Moderate Gain Research Articles

LGAD-Based Silicon Sensors for 4D Detectors.

Low-Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGAD) are a class of silicon sensors developed for the fast detection of Minimum Ionizing Particles (MIPs). The development was motivated by the need of resolving piled-up tracks of charged particles emerging from several vertexes originating from the same bunch-crossing in High-Energy Physics (HEP) collider experiments, which, however, are separated not only in space but also in time by a few tens of picoseconds. Built on thin silicon substrates and featuring an internal moderate gain, they provide fast signals for excellent timing performance, which are therefore useful to distinguish the different tracks. Unfortunately, this comes at the price of poor spatial resolution. To overcome this limitation, other families of LGAD-based silicon sensors which can deliver in the same substrate both excellent timing and spatial information are under development. Such devices are, to name a few, capacitively coupled LGADs (AC-LGAD), deep-junction LGADs (DJ-LGAD) and trench-isolated LGADs (TI-LGADs). These devices can be fabricated by even small-scale research-focused clean rooms for faster development within the scientific community. However, to scale up production, efforts towards integrating these sensor concepts in CMOS substrates, with the obvious advantage of the possibility of integrating part of the read-out electronics in the same substrate, have begun.

A D‐band wideband low‐cost array for antenna‐in‐package applications

AbstractA wideband patch array operating at D‐band for antenna‐in‐package applications is presented in this paper. The array consists of two symmetrically positioned subarray elements and a grounded coplane waveguide feed line. Four E‐shaped patches are loaded in the array to enhance bandwidth. All geometry of the array is manufactured on a single‐layer quartz substrate without via hole, so that the difficulty and cost of fabrication are relieved greatly. Good agreements of reflection coefficient, pattern, and gain between measured and simulated results are achieved. Measurement shows that the array exhibits a −10 dB bandwidth of 19 GHz from 138 to 157 GHz and a 3‐dB gain bandwidth covering 140–159 GHz with a peak gain of 11.8 dBi at 147 GHz. Properties of wideband, moderate gain, low cost, and easy manufacture are achieved in this array.

Fetal Hepatic Lipidome Is More Greatly Affected by Maternal Rate of Gain Compared with Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation at day 83 of Gestation.

Herein, we evaluated the hepatic lipid metabolic profiles of bovine fetuses in response to maternal vitamin and mineral supplementation (VMSUP; supplemented (VTM) or not (NoVTM)) and two different rates of gain (GAIN; low gain (LG), 0.28 kg/d, or moderate gain (MG), 0.79 kg/d). Crossbred Angus heifers (n = 35; initial BW = 359.5 ± 7.1 kg) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, resulting in the following treatment combinations: NoVTM-LG (n = 9), NoVTM-MG (n = 9), VTM-LG (n = 9), and VTM-MG (n = 8). Heifers received their treatments until d 83 of gestation, when they were ovariohysterectomized. Fetuses were harvested and liver samples were analyzed via ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy to characterize lipid profiles and abundances. We identified 374 biochemicals/metabolites belonging to 57 sub-pathways of the lipid metabolism super-pathway. The majority of the biochemicals/metabolites (n = 152) were significantly affected by the main effect of GAIN. Maternal moderate rates of gain resulted in greater abundances (p ≤ 0.0001) of ω-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoate, docosapentaenoate, and docosahexaenoate) and lower abundances (p ≤ 0.0001) of ω-6 fatty acids. Further, MG resulted in the accumulation of several diacylglycerols and depletion of the majority of the monoacylglycerols. Concentrations of nearly all acylcarnitines (p ≤ 0.03) were decreased in VTM-LG fetal livers compared to all other treatment combinations, indicating a greater rate of complete oxidation of fatty acids. Levels of secondary bile acids were impacted by VMSUP, being greater (p ≤ 0.0048) in NoVTM than in VTM fetal livers. Moreover, NoVTM combined with lower rate of gain resulted in greater concentrations of most secondary bile acid biochemicals/metabolites. These data indicate that maternal diet influenced and altered fetal hepatic lipid composition in the first trimester of gestation. Maternal body weight gain exerted a greater influence on fetal lipid profiles than vitamin and mineral supplementation. Specifically, lower rate of gain (0.28 kg/d) resulted in an increased abundance of the majority of the biochemicals/metabolites identified in this study.

Genetic diversity and gain quantitative characters of maize from index-based selection at two dry lands in Lombok, Indonesia

Abstract. Sudika IW, Soemeinaboedhy IN, Sutresna IW. 2023. Genetic diversity and gain quantitative characters of maize from index-based selection at two dry lands in Lombok, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 11-19. Genetic diversity and gain quantitative characters of maize from index-based selection at dry land is poorly reported. This research aims to study the genetic diversity and gain of several traits quantitative of the index-based selection at two dry lands in Amor-Amor and Pererenan, Lombok, Indonesia. A randomized block design with three replications was applied to design the experiment. The materials used is maize from nine populations, namely eight populations from the selection of index-based and one from the initial population. The data were analyzed for variance at the 5% significance level. The results showed that the genetic diversity of yields was categorized as moderate, and the weight of dry cobs harvested per plant was narrow in both locations. The genetic diversity of fresh stover weight per plant in Pererenan was wider than in Amor-Amor, but still in the same category, which was medium. These three traits had a significant genetic gain in the moderate category for both locations, except for the weight of fresh stover per plant, which was high in Pererenan. The dry seed weight per plant had a moderate genetic diversity and gain with a significant positive phenotypic correlation with yield. Yield and fresh stover per plant can still be increased through index-based selection by using dry seed weight per plant and fresh stover per plant in both locations.

Transfer Effects of a Multiple-Joint Isokinetic Eccentric Resistance Training Intervention to Nontraining-Specific Traditional Muscle Strength Measures.

Relatively few investigations have examined the transfer effects of multiple-joint isokinetic eccentric only (MJIE) resistance training on non-specific measures of muscle strength. This study investigated the transfer effects of a short-term MJIE leg press (Eccentron) resistance training program on several non-specific measures of lower-body strength. Fifteen participants performed Eccentron training three times/week for four weeks and were evaluated on training-specific Eccentron peak force (EccPF), nontraining-specific leg press DCER one-repetition maximum (LP 1 RM), and peak torques of the knee extensors during isokinetic eccentric (Ecc30), isokinetic concentric (Con150) and isometric (IsomPT) tasks before and after the training period. The training elicited a large improvement in EccPF (37.9%; Cohen's d effect size [ES] = 0.86). A moderate transfer effect was observed on LP 1 RM gains (19.0%; ES = 0.48) with the magnitude of the strength improvement being about one-half that of EccPF. A small effect was observed on IsomPT and Ecc30 (ES = 0.29 and 0.20, respectively), however, pre-post changes of these measures were not significant. Con150 testing showed no effect (ES = 0.04). These results suggest a short term MJIE training program elicits a large strength improvement in training-specific measures, a moderate strength gain transfer effect to DCER concentric-based strength of a similar movement (i.e., LP 1 RM), and poor transfer to single-joint knee extension measures.

Defected Ground Structure Multiple Input-Output Antenna For Wireless Applications

In this paper, the investigation of a novel compact 2 × 2, 2 × 1, and 1 × 1 Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) based Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) is employed. The proposed Electromagnetic Radiation Structures (ERS) is composed of multiple radiating elements. These MIMO antennas are designed and analyzed with and without DGS. The feeding is introduced by a microstrip-fed line to significantly moderate the radiating structure’s overall size, which is 60 × 40 × 1 mm. The high directivity and divergence characteristics are attained by introducing the microstrip-fed lines perpendicular to each other. And the projected MIMO antenna structures are compared with others by using parameters like Return Loss (RL), Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), Radiation Pattern (RP), radiation efficiency, and directivity. The same MIMO set-up is redesigned with DGS, and the resultant parameters are compared. Finally, the Multiple Input and Multiple Output Radiating Structures with and without DGS are compared for result considerations like RL, VSWR, RP, radiation efficiency, and directivity. This projected antenna displays an omnidirectional RP with moderate gain, which is highly recommended for human healthcare applications. By introducing the defected ground structure in bottom layer the lower cut-off frequencies of 2.3, 4.5 and 6.0 GHz are achieved with few biological effects on radio propagation in human body communications. The proposed design covers numerous well-known wireless standards, along with dual-function DGS slots, and it can be easily integrated into Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) in medical applications. This WBAN links the autonomous nodes that may be situated either in the clothes, on-body or beneath the skin of a person. This system typically advances the complete human body and the inter-connected nodes through a wireless communication channel.

A 110–145-GHz SiGe HBT D-Band Vector Modulator Phase Shifter Utilizing Differential Quadrature Delay Lines

This paper presents a 4-bit D-band SiGe vector modulator phase shifter (VMPS). A novel transmission line-based delay line topology is used to generate differential quadrature signals that are weighted by 4 VGAs and cascaded with a buffer amplifier, achieving wide bandwidth, moderate gain, and low power consumption. The VMPS achieves 1.5 dB peak average gain with a 3-dB bandwidth from 110 -145 GHz. The peak RMS amplitude and phase errors are 1.2 dB and 8.5∘, respectively, and the circuit consumes 20.3 mW of average DC power from a 1.5 V supply. To the authors best knowledge, the presented D-Band vector modulator phase shifter achieves the widest fractional bandwidth of any mm-Wave vector modulator phase shifter implemented in silicon.

A Sled Dog Model for Positive Health Effects of Weight Management and Exercise

Obesity is a significant risk factor for metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes. Physical activity and/or dietary modification can reduce the incidence of obesity. Marginal fitness levels limit the efficacy of exercise training, and most humans choose from a wide range of dietary strategies to lose weight. Despite these limitations, exercise in the absence of weight loss may offer protective benefits against the development of metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes. To examine the benefits of exercise training with and without weight loss, we measured changes in metabolic indices in conjunction with moderate body weight gain, exercise training with no intended change in body weight, and exercise training with bodyweight reduction in a healthy canine model. We measured glucose transporter type 4 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells, plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 6, and insulin levels before, during, and after weight gain, exercise, and weight loss. Weight gain increased plasma glucose, while exercise increased glucose transporter by 4% in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We also observed changes to plasma glucose, glucose transporter 4, and tumor necrosis factor-α which may be indicative of reduced insulin sensitivity with exercise and weight loss, potentially due to the high energy demand coupled with low caloric availability.

A 3D Antenna Array based Solar Cell Integration for Modern MIMO Systems

In this work, a design of a 3D array antenna based solar panel integration for self-powered applications in modern wireless communication network. Such array configuration is proposed for Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) applications. The proposed antenna array is structured as a cubical geometry integrated to a solar panel. Such integration is employed to achieve a selfpowered node. The proposed antenna is designed to perform an excellent size reduction at sub-6GHz frequency bands when designed with the aid of the metamaterial (MTM) structures. The antenna performance is enhanced by Moore fractal geometry based on electromagnetic band gap (EBG) defects in the ground plane. The proposed antenna is found to provide a moderate gain at 3.6GHz, 3.9GHz, and 4.9GHz. The antenna array shows low coupling effects, below -20dB, due the array configuration in a cubical shape arrangement. The proposed work is extended to evaluate effectively the bit error rate (BER) and channel capacity (CC), when the proposed antenna system is located in real world communication environments. Therefore, QPSK modulation scheme is considered to suite the applications of 5G systems. The amount of the harvested solar energy is considered the limit to manage the total signal to noise ratio (SNR) in that is applied to the proposed communication scheme. This work is considered for practical aspect issues that is related with amount for the generated power from such integration with solar panel and the total generated SNR. Finally, the comparison between measured and simulated data reveals an excellent agreement between them.

Analysis of Multi-Stacked Dielectric Resonator Antenna with Its Equivalent R-L-C Circuit Modeling for Wireless Communication Systems

The dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) can be modeled as a series and parallel combination of electrical networks consisting of a resistor (R), inductor (L), and capacitor (C) to address peculiar challenges in antennas suitable for application in emerging wireless communication systems for higher frequency range. In this paper, a multi-stacked DRA has been proposed. The performance and characteristic features of the DRA have been analyzed by deriving the mathematical formulations for dynamic impedance, input impedance, admittance, bandwidth, and quality factor for fundamental and high-order resonant modes. Specifically, the performance of the projected multi-stacked DRA was analyzed in MATLAB and a high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS). Generally, results indicate that variation in the permittivity of substrates, such as high and low, can potentially increase and decrease the quality factor, respectively. In particular, the impedance, radiation fields and power flow have been demonstrated using the proposed multi-stacked electrical network of R, L, and C components coupled with a suitable transformer. Overall, the proposed multi-stacked DRA network shows an improved quality factor and selectivity, and bandwidth is reduced reasonably. The multi-stacked DRA network would find useful applications in radio frequency wireless communication systems. Additionally, for enhancing the impedance, BW of DRA a multi-stacked DRA is proposed by the use of ground-plane techniques with slots, dual-segment, and stacked DRA. The performance of multi-stacked DRA is improved by a factor of 10% as compared to existing models in terms of better flexibility, moderate gain, compact size, bandwidth, quality factor, resonant frequency, frequency impedance at the resonance frequency, and the radiation pattern with Terahertz frequency range.

Projecting U.S. forest management, market, and carbon sequestration responses to a high-impact climate scenario

The impact of climate change on forest ecosystems remains uncertain, with wide variation in potential climate impacts across different radiative forcing scenarios and global circulation models, as well as potential variation in forest productivity impacts across species and regions. This study uses an empirical forest composition model to estimate the impact of climate factors (temperature and precipitation) and other environmental parameters on forest productivity for 94 forest species across the conterminous United States. The composition model is linked to a dynamic optimization model of the U.S. forestry sector to quantify economic impacts of a high warming scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5) under six alternative climate projections and two socioeconomic scenarios. Results suggest that forest market impacts and consumer impacts could range from relatively large losses (−$2.6 billion) to moderate gain ($0.2 billion) per year across climate scenarios. Temperature-induced higher mortality and lower productivity for some forest types and scenarios, coupled with increasing economic demands for forest products, result in forest inventory losses by end of century relative to the current climate baseline (3%–23%). Lower inventories and reduced carbon sequestration capacity result in additional economic losses of up to approximately $4.1 billion per year. However, our results also highlight important adaptation mechanisms, such forest type changes and shifts in regional mill capacity that could reduce the impact of high impact climate scenarios.

Agriculture and food security under a changing climate: An underestimated challenge.

Pathways to eradicate global hunger while bending the curve of biodiversity loss unanimously suggest changing to less energy-rich diets, closing yield gaps through agroecological principles, adopting modern breeding technologies to foster stress resilience and yields, as well as minimizing harvest losses and food waste. Against the background of a brief history of global agriculture, we review the available evidence on how the global food system might look given a global temperature increase by 3°. We show that a moderate gain in the area suitable for agriculture is confronted with substantial yield losses through strains on crop physiology, multitrophic interactions, and more frequent extreme events. Self-amplifying feedback are unresolved and might lead to further losses. In light of these uncertainties, we see that complexity is underestimated and more systemic research is needed. Efficiency gains in agriculture, albeit indispensable, will not be enough to achieve food security under severe climate change.

Design of a Compact Dual-Frequency Microstrip Antenna using DGS Structure for Millimeter-Wave Applications

In this paper, a Millimeter-wave (MMW) antenna has been proposed for a current and future wireless application. The proposed model has two resonances at 30.5 GHz and 52.4 GHz. The proposed model has been designed and optimized using a commercial electromagnetic simulator (CST-Studio) and focused on attaining a return loss rate that is lower than -10 dB. The proposed MMW models are built on a small thick Rogers Substrate (RT-5880) with h = 0.508 mm for the thickness, relative permittivity of εr = 2.2, and tanδ = 0.0009 for the loss tangent, while the substrate has a width w_s equal to 6 mm and a length l_s equal to 6 mm. The design process of the model came at three steps, the first step after mathematical calculations has an output of model which has feeding port of 50 ohm with a feedline base length l_b of 0.5 mm and a feedline length l_f of 3 mm, the second step was by using the tapering techniques for enhancing matched impedance after initial calculations to have a length of tapering l_t equal to 1.8 mm, then finally extracting four corner slots to the patch for creating the final proposed model. The previous design process is to assure reliability, mobility, and high efficiency for the proposed antenna. The advantages of this model are the small size, low profile, low fabrication cost, and straightforward design structure. The proposed design can be employed for a variety of Millimeter-wave applications like wireless personal area network (WPAN) and 5G application in some countries like Colombia and Mexico. The proposed model has a moderate gain of 3 dBi to 7 dBi at resonance frequencies of 30.5 GHz and 52.4 GHz, which is one of the unique characteristics of the proposed antenna. The impedance bandwidth is between 28.7 Ghz and 32.6 GHz, which is equal 3.9 GHz, and 49.7 GHz to 56.2 GHz, which is equal to 6.5 GHz respectively for the proposed model, and satisfying efficiency of about 75% and 87% as calculated by CST -Studio, and a VSWR is equal to 1, All of these positive results are more than enough to satisfy the needs of millimeter-wave wireless applications.

Protein malnutrition in BALB/C mice: A model mimicking clinical scenario of marasmic-kwashiorkor malnutrition

Protein malnutrition continues to be a major global issue. A stable animal model to address protein malnutrition and its effect on various disease conditions is necessary. In the present study, we have formulated and standardized a low protein diet (LPD) to develop a protein malnutrition model using Balb/C mice. Healthy male Balb/C mice were weaned and exposed to LPD combinations while another group exposed to normal diet (18% protein). Animal survival, change in body weight, body mass index (BMI), biochemical parameters, antioxidant status, and liver histopathology were used to confirm the development of malnourished mice model (marasmic-kwashiorkor). Mice receiving 10% protein diet showed moderate weight gain, higher BMI, and no mortality compared to the 6% protein group. The former group showed remarkable differences in BMI, biochemical and antioxidant parameters. Further, histopathological changes against the normal group at weeks 20 and 30 confirmed the development of protein malnutrition in mice on 10% protein diet. The study confirms the development of a stable, economical, reproducible, and clinically relevant protein malnutrition model using the formulated 10% protein diet. Further, the model can be used for short and long-term studies to investigate the pathophysiology of malnutrition in any disease/condition.

Boosting taxes for boasting about houses? Status concerns in the housing market

In this paper we investigate the implications for housing taxation when households have status concerns for residential housing. For this purpose we introduce a residential housing sector and status concerns for housing into a neoclassical model with heterogeneous agents. First, finding that status concerns exert a negative externality, we calculate a progressive Pigovian tax schedule that corrects for the externality. Implementing the tax schedule is associated with a moderate aggregate welfare gain, but has a sizable and diverse impact on household groups’ welfare. Second, we find that when the utilitarian social planner is constrained to housing taxes, Pigovian taxation is not constraint efficient. We show that the welfare maximizing tax of the constrained optimum is always higher than the Pigovian tax, and we analyze the mechanism behind this finding. Our results have strong implications for the optimal taxation of residential housing.

A Low-power Neural Signal Acquisition Analog Front-end IC for Closed-loop Neural Interfaces

This paper presents an ultra-low-power neural signal recording analog front-end IC (AFE) which is comprised of a low-noise amplifier (LNA) followed by a programmable gain amplifier (PGA). To achieve good overall performance while handling stimulation artifacts in closed-loop neural interface systems, the proposed LNA is designed for moderate gain, low input noise, and, good linearity while the PGA is included for additional gain and tunable bandwidth functions. Implemented using 0.18-㎛ CMOS process, the AFE achieves a measured closed-loop gain of 20 to 40 ㏈ and integrated input referred noise of 3.39 ㎶rms over 1 ㎐ to 6.5 ㎑. The IC consumes 1.49 ㎼ at 1-V supply and the noise efficiency factor is 1.93. For less than 1% total harmonic distortion, the AFE can accommodate up to 60 ㎷pp and 280 ㎷pp of differential and common-mode stimulation artifacts, respectively.

Low-Power Complementary Inverter Based on Graphene/Carbon-Nanotube and Graphene/MoS2 Barristors.

The recent report of a p-type graphene(Gr)/carbon-nanotube(CNT) barristor facilitates the application of graphene barristors in the fabrication of complementary logic devices. Here, a complementary inverter is presented that combines a p-type Gr/CNT barristor with a n-type Gr/MoS2 barristor, and its characteristics are reported. A sub-nW (~0.2 nW) low-power inverter is demonstrated with a moderate gain of 2.5 at an equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of ~15 nm. Compared to inverters based on field-effect transistors, the sub-nW power consumption was achieved at a much larger EOT, which was attributed to the excellent switching characteristics of Gr barristors.

A low‐profile sequential‐phase fed circularly polarized array antenna with an irregular ground

Grooving or subtracting a projection of the antenna on the ground is one of the effective methods to both improve the axial-ratio (AR) bandwidth and impedance bandwidth of a circularly polarized (CP) antenna. A bidirectional radiation, meanwhile, can be produced. Unfortunately, these methods will result in a decrease in the gain of the antenna due to a reduction of its ground size. To solve this issue, a conductive plane or a cavity is usually introduced at the antenna's bottom, but it will lead to a high profile and destroy the bidirectional radiation of the design. In this article, a CP array antenna based on a sequential-phase (SP) feeding network is taken as an example. Only the projection of the feeding network is preserved, while other conductors on the ground are subtracted. The simulated peak gain of this design is only 5.04 dBic. In order to obtain an ultra-wideband, a wide AR bandwidth, a moderate gain and a low profile of the antenna, a method of etching a circle of ground around the edge of the substrate is presented to expand the ground into a large irregular area. The measured results show that the proposed design can exhibit a 90.9% 10-dB impedance bandwidth, a 42.4% (5.2–8 GHz) 3-dB AR bandwidth, a 7.17 dBic peak gain, and a very low profile of 0.006λL. This method is very simple to implement and does not need to modify the original antenna structure. It may be applied to conveniently improve the performance of the bidirectional radiation CP antenna.

Preliminary test results of LGADs from Teledyne e2v for the LHC’s High-Luminosity upgrade

This paper presents initial testing of the first batch of LGAD sensors fabricated by Teledyne e2v in collaboration with the University of Birmingham, University of Oxford, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and the Open University. Wafers with different energy and dose of the gain layer implant have been characterised with IV, CV and gain measurements. The same set of measurements were made using PiN diodes fabricated on the same wafer as a reference. Results are in-line with expectations and with LGADs produced at more established vendors. Preliminary results suggests Te2v LGADs have a moderate gain in the order of 10 to 50 before irradiation at operational voltages well below breakdown, as required for optimal timing resolution.

Long-term waist circumference trajectories and body mass index with all-cause mortality in older Chinese adults: a prospective nationwide cohort study

BackgroundsAbdominal obesity has been linked to risk of mortality, but whether and how trajectory of waist circumstance (WC) underpins this association remains unclear. The study aimed to identify long-term WC change trajectories and examine their association and joint effect with body mass index (BMI) on mortality among Chinese older adults.MethodsThis present study included participants 60 years of age or older from China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 1991 to 2015. The duration of follow-up was defined as period from the first to latest visit date attended with information on mortality, end of follow-up, or loss to follow-up (censoring). Latent class trajectory analysis (LCTA) was used to assess the changes of WC trajectories overtime. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence internal (CIs) for mortality.ResultsA total of 2601 participants with 8700 visits were included, and 562 mortality (21.6%) occurred during a median follow-up of 8.7 years. Using a group-based modeling approach, four distinct trajectories of WC change among Chinese older adults were identified as loss (13.5%), stable (46.8%), moderate gain (31.2%) and substantial gain (8.5%). With WC stable group as reference, the multivariable adjusted HRs for mortality were 1.34(95%CI:1.01-1.78) in loss group, 1.13(0.91-1.41) in moderate gain and 1.54(1.12-2.12) in substantial gain group. Compared with participants with normal BMI at baseline and maintained WC stable, the risk of mortality generally increased for all WC change group in initial overweight/obesity individuals, and the highest risk were observed for WC loss and stable pattern (HR:2.43, 95%CI: 1.41–4.19; HR:1.67 (1.07–2.60)).ConclusionsIn older Chinese, both long-term WC loss and substantial gain conferred excess risk for mortality. The baseline BMI might modify the effect as overweight individuals had a greater risk imposed by WC loss than those in normal weight. Maintaining stable WC and normal weight might be necessary to reduce the risk of mortality.