Moderate Heat Treatment Research Articles

Effect of Water Jet Cutting and Moderate Heat Treatment on Quality of Fresh-Cut Red Oak Leaf Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. crispa)

Fresh-cut red oak leaf lettuce was produced by six different processing lines in order to assess the effect of water jet cutting (nozzle diameter 0.1 mm, pressure 2,500 bar) versus blade cutting as well as washing with cold and warm water (4 and 45 °C, 120 s) prior to and after shredding, respectively. Throughout refrigerated storage (4 °C, 12 days), O2 and CO2 levels in the modified atmosphere of the consumer-sized sample bags were monitored, and fresh-cut products and process water were subjected to microbiological analysis. As further quality parameters, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity as well as levels of chlorophyll a and b, β-carotene and cyanidin 3-O-(6”-O-malonyl)-glucoside were determined by HPLC with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and HPLC coupled with diode array detection and tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MSn) throughout storage. Additionally, visual appearance and cut edge browning were assessed by sensorial evaluation and stereo microscopy on storage day 8. Microbiological quality throughout commercial shelf life was best retained by warm water washing of shredded lettuce. Furthermore, moderate heat treatment significantly reduced PAL activity and cut edge browning without affecting pigment contents and vitality of the lettuce tissue. Additionally, warm water treatment significantly lowered the microbial load in the process water. Throughout storage, water jet cutting did not affect the microbial, physiological and sensorial fresh-cut lettuce quality compared to blade cutting using a newly sharpened blade, thus indicating a similar degree of wounding due to the cutting techniques applied. The application of a pre-washing step prior to shredding was found to be suitable to reduce the risk of cross-contamination in subsequent process steps.

Low-Allergenic Hydrolyzed Egg Induces Oral Tolerance in Mice

Background: Egg allergy is one of the most common food allergies in children. The standard therapy for egg allergy is strict avoidance. Yet, there is considerable clinical and scientific interest in primary or secondary prevention. A major drawback of oral tolerance (OT) induction protocols, however, is the possibility of severe side effects; thus, we have formulated a hypoallergenic egg product and demonstrate its in vivo capacity to modulate the immune system in the current study. Methods: Hydrolyzed egg (HE) was produced using a combination of moderate heat treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. The capacity of HE to induce OT was tested in experimental models and compared to whole egg (WE). Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, immune markers and potential early markers of OT were analyzed. Results: Allergic responses, assessed by both DTH responses upon OVA challenge and serum OVA-specific IgE and IgG1, were decreased after treatment with HE and WE compared to the control group. Additionally, feeding WE and HE significantly decreased Th2 cytokine induction and cell proliferation, induced the activation of effector CD4+ T cells and increased numbers and percentages of ICOS+CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells. Furthermore, DO11.10 mouse experiments showed that HE contains other peptides than the OVA_323-339 peptide that are able to induce tolerance to OVA. Conclusions: Altogether, results showed that HE induces OT in mice in a dose-dependent manner. Due to its low allergenicity compared to WE, it may represent a safer alternative for OT induction in at-risk subjects or oral immunotherapy in allergic patients.

An experimental study of the reactivity of cellulosic-based chars from wastes

The objectives of this work were to determine the reactivity of the chars of different cellulosic-based wastes. In energy recovery from waste, the burnout of chars is a part of the overall complex combustion process. Being able to establish simple models for the char burnout process is therefore important. In this study, chars made from wood chips, newspaper and glossy paper were chosen as being representative of the cellulosic fractions of municipal solid waste. The ash content of these parent materials ranged from 0.4% to 24.8% by weight, on a dry basis. After devolatilization, the chars had ash contents in the range 2.2–61.8%.The reactivities of the chars examined were determined from weight loss and surface area measurements. Weight loss was measured via thermogravimetry and surface areas were measured via gas adsorption techniques using CO2 as the adsorbing gas.The reactivity of each of the cellulosic-based chars was found to be a function of conversion. The glossy paper char was found to be much more reactive than the wood-chip char, which in turn was found to be slightly more reactive than the newspaper char. In order to obtain the reactivity for the glossy paper char from the gravimetric measurements, it was crucial to account for calcium carbonate in the sample, a clay used in the paper-making process to give the paper its glossy appearance. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) desorbs CO2 at the high temperatures used during char preparation and adsorbs CO2 at the low temperatures used in the reactivity tests to ensure kinetics-limited oxidation.The average intrinsic reactivities for the three chars, during reaction in 10vol.% oxygen at 500°C and atmospheric pressure, were found to be 0.46×10-6,0.21×10-6 and 1.36×10-6gm-2s-1, respectively, for the wood-chip, newspaper and glossy-paper chars and the corresponding peak reactivities were 1.43×10-6,1.06×10-6and 5.80×10-6gm-2s-1. The reactivities for the chars differ as a function of conversion and ash content, but no trend in terms of either increasing or decreasing reactivity with increasing ash content was found. Moderate heat treatment, where the char is exposed to 1277°C for 47ms, had no significant influence on char reactivity.

Effect of high pressure carbon dioxide on the properties of water soluble pectin in peach juice

To better understand the pectin and its role in precipitation formation in peach juice induced by high pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) in a previous study, demethoxylation, molecular weight distribution (MWD), ξ-potential, rheological properties and nanostructure of water soluble pectin (WSP) from peach juice treated by combining HPCD with pectin methylesterase (PME) were studied. The MWD, ξ-potential and nanostructure of WSP were not changed, whereas demethoxylation reaction was stimulated by HPCD. Significant decreases in degree of methoxylation (DM) and apparent viscosity of WSP were obtained with PME action after moderate heat treatment (MHT) at 55 °C, and the nanostructure image of WSP exhibited more aggregation than control and HPCD alone. PME in buffer system was susceptible to HPCD, whereas it in juice was difficult to be inactivated by HPCD. It was deduced that the properties and structure of pectin could be significantly changed with PME action in peach juice after HPCD. The apparent viscosity of WSP in peach juice could be decreased due to demethoxylation reaction catalyzed by PME in HPCD-treated juice, resulting in the aggregation of WSP, and finally contributing to accelerate the formation of precipitation in peach juice.

Fate of organic matter during moderate heat treatment of sludge: kinetics of biopolymer and hydrolytic activity release and impact on sludge reduction by anaerobic digestion

Temperature-phased anaerobic digestion with a 50-70 °C pre-treatment is widely proposed for sludge. Here, such a sludge pre-treatment (65 °C) was studied against the physical, enzymatic and biodegradation processes. The soluble and particulate fractions were analysed in terms of biochemical composition and hydrolytic enzymatic activities. Two kinetics of organic matter solubilisation were observed: a rapid transfer of the weak-linked biopolymers to the water phase, including sugars, proteins or humic acid-like substances, to the water phase, followed by a slow and long-term solubilisation of proteins and humic acid-like substances. In addition, during the heat treatment a significant pool of thermostable hydrolytic enzymes including proteases, lipases and glucosidases remains active. Consequently, a global impact on organic matter was the transfer of the biodegradable chemical oxygen demand (COD) from the particulate to the soluble fraction as evaluated by the biological methane potential test. However, the total biodegradable COD content of the treated sludge remained constant. The heat process improves the bio-accessibility of the biodegradable molecules but doesn't increase the inherent sludge biodegradability, suggesting that the chemistry of the refractory proteins and humic acids seems to be the real limit to sludge digestion.

Influence of the Freeze-Drying Process on the Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Pre-heated Amphotericin B Micellar Systems

The moderate heat treatment of amphotericin B (AmB) in its micellar form (M-AmB) results in superaggregates (H-AmB) that present a substantially lower toxicity and similar activity. The aim of this work was to evaluate the H-AmB behavior after a freeze-drying process. H-AmB and M-AmB micelles were evaluated before and after freeze-drying concerning their physicochemical and biological properties by spectrophotometry and activity/toxicity assay, respectively. Four concentrations of M-AmB and H-AmB were studied aiming to correlate their aggregation state and the respective biological behavior: 50 mg L(-1), 5 mg L(-1), 0.5 mg L(-1), and 0.05 mg L(-1). Then, potassium leakage and hemoglobin leakage from red blood cells were used to evaluate the acute and chronic toxicity, respectively. The efficacy of M-AmB and H-AmB formulations was assessed by potassium leakage from Candida albicans and by the broth microdilution method. After heating, in addition to an evident turbidity, a slight blueshift from 327 to 323 nm was also observed at the concentrations of 50 and 5 mg L(-1) for H-AmB. Additionally, an increase in the absorbance at 323 nm at the concentration of 0.5 mg L(-1) was detected. Concerning the toxicity, H-AmB caused significantly lower hemoglobin leakage than M-AmB. These results were observed for H-AmB before and after freeze-drying. However, there was no difference between H-AmB and M-AmB concerning their activity. Accordingly, the freeze-drying cycle did not show any influence on the behavior of heated formulations, highlighting the suitability of such a method to produce a new AmB product with a long shelf life and with both greater efficiency and less toxicity.

Gas-Reduction–Nitridation Synthesis of CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ Fine Powder Phosphors for Solid-State Lighting

CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ fine powder phosphors were successfully synthesized from the fully oxidic system CaO/Al2O3/SiO2 using the gas-reduction–nitridation (GRN) method. The GRN reaction was conducted at low temperatures of ∼1370 °C to obtain nitrided precursor powders that could be converted into nearly single-phase CaAlSiN3 by a moderate heat treatment at 1600 °C for 4 h in a N2 atmosphere of 0.92 MPa. Highly efficient CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ red-emitting phosphors were obtained using a fluoride activator, with external quantum efficiencies of up to 72%.

Isomerization and increase in the antioxidant properties of lycopene from Momordica cochinchinensis (gac) by moderate heat treatment with UV–Vis spectra as a marker

Momordica cochinchinensis (gac) is a plant rich in lycopene. This pigment tends to solubilize in oil and get damaged during extraction. The impact of heating on cis-isomerization of oil-free lycopene in hexane was studied at 50 and 80°C during 240min with UV–Vis spectrometry, DAD–HPLC and TEAC test. The initial all-trans-form isomerized to the 13-cis isomer more rapidly at 80°C. After this treatment, 16% of the lycopene compounds were in the 9-cis-form. This isomer triggered an increase in the antioxidant properties which was detectable from concentrations above 9% and resulted in a change from 2.4 to 3.7μmol Trolox equivalent. It is thus possible to increase the bioactivity of lycopene samples by controlling heating. The evolution of ratios calculated from the global UV–Vis spectrum was representative of cis-isomerization and spectrometry can thus be a simple way to evaluate the state of isomerization of lycopene solutions.

Elimination of Acrylamide by Moderate Heat Treatment below 120°C with Lysine and Cysteine

Elimination of Acrylamide by Moderate Heat Treatment below 120°C with Lysine and Cysteine

Synthesis and magnetic properties of magnetite-silicate nanocomposites derived from iron oxide of bacterial origin

Magnetic nanocomposites containing magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were prepared from iron oxide microtubules produced by Leptothrix ochracea, a species of water-habitant iron-oxidizing bacteria. The microtubules were mainly composed of Si-containing ferric hydroxide that shows a broad X-ray diffraction pattern similar to that of 2-line ferrihydrite. After moderate heat treatment in a reductive atmosphere above 325°C, the ferric ions were partially reduced to a ferrous state, and nanocrystalline Fe3O4 with a spinel-type structure was formed in a noncrystalline silicate matrix. The average crystallite size of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles was estimated to be in the order of a few nanometers. The sample heat-treated at 500°C exhibited considerable magnetization together with superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature, and super-spin-glass interaction occurred at low temperature. On further heat treatment above 530°C, Fe3O4 was reduced to wüstite (Fe1−xO) and finally crystallized into iron metal (α-Fe) and ferrous silicate (Fe2SiO4).

Polyphenol content and modulatory activities of some tropical dietary plant extracts on the oxidant activities of neutrophils and myeloperoxidase.

Young leaves of Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae), Abelmoschus esculentus (Malvaceae), Hibiscus acetosella (Malvaceae) and Pteridium aquilinum (Dennstaedtiaceae) are currently consumed as green vegetables by peoples in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, Asia and their migrants living in Western Europe. Sub-Saharan peoples use Manihot, Abelmoschus and Hibiscus also in the folk medicine to alleviate fever and pain, in the treatment of conjunctivitis, rheumatism, hemorrhoid, abscesses, ... The present study investigates the effects of aqueous extracts of those plants on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) by equine neutrophils activated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). The ROS production was measured by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL), and the release of total MPO by an ELISA method. The study also investigates the effect of the extracts on the activity of MPO by studying its nitration activity on tyrosine and by using a new technique called SIEFED (Specific Immunological Extraction Followed by Enzymatic Detection) that allows studying the direct interaction of compounds with the enzyme. In all experiments, the aqueous extracts of the plants developed concentration-dependent inhibitory effects. A moderate heat treatment did not significantly modify the inhibitory capacity of the extracts in comparison to not heated ones. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were determined with an HPLC-UV/DAD analysis and a spectroscopic method using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Some polyphenols with well-known antioxidant activities (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, rosmarinic acid and rutin) were found in the extracts and may partly explain the inhibitory activities observed. The role of those dietary and medicinal plants in the treatment of ROS-dependent inflammatory diseases could have new considerations for health.

High performance sputtered LiCoO 2 thin films obtained at a moderate annealing treatment combined to a bias effect

LiCoO 2 thin films have been successfully deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering onto aluminum substrate and post-annealed at a lower temperature of 500 °C compared to usual annealing treatments. We demonstrate that an appropriate combination of key deposition parameters including a high working pressure and a substrate bias enables for the first time the reproducible synthesis at this moderate temperature of high performance layered HT-LiCoO 2 thin films. The morphology, the structure and the electrochemical behaviour of the deposits have been examined as a function of the working gas pressure ranging from 0.55 Pa to 3 Pa. Raman microspectrometry has been thoroughly used to characterize the structure of the thin films: a mixture of the layered HT-LiCoO 2 and the cubic LT-LiCoO 2 phases is systematically revealed in the absence of substrate bias and for the first time, the access to the relative amount of both compounds is allowed. A promoting effect of increasing gas pressure on the formation of the layered HT-LiCoO 2 phase is demonstrated, the HT/LT relative amount increasing from 1:3 at 0.55 Pa to 3:4 at 3 Pa. In a second step, we show that the effect of substrate bias combined with high values of working gas pressure and a moderate heat treatment (500 °C) leads to the formation of pure HT-LiCoO 2 thin films at 3 Pa, with very attractive electrochemical properties: a high specific capacity of 67 μA h cm −2 μm −1 at C/5 rate, a good adherence to the substrate and the best capacity retention known for a LiCoO 2 film in liquid electrolyte (4.2–3 V).

Synthesis and anomalous magnetic properties of LaFeO 3 nanoparticles by hot soap method

Nanocrystalline LaFeO 3 particles were synthesized at low temperatures by using hot soap technique. The synthesis was based on the thermal decomposition of organometallic compounds precipitated in a hot coordinating solvent. Moderate heat treatment at low temperature far below the combustion point of organic compounds produced spherical LaFeO 3 nanoparticles with average diameter of about 15 nm. The crystalline phase, structure and particle size of obtained products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy observations. In spite of the antiferromagnetic nature of bulk LaFeO 3, the obtained nanoparticles exhibited anomalous large magnetization. Superparamagnetic behavior with a blocking temperature of about 30 K was observed in both magnetization and Mössbauer spectroscopic analyses.

Structural evolution of graphite oxide during heat treatment

Structural evolution of graphite oxide (GO) during annealing was studied using different techniques. The oxygen containing groups were reduced step-wise at ∼220°C due to removal of the –OH and –COOH groups. These results suggest that the annealing at ∼220°C might recover partial electrical conductivity of the GO (from 10−6 to 13S/cm within less than 10min) and provide a methodology for developing an electrically conducting composite system by first dispersing the GOs in the matrix, then exfoliation by sonication, and finally heating the composite system at desirable temperatures although complete recovery of the electrical conductivity may not be possible with moderate heat treatment.

A probabilistic approach to determine thermal process setting parameters: Application for commercial sterility of products

The objective of the probabilistic data analysis presented in this paper was to enable the thermal process to be set on actual data rather than on generic or conservative rules. The application was an ambient stable soup product, heated in a continuous UHT line. The data set comes from a decade of microbiological analysis: initial spore load and survival spore concentration after moderate heat-treatment (100°C for 15min and 110°C for 15min) have been enumerated in forty eight ingredients. The probabilistic analysis was carried out within a risk-based context, considering a Performance Objective, PO, set after the heat-treatment process and an initial spore contamination (H0) at the ingredient mixing step. The probabilistic analysis was based upon Bayesian inference, chosen for its flexibility when dealing with censored data (some values were reported as less than 1log cfu/g) and also for its ability to incorporate in the data analysis prior information. Beforehand, Z values around 10°C for aerobic bacterial spores, and log count error around 1 log, were assumed. The methodology and the results are reported using two ingredients (garlic and milk powder) illustrating the ‘not detected’ (censored data) issue and also the inter-ingredient variability. Indeed, Z was estimated to be 13.6°C (mean) for spores selected from garlic and 5.9°C for those selected from milk powder. Based upon a hypothetical soup recipe with these two ingredients, the sterilization value was estimated to be 13min (95th percentile). The potential use of similar methodology to design and set the sterilization value for the thermal process of future products, is discussed.

Synthesis and Thermal Stability of HfO2 Nanoparticles

AbstractA simple method is reported for the synthesis of monodispersed HfO2 nanoparticles by the ammonia catalyzed hydrolysis and condensation of hafnium (IV) tert-butoxide in the presence of surfactants at room temperature. Transmission electron microscopy shows faceted nanoparticles with an average diameter of 3-4 nm. As-synthesized nanoparticles are amorphous in nature and crystallize upon moderate heat treatment. The HfO2 nanoparticles have a narrow size distribution, large specific surface area and good thermal stability. Specific surface area was about 239 m2/g on as-prepared nanoparticle samples while those annealed at 500 °C have specific surface area of 221 m2/g indicating that there was no significant increase in particle size. This result was further confirmed by TEM images of nanoparticles annealed at 300 °C and 500 °C. X-ray diffraction studies of the crystallized nanoparticles revealed that HfO2 nanoparticles were monoclinic in structure. The synthetic procedure used in this work can be readily modified for large scale production of monodispersed HfO2 nanoparticles.

Effects of Technological Processes on the Tenacity and Inactivation of Norovirus Genogroup II in Experimentally Contaminated Foods

Contaminated food is a significant vehicle for human norovirus transmission. The present study determined the effect of physicochemical treatments on the tenacity of infective human norovirus genogroup II in selected foods. Artificially contaminated produce was subjected to a number of processes used by the food industry for preservation and by the consumer for storage and preparation. Virus recovery was carried out by using ultrafiltration and was monitored by using bacteriophage MS2 as an internal process control. Norovirus was quantified by using monoplex one-step TaqMan real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and an external standard curve based on recombinant RNA standards. An RNase pretreatment step was used to avoid false-positive PCR results caused by accessible RNA, which allowed detection of intact virus particles. Significant reductions in titers were obtained with heat treatments usually applied by consumers for food preparation (baking, cooking, roasting). Generally, processes used for preservation and storage, such as cooling, freezing, acidification (>or=pH 4.5), and moderate heat treatments (pasteurization), appear to be insufficient to inactivate norovirus within a food matrix or on the surface of food. Besides data for persistence in processed food, comparable data for individual matrix-specific protective effects, recovery rates, and inhibitory effects on the PCRs were obtained in this study. The established procedure might be used for other noncultivable enteric RNA viruses that are connected to food-borne diseases. The data obtained in this study may also help optimize the process for inactivation of norovirus in food by adjusting food processing technologies and may promote the development of risk assessment systems in order to improve consumer protection.

Nanoscale LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 for High Rate Li-Ion Batteries

The electrochemical performances of nanoscale and materials are described in this paper. The nanomaterials were synthesized by pyrolysis of an aerosol precursor. Both compositions required moderate heat-treatment to become electrochemically active. nanoparticles were coated with a uniform, 2–4 nm thick carbon coating using an organic precursor in the heat-treatment step and showed a high tap density of despite the 50–100 nm particle size and 2.9 wt % carbon content. nanoparticles were between 50 and 200 nm and showed a tap density of . The nanomaterials were tested both in half-cell configurations against Li metal and in full cells. Nano- showed a high discharge rate capability with values of 150 and 138 mAh/g at C/25 and 5C, respectively, after constant C/25 charges. Nano- also showed a high charge capability with values of 148 and 138 mAh/g at C/25 and 5C, respectively, after constant C/25 discharges; the discharge (lithiation) capability was comparatively slower. full cells deliver charge/discharge capacity values of 150 and 122 mAh/g at C/5 and 5C, respectively.

INACTIVATION KINETICS AND REDUCTION OF BACILLUS COAGULANS SPORE BY THE COMBINATION OF HIGH PRESSURE AND MODERATE HEAT

ABSTRACT The combination effect of high pressure (400, 500 and 600 MPa) and moderate heat (70 and 80C) on the inactivation kinetics and reduction of Bacillus coagulans spore in phosphate buffer and ultra‐high temperature (UHT) whole milk was investigated. The pressure come‐up time and corresponding logarithmic reduction of spore inactivation were considered during pressure‐thermal treatment. B. coagulans spore had a much higher resistance to pressure in UHT whole milk than in phosphate buffer. Survival data were modeled using the linear, Weibull and log‐logistic models to obtain relevant kinetic parameters. The tailing phenomenon occurred in all survival curves, indicating the linear model was not adequate for describing these curves. The mean square error and regression coefficient suggested that the log‐logistic model produced best fits to all survival curves, followed by the Weibull model.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIt becomes increasingly apparent that high‐pressure treatment combined with moderate heat treatment for low acid and acid products is often required for effective bacterial spores' inactivation. Consequently, the prediction model of microbial survival curves is essential. Bacillus coagulans is a slightly pressure‐resistant and relatively heat‐resistant spoilage bacterium of considerable concern during the processing of acid foods. Spore inactivation effect during the pressure come‐up time is sometimes considerable and should not beignored. The use of mathematical models to predict inactivation for spores could help the food industry further to develop optimum process conditions.

Effect of Various Pulsed Electric Fields Conditions on Extraction of Sugar from Sugar Beet

اثر میدان‌های الکتریکی پالسی قوی بر میزان تخریب سلول‌های چغندر قند مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. در این تحقیق اثرشرایط مختلف میدان که شامل قدرت میدان (5/0 تا 6 کیلوولت بر سانتیمتر )، تعداد پالس ( 1تا 100 پالس) و ظرفیت خازن (5/0 تا 32 میکرو فاراد) بر درجه تخریب سلول و انرژی مصرفی چغندر بررسی گردیدند. نتایج اولیه نشان دادند که میدان‌های با قدرت 2 و 3 کیلوولت بر سانتیمتر، 8 میکرو فاراد به ترتیب با 20و10پالس قادرند در کمتر از 1 دقیقه سبب تخریب سلول گردند. مهم ترین عوامل مؤثر بر قابل نفوذ نمودن سلول‌های چغندر قند به ترتیب عبارتند از انرژی اعمال شده و قدرت میدان الکتریکی. در مقادیر انرژی مساوی و یا بیشتر از2/3 کیلوژول بر کیلوگرم با افزایش قدرت میدان میزان تخریب سلولی نیز افزایش می‌یابد. میزان انتقال جرم پس از تخریب سلولی به وسیله میدان الکتریکی پالسی با اندازه گیری انتقال و نشت یونها و قند ازداخل سلول دردرجه حرارت معمول، حرارت متوسط وبالا(50 ، 70 و 80 درجه سانتیگراد) در مدت 15 دقیقه مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته و با روشهای معمول و سنتی استخراج قند از چغندر (متوسط 75 درجه سانتیگراد) و نیز شرایط حرارت معتدل 50 درجه سانتیگراد مقایسه گردیدند. نتایج نشان دهنده خروج مقادیر قابل ملاحظه ای مواد قندی از سلول پس از اعمال میدان 2 کیلوولت و 8 میکروفاراد در حرارت معمول بود. درحالی که برای حصول همین مقدار قند اعمال حرارت 75 درجه سانتیگراد و زمان طولانی نیازاست. علاوه براین میزان انرژی مصرفی در فرآیند حرارتی تقریبا 20 برابرانرژی مورد نیاز برای میدان الکتریکی پالسی است. با افزایش قدرت میدان میزان بریکس و هدایت الکتریکی در شربت افزایش می‌یابد و این مسأله در افزایش راندمان و بهره وری در تولید قند از چغندر قند در سطح اقتصادی اهمیت زیادی دارد. تنظیم شرایط میدان ( قدرت میدان ، ظرفیت خازن ها، تعداد پالس و تنظیم شرایط محفظه تیمار در صرفه جویی انرژی و افزایش راندمان و مورد نیاز نقش اساسی دارند. واژه های کلیدی: فرآیند‌های غیر حرارتی، میدان‌های الکتریکی پالسی، چغندر قند، تخریب سلولی