to be investigated within this same sample. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute exercise intensities on biomarker levels and their relationship with word learning success in older adults with lower and higher baseline learning abilities.

Acute Effects of Different Exercise Intensities on Executive Function and Oculomotor Performance in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise vs. High-Intensity Interval Exercise

A wealth of evidence has shown that a single bout of aerobic exercise can facilitate executive function. However, none of current studies on this topic have addressed whether the magnitude of the acute-exercise benefit on executive function and oculomotor performance is influenced by different aerobic exercise modes. The present study was thus aimed toward an investigation of the acute effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) vs. moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on executive-related oculomotor performance in healthy late middle-aged and older adults. Using a within-subject design, twenty-two participants completed a single bout of 30 min of HIIE, MICE, or a non-exercise-intervention (REST) session in a counterbalanced order. The behavioral [e.g., reaction times (RTs), coefficient of variation (CV) of the RT], and oculomotor (e.g., saccade amplitude, saccade latency, and saccadic peak velocity) indices were measured when participants performed antisaccade and prosaccade tasks prior to and after an intervention mode. The results showed that a 30-min single-bout of HIIE and MICE interventions shortened the RTs in the antisaccade task, with the null effect on the CV of the RT in the late middle-aged and older adults. In terms of oculomotor metrics, although the two exercise modes could not modify the performance in terms of saccade amplitudes and saccade latencies, the participants’ saccadic peak velocities while performing the oculomotor paradigm were significantly altered only following an acute HIIE intervention. The present findings suggested that a 30-min single-bout of HIIE and MICE interventions modulated post-exercise antisaccade control on behavioral performance (e.g., RTs). Nevertheless, the HIIE relative MICE mode appears to be a more effective aerobic exercise in terms of oculomotor control (e.g., saccadic peak velocities) in late middle-aged and older adults.

Inclusion of sprints during moderate-intensity continuous exercise enhances post-exercise fat oxidation in young males.

To assess the physiological demands of including high-intensity efforts during continuous exercise, we designed a randomized crossover study, in which 12 physically active young males executed 3 different exercises in random order: FATmax - continuous exercise at the highest fat oxidation zone; 2min-130% - FATmax interspersed by a 2-minute bout at 130% of the maximal oxygen uptake associated intensity (iV̇O2max); and 20s:10s-170% - FATmax interspersed by four 20-s bouts at 170%iV̇O2max interpolated by 10s of passive recovery. We measured oxygen uptake (V̇O2), blood lactate concentration ([LAC]), respiratory exchange rate (RER), and fat and carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation. For statistical analyses, repeated-measures ANOVA was applied. Although no differences were found for average V̇O2 or carbohydrate oxidation rate, the post-exercise fat oxidation rate was 37.5% and 50% higher during the 2min-130% and 20s:10s-170% protocols, respectively, compared with the FATmax protocol, which also presented lower values of RER during exercise compared with 2min-130% and 20s:10s-170% (p < 0.001 in both), and higher values post-exercise (p = 0.04 and p = 0.002, respectively). [LAC] was higher during exercise when high-intensity bouts were applied (p < 0.001 for both) and was higher at post-exercise during the intermittent bouts compared with FATmax (p = 0.016). The inclusion of high-intensity efforts during moderate-intensity continuous exercise promoted higher physiological demands and post-exercise fat oxidation. Novelty: The inclusion of 2-minute efforts modifies continuous exercise demands. Maximal efforts can increase post-exercise fat oxidation. 2-minute maximal efforts, continuous or intermittent, presents similar demands.

Impact of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise on heart rate variability and cardiac troponin

It remains uncertain whether exercise modality (high-intensity interval [HIE]; moderate-intensity continuous [MCE]) mediates exercise-induced changes in markers of pro-arrhythmogenic state and/or cardiac damage. This study examines heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) kinetic responses to HIE and MCE. Fourteen sedentary, overweight/obese females completed two trials including HIE (2-min running at 90% V̇O<inf>2max</inf> followed by 2-min running at 50% V̇O<inf>2max</inf>, repeated for 60 min) and MCE (70% V̇O<inf>2max</inf> steady-state running for 60 min) in a randomized, counterbalanced fashion. Supine HRV was evaluated as root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), normalized low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) spectral power, as well as the LF/HF ratio before (PRE), immediately (0 HR), 3 (3 HR) and 24 (24 HR) hours after exercise. Serum cTnT was assessed using a high-sensitivity assay at the same time-points and the values were corrected for plasma volume changes. Exercise temporarily altered all HRV indices (i.e. RMSSD and HF decreased; LF and LF/HF ratio increased at 0 HR, all P<0.05) but a rebound increase of RMSSD was observed at 24 HR, and the kinetic responses of HRV were similar between exercise modalities. The cTnT was significantly elevated (P<0.05) after exercise at 3 HR (by 688%) and 24 HR (by 374%) with no between-modality differences. There was no significant correlation between delta change in cTnT and HRV metrics. Exercise modality (workload-equivalent HIE vs. MCE) did not mediate exercise-induced alteration in autonomic activity and cTnT elevation, and it seems these are largely separate exercise-induced phenomena.

The Acute Effects of Different Exercise Intensities on Associative Novel Word Learning in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Recent studies show positive effects of acute exercise on language learning in young adults with lower baseline learning abilities; however, this is yet to be investigated in older adults. This study investigated the acute effects of different exercise intensities on new word learning in healthy older adults with lower and higher baseline learning abilities. Sixty older adults (mean age = 66.4 (4.6); 43 females) performed either a single bout of stretching exercise, moderate-intensity continuous exercise, or high-intensity interval exercise followed by a word learning task. In lower baseline learners, between-group differences were observed on immediate new word recall success, with the moderate-intensity continuous exercise group performing better than the stretching group. These findings suggest immediate benefits of moderate-intensity continuous exercise that are limited to word learning performance of older adults with lower baseline learning abilities. Further investigation into underlying mechanisms could lead to a better understanding of individual differences in responding to acute exercise.

Inflammation and metabolism gene sets in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue are altered 1 hour after exercise in adults with obesity.

Although the health benefits of exercise in adults with obesity are well described, the direct effects of exercise on adipose tissue that may lead to improved metabolic health are poorly understood. The primary aims of this study were to perform an unbiased analysis of the subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue transcriptomic response to acute exercise in adults with obesity, and to compare the effects of moderate-intensity continuous exercise versus high-intensity interval exercise on this response. Twenty-nine adults with obesity performed a session of either high-intensity interval exercise (HI; 10 × 1 min at 90%HRpeak, 1 min recovery between intervals; n = 14) or moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MI; 45 min at 70%HRpeak; n = 15). Groups were well matched for BMI (HI 33 ± 3 vs. MI 33 ± 4 kg/m2), sex (HI: 9 women vs. MI: 10 women), and age (HI: 32 ± 6 vs. MI: 29 ± 5). Subcutaneous adipose tissue was collected before and 1 h after the session of HI or MI, and samples were processed for RNA sequencing. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed 7 of 21 gene sets enriched postexercise overlapped between HI and MI. Interestingly, both HI and MI upregulated gene sets involved in inflammation (IL6-JAK-STAT3 signaling, allograft rejection, TNFα signaling via NFκB, and inflammatory response; FDR q value < 0.25). Exercise also downregulated adipogenic and oxidative metabolism gene sets in both groups. Overall, these data suggest genes involved in subcutaneous adipose tissue metabolism and inflammation may be an important part of the initial response after a session of exercise.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study compared the effects of a single session of high-intensity interval exercise versus moderate-intensity continuous exercise on transcriptional changes in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue collected from adults with obesity. Our novel findings indicate exercise upregulated inflammation-related gene sets, while it downregulated metabolism-related gene sets - after both high-intensity and moderate-intensity exercise. These data suggest exercise can alter the adipose tissue transcriptome 1 h after exercise in ways that may impact inflammation and metabolism.

Working it out: acute exercise to combat anxiety and depressive symptoms in individuals living with subsyndromal post-traumatic stress disorder

ABSTRACT Exercise has significantly reduced symptoms of mental health disorders, but often overlooked is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Purpose Examine the effects of moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise (MICE) and high-intensity functional exercise (HIFE), relative to an inactive control (SED), in participants with subsyndromal PTSD (sub-PTSD). Methods: Participants [N = 24, 9 males; age (M ± SD) = 25.9 ± 9.2 yrs] with sub-PTSD completed a VO2max test on day 1. Participants then completed 35-min MICE, HIFE, and SED conditions on days 2-4. Exercise conditions included a 5-min warm-up and cool-down, with 25-min exercise between 65–70 percent VO2max for MICE and an average of 80.36 ± 6.95 percent VO2max for HIFE. Anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed before (Pre), immediately (Post0), 20-min (Post20) and 40-minutes after (Post40) each condition. Results Anxiety Post40 was significantly less than Pre for HIFE [d = 1.05], MICE [d = 0.78], and SED [d = 0.53]. Depression Post40 was significantly less than Pre for HIFE [d = 0.76], MICE [d = 0.84], and SED [d = 0.32]. Conclusion Exercise significantly reduced anxiety and depression to a greater extent than SED. This study provides evidence for exercise-induced short-term improvements in comorbid psychological conditions associated with sub-PTSD. Implications for individuals experiencing clinical levels of PTSD could be vast and warrant further investigation.

Comparison of the Sustainability Effects of High-Intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on Cognitive Flexibility.

This study examined the immediate and sustained effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on cognitive flexibility in young adults. Participants (n = 56) engaged in (1) a session of HIIE, involving 10 sets of one-minute treadmill running at an intensity targeting 90% heart rate reserve (HRR) interspersed with self-paced walking at 50% HRR; (2) a session of MICE, involving a 20 min treadmill running at an intensity of 40–59% HRR; and (3) a control session, involving 24 min of resting on separate days in a counterbalanced order. Using a more-odd shifting task, cognitive flexibility was assessed before the intervention (t0), immediately after the session (t1), and then at 30 min (t2) after the session. During the more-odd shifting task, the switch cost of response time (RT) immediately after the HIIE was significantly reduced compared to that before exercise, suggesting beneficial effects on cognitive flexibility. Additionally, the impacts of HIIE were maintained for 30 min post-exercise. However, improved cognitive flexibility was not observed until 30 min after the MICE intervention. HIIE might represent a time-efficient approach for enhancing cognitive flexibility.

Effects of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval, moderate-intensity continuous and self-selected intensity exercise training protocols on cognitive inhibitory control in overweight/obese adults: A randomized trial

ABSTRACT Growing evidence shows that aerobic exercise improves cognitive function. However, it is unclear how exercising at different exercise intensities affects cognitive inhibitory control in overweight/obese adults. Herein we compared the effects of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), and self-selected intensity training (SSIT) on cognitive inhibitory control in overweight/obese adults. A total of 64 adults (59.4% women, 31.3 ± 7.1 years, 29 ± 2.5 kg/m²) were randomized into three walking/running groups: HIIT, MICT and SSIT. All groups performed three exercise sessions per week on an outdoor running track for 12 weeks. Cognitive inhibitory control was assessed at baseline and after the exercising programs using a computerized version of the Stroop Color-Words test. The HIIT and SSIT resulted in a faster Stroop effect (i.e. enhanced performance) when compared to MICT (p=.018; p= .026), however, there were no significant differences between the HIIT and SSIT groups (p> .05). The enhanced Stroop effect was correlated with increases in cardiorespiratory fitness after HIIT (r= −.521, p= .018) and decreases in body fat after MICT (r= .671, p= .001). These findings may suggest that overweight/obese adults performing exercise interventions at higher intensities or self-selected intensity may enhance their cognitive ability to inhibit automated behavioral responses. Highlights HIIT and/or SSIT are more effective than MICT in improving cognitive inhibitory control after 12-weeks in overweight/obese adults. Increases in cardiorespiratory fitness and decreases in body fat after HIIT and MICT were correlated with improvements in cognitive inhibitory control. Our study highlights the possibility of performing different exercise programs in an outdoor environment to improve cognitive function in overweight/obese adults.

Different Endurance Exercise Modalities, Different Affective Response: A Within-Subject Study.

Affect experienced during an exercise session is supposed to predict future exercise behavior. However, empirical evidence reveals high variability in affective response to different exercise modalities. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to compare acute affective response and its variation during three different endurance exercise modalities: (a) moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE), (b) vigorous-intensity continuous exercise (VICE), and (c) high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Using the dual-mode theory as a theoretical framework, cognitive and interoceptive factors were considered as potential predictors of in-task affective response. In a within-subject design, 40 insufficiently active healthy participants (aged from 20 to 40 years) attended three sessions per exercise modality on a cycle ergometer. Affective valence (measured by the Feeling Scale), two cognitive factors (perceived competence and awareness of interoceptive cues), and one interoceptive factor (heart rate) were assessed before, during, and after each exercise session. Mixed models with three levels (subject, exercise session, and time point) revealed more positive affective valence during MICE compared with VICE (p < 0.001) and HIIE (p < 0.01), while there was no significant difference between the latter two. Levene's test results showed the highest variability of in-task affective valence during VICE (ps < 0.01). Regarding the course across the session, MICE was associated with a constant slight increase in affective valence from pre- to post-exercise (p < 0.05), whereas VICE and HIIE caused a decline in pleasure, followed by an affective rebound immediately after exercise termination (ps < 0.01). The highest importance of cognitive and interoceptive factors for in-task affective valence was observed in VICE (ps < 0.05). The current findings provide support for the tenets of the dual-mode theory, however, indicating that there may be differences in the affect-intensity relationship between continuous and interval exercise. In conclusion, the study results concerning previously insufficiently active individuals extend the knowledge of how exercise can positively shape affective well-being depending on exercise modality and psychophysiological influences. This knowledge enables public health practitioners to design more individualized activity recommendations, thereby improving the subjective experience of exercise.

The increase of uncoupling protein-1 expression after moderate intensity continuous exercises in obese females

This study aims to prove an increase in the expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) after moderate-intensity continuous exercise in obese females. The present study employed a true-experimental with the randomized control group pretest-posttest design. A total of 12 obese females were enrolled in this study and given moderate-intensity continuous exercise. Continuous exercise was done with an intensity of 60-70% HRmax for 40 minutes using a treadmill. The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method was used to examine the expression of UCP-1. Data were analyzed using independent samples t-test with statistics packet for social science (SPSS) software version 17. The results obtained mean UCP-1 expression on K1 between pre-exercise (3.68±0.46) ng/mL, post-exercise (3.73±0.69) ng/mL and (p=0.875). Mean UCP-1 expression on K2 between pre-exercise (3.64±1.52) ng/mL, post-exercise (6.83±0.64) ng/mL and (p=0.001). Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that there is an increase in UCP-1 expression between before and after moderate-intensity continuous exercise in obese females. Future studies are suggested to compare the effect of acute exercise with moderate intensity chronic exercise on increasing UCP-1 expression in obese females.

Similar fat and carbohydrate oxidation in response to arm cycling exercise in persons with spinal cord injury versus able-bodied

Context Persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) present with low fat oxidation that is associated with poor cardiometabolic health. This study compared changes in fat and carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation during moderate intensity continuous exercise in persons with SCI and able-bodied adults (AB). Design Repeated measures, within-subjects study. Setting University laboratory in San Diego, CA. Participants Nine men and women with SCI (age and time since injury = 32 ± 11 yr and 7 ± 6 yr) and 10 AB adults (age = 25 ± 8 yr). Interventions To assess peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and peak power output (PPO), participants performed progressive arm ergometry to volitional exhaustion. Subsequently, they completed 25 min of continuous exercise at 45%PPO. Outcome Measures Respiratory exchange ratio (RER), fat and CHO oxidation, and blood lactate concentration (BLa) were assessed. Results Data showed a similar RER (P = 0.98) during exercise in SCI (0.97 ± 0.04) versus AB (0.97 ± 0.03) reflecting high CHO use and no differences in BLa (3.5 ± 1.1 and 3.0 ± 0.9 vs. mM, P = 0.56) or fat and CHO oxidation between groups (P > 0.05). However, participants with SCI exercised at a higher relative intensity (P < 0.01, 84 ± 7 vs. 75 ± 7%HRpeak) versus AB. Conclusion Data confirm high reliance on CHO during arm ergometry in persons with SCI. To better compare substrate utilization to AB adults, we recommend that exercise be prescribed according to peak heart rate due to differences in cardiorespiratory fitness between groups.

Effects of Exercise Structure and Modality on Physiological and Perceptual Responses to Exercise.

Bogdanis, GC, Mallios, VJ, Katsikas, C, Fouseki, T, Holman, I, Smith, C, and Astorino, TA. Effects of exercise structure and modality on physiological and perceptual responses to exercise. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2427-2432, 2021-This study examined the effect of exercise mode and intensity on physiological and perceptual responses to exercise. Twelve active adults (6 men and 6 women, age = 21.7 ± 1.6 years) initially performed incremental testing on the treadmill (TM) and cycle ergometer (CE) to assess maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) and ventilatory threshold (VT). During the next 4 visits in a randomized order, subjects performed 20 minutes of moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) at an intensity 20% below VT on the TM (TMMICE) and cycle ergometer (CEMICE) as well as time-matched high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE; 10 1-minute bouts at workload equal to 20% above VT followed by 1-minute active recovery) on both modes (TMHIIE and CEHIIE). During exercise, gas exchange data, blood lactate concentration, and perceptual responses (rating of perceived exertion, affective valence, and enjoyment) were assessed. Heart rate (p < 0.001) and V̇o2 (p < 0.001) were higher in response to TMHIIE vs. CEHIIE as well as TMMICE vs. CEMICE. Blood lactate concentration was higher (p = 0.003) in response to CEHIIE vs. TMHIIE. The rating of perceived exertion was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in TMMICE compared with CEMICE which showed the most positive affective valence (p = 0.009). Enjoyment was similar across all bouts (p = 0.11). Treadmill-based HIIE leads to higher heart rate and V̇o2 vs. CEHIIE, although there was no difference in affective valence or enjoyment. Practitioners aiming to optimize the cardiorespiratory response to moderate or interval exercise in their clientele should recommend TM running rather than cycling.