Modem Era Research Articles

The Gray-Hobbs vision

Susan Gray and Nicholas Hobbs were visionaries. The John F. Kennedy Center is the most significant and enduring testimony of their vision, emerging as it did from their continuation of the distinguished tradition of psychology at George Peabody College. Established in 1914, Peabody College's Department of Psychology awarded the first doctorate in psychology in the South. Major figures in the history of the field, such as E. K. Strong and Joseph Peterson, placed psychology in service to Peabody College's mission of making a difference in education not only in the South, but nationally and internationally as well. Gray and Hobbs were close friends and associates who continued this tradition and founded Peabody College's modem era of psychology in the public interest. From the early 1950s through the remainder of their lifetimes, they encouraged and supported each other and a group of distinguished colleagues that grew in number and accomplishment, manifest in the 30-year history of the Kennedy Center.

Maps and Civilization, Cartography in Culture and Society by Norman J. W. Thrower (review)

Maps and Civilization, Cartography in Culture and Society Norman J. W. Thrower Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996 Reviewed by C harles W. B ooth Eastern Washington University A cadem ic cartographers have long suffered the derision of some of their colleagues as “tool men.” This book should help dispel some of these notions as Professor Thrower obviously illustrates a more ex­ pansive knowledge of the history, development, context, art, and science of cartography than some mere cartographic mechanic. The task for this book as expressed by the author is virtually impossible to fulfill. The title doesn’t help, as it would seem to lead any author to be constantly fending off the explanations of map “de­ tails” in favor of the larger picture, so to speak. Yet, as they say, the devil is in the details. Instructional opportunities that would have led to an easier comprehension of map complexities often were fore­ gone— unnecessarily, I believe. It wouldn’t be obvious to the general reader, for example, that a rhumb line, even while defined properly, is such a nice thing to have on a navigational map and that a particu­ 182 BOOTH: Review of Maps and Civilization 183 lar choosing of the arrangement of a grid coordinate system would produce the desired result. The almost constant hewing to the line of the deductive expositional approach has detracted from the benefits of an inductive one for the casual reader, but how else would one choose to write about maps as cultural phenomena? When the focus and narrative are mainly historical, as in the dis­ cussion regarding Edmond Hailey, the result is interesting, engaging, and delightful. When the discussion turns to the modem era and the­ matic maps, however, we immediately are plunged into a dilemma. Unless one knows, for example, how dasymetric boundaries have been determined, calling it a less “objective” mapping technique than the choropleth technique is futile. Perhaps we should have had an explanation as to why the author thought this was so. The diagram (Figure 7.13) that was supposed to illustrate the principal methods of statistical mapping is woeful. It would have been more understand­ able if a small statistical set had been included and then shown how each method produced a mapping result. Occasionally, Professor Thrower is a bit unforgiving, as in his terming the symbol used for the China Sea on a Chinese atlas map “angry lines.” (Figure 3.4) There is a regularity to this symbol that suggests a land-based cartographer’s view of ocean waves—where does this “angry lines” assessment come from? A similar symbology appears on Figure 4.9, Idrisis World Map, without similar comment. Maps are a unique form of communication, and as Professor Thrower explains, they have no peer. This book adds to the discus­ sion of the reciprocity between maps and the progression of cultural development. ...

Ancient Conceptions of Happiness

Julia Annas has written a monumental work that is in the best sense of the word, a with ancient theories of morality. Indeed what we have in the Morality of Happiness is a sustained conversation with the various ancient schools on the nature of eudaimonia and the moral dimensions of the best life for humans. This is a work that takes the Hellenists seriously, and as such, gives us both a fresh way of assessing Aristotle in terms of the refinements that were to come later, as well as insights about the Hellenist foundation of many of our modern formulations. But the trajectory into modern morality is not Annas' primary aim. On the whole, for the duration of this book, we are immersed in the debate between the various schools themselves and in the richness of their own dialogue. To be sure, there are lessons to be learned for ourselves and our own way of doing moral theory. But these stand out primarily from the contrasts. So for example, Plato's Protagoras aside, Annas argues that notions of maximization and algorithmic procedures for arriving at right action are not to be found in ancient theory. A problemsolving mechanism for hard cases is simply not the ancient preoccupation, despite the fact that conflicts abound in the ancient world no less than in the modem era ( 443). Given the detail of the dialectical conversation, we might expect to find Annas' book a somewhat arcane commentary accessible only to scholars of the ancient world. Yet this is far from the case. While her ultimate aim is to immerse us in the issues that preoccupied the ancient ethical theorists, she does this always by showing how their theoretical positions wander back and forth from the intuitive, and how even in the most counter-intuitive of their moves, the ancient theoreticians themselves try to bring their theory back to some notion of common-sense. But while there is a strong sense in her exegesis of doing justice to the intuitions (tithenai ta phainomena, as Aristotle would put it), Annas wisely shows, that unreflected views are often divided against themselves (433), and that, as a result, there is no safe bedrock to be found here (435). Indeed, the spirit of her account is to show that the ancients, in taking up the central question, how ought I to live, were as Cicero says, dragged in different directions. The philosophical accounts of happi-

Legislators, leaders, and lawmaking: the U.S. House of Representatives in the postreform era

Although Congress has never been popular, it has in recent years been the subject of particularly relentless and bitter criticism: gridlock is the central problem plaguing American government, say many, and Congress is to blame. According to Barbara Sinclair, the contemporary political environment has made legislating extraordinarily difficult. Huge deficits and, until 1993, deep policy differences between the president and congressional majorities have complicated already difficult choices. In this context, Sinclair asks, how has House not only performed its legislative functions but also managed to enhance its role in the American political system? In Legislators, Leaders, and Lawmaking Sinclair traces the emergence during the 1980s House majority party leadership that is highly active and deeply involved in multiple aspects of legislative process, but one that leads by means of a participatory and inclusive style. Drawing on extensive interviews with House members, staffs, and informed observers, she describes the changing role of the leadership from the prereform period, through the immediate post reform years, to the present. The reforms of the 1970s, Sinclair argues, combined with the constraints of the 1980s political environment to give effective leadership an importance in the legislative process unprecedented in the modem era. As a result, the book's focus on party leadership provides a vantage point for understanding the legislative process in the House and the major changes that process has undergone in the last several decades.

The "Baron Thesis" after Forty Years and Some Recent Studies of Leonardo Bruni

was entirely appropriate the death of Hans Baron in November of 1988 should have become the occasion for a number of tributes to his work and influence as a Renaissance historian; and since Princeton University Press, only a few months earlier, had issued a collection of his papers and articles, a retrospective look at his contributions to Renaissance studies was made all the more obligatory.' Among the more perceptive accounts of Baron's work was a review-essay by John Najemy, which made some very large claims for the importance of Baron's work.2 It is by now commonplace, wrote Najemy, that what Burckhardt was to nineteenth-century Renaissance historiography, Baron is to its twentieth-century counterpart: each provided his century's most influential, compelling, and debated interpretation of the significance of the cultural developments of Italy between the end of the Middle Ages and the modem era. And again: In recovering Bruni and the civic humanism of the early fifteenth century, Baron did nothing less than recast the entire Renaissance from Petrarch to Machiavelli. Large claims indeed, yet it is difficult to quarrel with them, especially coming from a scholar of Najemy's authority. Baron was surely one of the three or four most influential interpreters of the Renaissance in the second

An Anxious Pursuit: Agricultural Innovation and Modernity in the Lower South, 1730–1815 by Joyce E. Chaplin

TECHNOLOGYAND CULTURE Book Reviews 177 Winterthur Museum in 1975, was not cited anywhere in this volume. I was equally surprised to find that ThomasJ. Schlereth’s landmark anthology Material Culture Studies in America (Nashville: American Asso­ ciation for State and Local History, 1982) was cited by only one contributor. On a concluding note, I should like to single out what I think to be the best of the volume’s essays. It is “Some Matters of Substance,” an insightful and provocative offering by Robert Friedel, a longtime member of SHOT. He asks readers to consider the “stuff” actually used to make things, and, drawing on his work for the Smithsonian Institu­ tion’s exhibit “A Material World,” he moves from the almost trivial statement “everything is made from something” to a sophisticated speculation about patterns of material use and perceptual changes toward stuff. If I had needed to be convinced of the value of material culture for understanding the past, it would be his conclusion more than anything else in this collection that would have done it. Reflecting on the limited amount of stuff that made the artifacts found in blacksmith Emerson Bixby’s restored family house at Old Sturbridge Village, Friedel cogently observes: “The limits of these materials were not limits to [the Bixbys] but rather opportunities for them to shape the substance of their lives. . . . We are left with a profound appreciation for how the transcending of these limits makes our own world so different from the past. We will find few more important messages from our exploration of history from things” (p. 50). Although Historyfrom Things may be uneven, weakly edited, and point in no clear direction, Lubar and Kingery’s inclusion of Friedel’s thinking on stuff and things made my plowing through it worthwhile. I hope other readers will feel similarly rewarded. James C. Williams Dr. Williams teaches at De Anza College and is director emeritus and historical advisor of the California History Center Foundation in Cupertino. An Anxious Pursuit: Agricultural Innovation and Modernity in the Lower South, 1730-1815. By Joyce E. Chaplin. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993. Pp. xv+411; illustrations, tables, notes, bibliography, index. $45.00. Farming is, and always has been, a complicated business, and its complexity arises from three distinct but interacting sets of variables— those of biology, economics, and law. Blending these elements into a story about a particular place and time is the craft ofagricultural history, asJoyce Chaplin nicely illustrates in An Anxious Pursuit. It is set in South Carolina, Georgia, and British East Florida, during the “golden age” of silk and sea island cotton and of rice and indigo. Chaplin’s nexus is the idea of “modernity,” which she defines as “a secular view of humanity” (p. 3) that prized wealth over salvation and 178 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE knowledge over faith. Its cost-benefit was doubt, where conviction once reigned, in exchange for a sense of progress that replaced the descentfrom -Eden outlook on human affairs. Boiled down, the “anxious pursuit” stems from selling one’s soul—a theme about modem times that has occurred to others. In Chaplin’s context, there was the additional soul selling called slavery, and, as she concludes, “what took place in the early Lower South between 1730 and 1815 is disturbing, not because whites distorted the modem era’s distinctive patterns of thought, but because they did not have to distort them much to pursue their own ends” (p. 365). Several intriguing chapters examine how the melancholy philosophy of Britain’s economic liberals made the transit across the Atlantic to the sanguine circumstances of the colonial planters. Actually, it was quite easy, as both assumed that peoples’ natural propensity for indolence had to be overcome and that private industry—indeed, greed—fulfilled that role extremely well, for the betterment of “all.” Mercantilism, essen­ tially, was this notion on the large stage. The rub came when the philosophers spoke about economic evolution progressing toward free­ dom. To the planters, wealth depended on slavery, and so they had to worry that their growth actually regressed their society. Up close, the theme dissolves, like a mosaic, into details about...

Artists' Colors and Newton's Colors

Previous articleNext article No AccessArtists' Colors and Newton's ColorsAlan E. ShapiroAlan E. Shapiro Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Isis Volume 85, Number 4Dec., 1994 Publication of the History of Science Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/356979 Views: 42Total views on this site Citations: 24Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1994 History of Science Society, Inc.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Eric Kirchner, Phil Koken The art of painting rainbows—between color science and painter's practice, Color Research & Application 47, no.66 (Jul 2022): 1372–1391.https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22810Tawrin Baker Color in the Early Modern Period, (Aug 2022): 339–348.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31069-5_455Joshua Schouten de Jel The Epicurean and Lucretian Slur: Isaac Newton, (Nov 2021): 63–109.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88888-6_3Alice Ottazzi Il pastello nel Settecento europeo tra sapere scientifico e pratica artistica, Venezia Arti , no.11 (Dec 2020).https://doi.org/10.30687/VA/2385-2720/2020/01/005Renzo Shamey, Eric Kirchner, Seyed Hossein Amirshahi Tusi, Nasir al-Din 1201–1274, (Nov 2020): 49–53.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30811-1_11Baker Tawrin Color in the Early Modern Period, (May 2020): 1–10.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20791-9_455-1Sachiko Kusukawa The Early Royal Society and Visual Culture, Perspectives on Science 27, no.33 (Jun 2019): 350–394.https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00311Giulia Simonini Organising Colours: Patrick Syme’s Colour Chart and Nomenclature for Scientific Purposes, XVII-XVIII , no.7575 (Dec 2018).https://doi.org/10.4000/1718.1327Dan Kervick Hume's Colors and Newton's Colored Lights, Journal of Scottish Philosophy 16, no.11 (Mar 2018): 1–18.https://doi.org/10.3366/jsp.2018.0180Paulo Maurício, Bianor Valente, Isabel Chagas A Teaching-Learning Sequence of Colour Informed by History and Philosophy of Science, International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education 15, no.77 (Mar 2016): 1177–1194.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-016-9736-8 Kapitel III: Farbe als Sprache, (Jan 2017): 165–266.https://doi.org/10.7788/9783412509941.165Eric Kirchner, Seyed Hossein Amirshahi Al-Tusi, Nasir al-Din, (Jul 2016): 18–19.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8071-7_334Natascha WANNINGER Theatrical Colours: Cosmetics, Rhetoric and Theatre in Webster’s The White Devil, E-rea , no.12.212.2 (Jun 2015).https://doi.org/10.4000/erea.4475Eric Kirchner Color theory and color order in medieval Islam: A review, Color Research & Application 40, no.11 (Dec 2013): 5–16.https://doi.org/10.1002/col.21861Eric Kirchner, Seyed Hossein Amirshahi Al-Tusi, Nasir al-Din, (Aug 2015): 1–3.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27851-8_334-1Eileen Reeves The New Sciences and the Visual Arts, (Feb 2013): 316–335.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118391488.ch15Eric Kirchner, Mohammad Bagheri Color Theory in Medieval Islamic Lapidaries: Nıshābūrı, Tūsı and Kāshānı, Centaurus 55, no.11 (Sep 2012): 1–19.https://doi.org/10.1111/1600-0498.12000James Delbourgo The Newtonian slave body: Racial enlightenment in the Atlantic World, Atlantic Studies 9, no.22 (Jun 2012): 185–207.https://doi.org/10.1080/14788810.2012.666412John Gage Signs of Disharmony: Newton's Opticks and the Artists, Perspectives on Science 16, no.44 (Dec 2008): 360–377.https://doi.org/10.1162/posc.2008.16.4.360John Henry The Fragmentation of Renaissance Occultism and the Decline of Magic, History of Science 46, no.11 (Mar 2008): 1–48.https://doi.org/10.1177/007327530804600101Sven Dupré Galileo's Telescope and Celestial Light, Journal for the History of Astronomy 34, no.44 (Nov 2016): 369–399.https://doi.org/10.1177/002182860303400402Agustí Nieto-Galan Artisans and Artists in Dyeing and Printing, (Jan 2001): 153–180.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1081-7_5Martin Gersch Geschäftsbeziehungsmanagement bei integrativer Leistungserstellung, (Jan 1998): 75–189.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-89127-3_3 John Neu Current Bibliography of the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences, 1995, Isis 86 (Oct 2015): 1–331.https://doi.org/10.1086/357399

Child Neglect and "Unfit" Mothers:

The state's reaction to pregnant mothers who use drugs today has major continuities with the Progressive Era's response to mothers accused of child neglect. The child savers in both historical eras have imposed their class, ethnic and racial biases upon poor, immigrant and African-American women. These child savers imposed a gender ideology of maternal care on mothers, labelling those mothers who did not conform to their cultural ideal, "unfit" mothers in need of state control. In the modem era, physicians collude with prosecutors and social workers to prosecute and medicalize pregnant mothers who use drugs through the use of mandatory reporting laws together with drug tests, often resulting in the removal of their children from their homes. Historical comparison provides us with insight into how processes of engendering state power have disempowered mothers.

Budget Deficits and Public Borrowing Instruments in an Islamic Economic System

In this rapidly changing world, several countries and political movements,especially in the Middle East, are calling for the establishment ofan Islamic economic system. This paper seeks to explain the area of publicborrowing in such a system and to explore its use in today’s worldIn the literatwe, the term “budget deficit” denotes the gap betweenpublic revenue and expenditures. Revenues normally come from taxationand public property, while expenditures may cover development projectsand cumnt governmental expenses. In general, such a deficit is bridgedby increasing revenues, reducing expenditures, internal borrowing (i.e.,from the public commercial banks or the central bank), and by externalborrowing. In the past, governments used to borrow from their richcitizens only to meet the financial needs associated with wars and naturalcalamities. Today, however, public bornwing has become a major featureof contemporary economies in both developed and developing countries.This paper cosists of four sections: the principles of financing inIslam, the Islamic point of view on the provision of public goods, variousinstruments for public resource mobilization that can be developed on thebasis of Islamic principles of financing, and a conclusion.The Principles of FinancingThere are several recorded cases of public borrowing during the timeof the ptophet, as well as othets by the ‘AbWd and the Ottoman governments(Siddiqui 1992). This practice has petsisted into the modem era,as evidenced by Egypt and the Ottoman Empire during the middle of the ...

Deconstruction at Auschwitz: Heidegger, de Man, and the New Revisionism

Deconstruction's viability as a method of criticism has of late suffered from a preponderance of damning circumstantial evidence. This pertains to its relation (or non-relation) to the greatest crime of the modem era, the Holocaust. For in the aftermath of the Heidegger and de Man scandals, its evasions, equivocations, and denials with regard to this theme have caused its standing to plummet-perhaps not so much among true-believers, but among an open-minded public prepared to judge sine ira ac studio, without passion or hatred. The widespread controversies over the repressed pasts of Heidegger and de Man have had the effect of exposing deconstruction to an unprecedented public scrutiny. To be sure, some of this scrutiny has been prejudicially motivated. But some has also been genuine. What has been of positive value about these recent debates is that they have forced deconstruction, as never before, to take a position on matters of great historical importance: on questions of fascism, anti-Semitism, and the repression of sordid biographical pasts. For the esteem in which both Heidegger and de Man were held has fallen insofar as both men proved inauthentic (here, I choose my words carefully) in failing to own up to their far-from-trifling youthful transgressions. As any lawyer knows, circumstantial evidence is not enough to gain a conviction. Moreover, it would be wholly irresponsible to condemn deconstruction on the basis of a type of guilt-by-association: the idea that, because a number of its theoretical forbears or exponents were for a time avowed fascists (Heidegger, de Man, and, to a lesser extent, Maurice Blanchot),' deconstruction, too, would somehow be contaminated. I would like to suggest--quite forcefully-that the attempt to read these recent academic scandals as somehow implicating deconstruction in real historical crimes is patently off-base. Moreover, such attempts serve as a disingenuous mechanism to close off debate prematurely. After all, if a method of criticism can be qualified as fascist or convicted of intellectual collaboration, then it would appear that there is not much more to discuss. Those who believe that there are grounds for viewing the whole of deconstruction as a vast amnesty project for the politics of collaboration in France during World War II2 surely have jumped the gun. It is not along this route that the true stakes of the Heidegger and de Man affairs are to be found.

Le livre de comptes, la mémoire et le monument. La carrière des artistes à Bologne durant l'époque moderne

En 1678, le chanoine Malvasia, dans son monumental ouvrage destiné à assurer la gloire des peintres bolonais, raconte comment, pour écrire la vie du Guerchin qui travaillait dans le secret de la bottega, il a dû recourir à des memoranda qui y avaient été écrits parce que ce peintre, qui jouissait pourtant d'une liberté presque égale à celle de Poussin, ne pratiquait pas dans son atelier la même libéralité que les Carrache, l'Albane, ou le Guide. Ses contemporains lui reconnaissaient pourtant une identité sociale et professionnelle d'artiste : le duc de Modène écrivait qu'il se soumettait à sa « bizarrerie », un terme qui renvoie à la fois au « génie » du créateur et au caractère saturnien de l'artiste. Guerchin, d'autre part, même s'il tenait à travailler comme un artisan, était conscient de son identité d'artiste et refusait d'abdiquer son genio en face du commanditaire, qu'il s'agît de l'invention ou de la valeur de l’ ɶuvre.

A contemporary view of salivary research.

The past 50 years of salivary research has been marked by a series of changing perceptions as new techniques and technologies have illuminated the complexities of the secretory mechanism, salivary composition, and function. The modern era began with the innovations of electrophoresis, chromatography, histochemistry, immunochemistry, electron microscopy, and microphysiology. The idea of saliva as primarily a digestive fluid composed of salts, amylase, and mucin was rapidly broadened to encompass a wide spectrum of protective proteins with the dual responsibility of protecting both hard and soft tissues. Characterization of the secretory IgA and nonimmunological antibacterial systems and the proteins responsible for the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels dominated the research in the 1960s and 1970s. An appreciation of the nature, formation, and role of the salivary pellicle and the interplay between bacterial adherence and agglutination provided a clinical thrust. Morphologists and physiologists redefined the secretory process on a molecular level. The 1980s saw the union of structure and function, both in terms of synthesis and release of the secretory products and their specific roles in the oral cavity in health and disease. The excitement of the 1990s is in the genetic control of processes and products, elucidating the mechanisms, and using the information to improve on nature: an era of great expectations and hubris. This article is essentially a personal guided tour through the past 50 years of salivary research.

Deep Fan: Mythic Identification, Technology, and Advertising in Spectator Sports

The relationship between the media sports fan and the sporting event closely parallels the position of the ritual participant acting out a mythic celebration. Such identification between the viewer/participant and the event has been characterized as “deep play” by Geertz (1973). However, this fan experience in the modem era is shaped not just by human face-to-face interaction, as was Geertz’s famous Balinese cockfight; instead, a specific media technology and commercial advertising provide the structure through which the public accesses media sports. This study examines grounded data on audience size and composition, advertising, commercial infrastructure and incentives, and other institutional aspects of the political economy of mass-mediated sport. What do cultural and ritual theory contribute to our understanding of the mass-mediated sports experience of today’s “deep fan”?

On the Origins Of the Term and Meanings Of "Adult Education" In the United States

Despite modem and 1920s era assertions that the term "adult education" was practically unknown in the United States prior to 1924, American usage dates at least to the late nineteenth century. By 1899 at least four influential people had used the term. Melvil Dewey, the inventor of the book cataloging system, had even offered a typology of adult education in 1904. Other terms, such as continuation education, home education, popular education, university extension, and educational extension, all dealt with learning by adults. But Henry M. Leipziger's indefatigable advocacy of New York City's Free Lectures program as an "institute of adult education" offered a context in which liberal adult education prospered. More than any other, Leipziger is responsible for the early advocacy and diffusion of the new term.

The Humanist Conception of the University: A Framework for Post-Modern Higher Education

European universities were traditionally conceived as united communities of academicians propagating a coherent world-view with regard to the most elevated ideals, and were committed to the maximal development of the human potential of their students. Throughout the modem era these characteristics have been undermined by conceptual, social and economic processes that have intensified over recent post-moder decades (Barett, 1990; Schuller, 1990; Kerr, 1972; Schaffer, 1980). Paradoxically, it is especially during this period, which has seen unprecedented accelerated revolutions in all aspects of human existence, that the need for the universities' cultural and educational role is re-emerging. As a result, many writers on higher education (as different in their conceptual frameworks and aspirations as Allan Bloom (1987), the conservative American philosopher, Roland Barett (1990), vice-chairman of the UK Society for Research into Higher Education, and Federico Mayor (1989), the Director-General of UNEsco) have recently attempted to revitalise those characteristics of the university deemed lost. While some writers on the issue express the desire to return to former curricular structures-such as the 'great books' core curriculum (Bloom, 1987), or that designed along the lines of the medieval studium generale (Weiland, 1989), or at least to approach such structures (Hirsch, 1987; Cronholm, 1989)-recent voices have increasingly been advocating the revitalisation of the cultural and educational vocation of the university while adapting it to the current Zeitgeist. More specifically, these voices, dubbed 'radical', have attempted to formulate a conception of university education based on the post-modernist non-objectivist pluralistic and dynamic view of culture and on the post-modernist concept of the individual as (also) self-creating. Within this view, higher education is presented as assisting and encouraging the infinite process of individual self-creation and the more general process of the creation of cultures by individuals (Feinberg, 1989, 1990; Fritzman, 1990; Kiziltan et al., 1990; Arcilla, 1990; Rorty, 1990). This proposal, while usually presented as a new response to the present cultural condition, in fact resurrects much of the unique humanist concept of the university developed in Germany at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries (Barett, 1988, 1990). I believe that this radical view can be conceptually substantiated and theoretically enriched by a dialogue with the humanist view. This article is intended as the first step towards such a dialogue and consists of the presentation of the humanist view and the demonstration of its relevance for us today. I will start by outlining the five models of the university that have so far 397

Novel and Romance: The "Odyssey" to "Tom Jones." (review)

170 EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FICTION 3:2 Hubert McDermott. Novel and Romance: The "Odyssey" to "Tom Jones." London: Macmillan Press, 1989. xi + 257pp. In dûs slim but ambitious study, Hubert McDermott sets out to show diat works like "Pamela and Clarissa were simply «workings of models already in existence" (p. ix) and that "die novels of Richardson and Fielding represent a distinct highlight, but not a separate beginning" in die history of fiction (p. xi). McDermott spends die first hundred pages of his study looking at what he sees as die real beginning in "Ancient Narrative Modes": die Odyssey and Greek and Latin romances. His argument in dûs section can be summed up in his final paragraph on the Odyssey: "It can truly be said mat die Odyssey shows die capacity of romance to express die dark and complex trudis of life unavailable to realism. ... It is little wonder diat die Odyssey, both in its incidentals and in its overall pattern, became die model for all later romances" (p. 23). If we have come to question every assumption mat such sentences make, that does not mean diat tiiey do not contain sometiûng more or less cogent. McDermott reminds us diat prose fiction is not a development of die modem era and diat in recent studies classical models are often overlooked. In die ancient romances he finds all the patterns that later novelists develop and suggests a broad range of narrative devices as represented in works ranging from Ninus and Semiramus (in 100 BC) to Aethiopica (tiûrd century AD). His lively plot summaries are helpful in reminding us of die wealtii of dûs material; and even when he is discussing works which are familiar, such as The Golden Ass, his insights can be valuable. When he says, though, diat "Samuel Richardson was certainly not the first writer of fiction concerning 'procrastinated rape,' since this is what Greek romance is all about" (p. 28), we can be forgiven for wondering what die terms of analysis really are. At times, it seems diat McDermott is solely concerned widi technical innovation: "To claim diat Daphnis and Chloe was influenced to any extent by die pastoral poetry of Theocritus, is to detract from the achievement of Longus. There is little doubt diat die idea of placing Daphnis and Chloe in a pastoral setting was suggested by pastoral poetry, but in every odier respect Longus must be regarded as an innovator" (p. 57). The writer, in dûs case as in many odiers, seems to want to have it bodi ways. He neidier seriously addresses die question of pastoral conventions nor deals widi recent arguments concerning their value. If the book has a diesis, it concerns these early works and the degree to which tiiey anticipate later fiction. But is dûs really the right question to be asking? Were Greek and Roman romance writers as interested in technical innovation as McDermott suggests? His certainty about the relation of particular works to one another and of audiorial intention to fictional form is remarkable: "An analysis of die Satyricon, as fiction, must begin by acknowledging diat die work is a parody of ancient romance, and intended as such by its audior" (p. 71). The certainty with which McDermott makes diese claims masks his unwillingness to question his notions of "influence," "parody," or "intention." The study necessarily suffers from such glibness, at least among tiiose who are unwilling to take so much for granted. McDermott spends less dian ten pages on a section called "Medieval Romance," arguing as he does that "English narrative was in a state of utter moribundity in die fifteendi and early sixteendi centuries, and was only rescued from imminent deatii by die introduction of Spanish picaresque and newly translated Greek romances" (p. 96). His interests obviously lie elsewhere. In a longer section on "Pre-Eighteendi-Century Romance" he spends most of his time examining die classical sources of seventeendi-century romance, discussing "die general patterns of [various] stories" (p. 136) in an attempt to show diat diese works are really a reworking of classical themes. He dien turns to Richardson and Fielding. REVIEWS 171 McDermott's discussion of Richardson is...

Connaissance du droit et communication de masse. Repères historiques

Using ancient but also recent examples, the question of the necessity of a legal knowledge is the first that needs an answer : many civilizations prefered to keep the law secret, and to-day we find remaining aspects of this position. In a second time are presented different technics of transmission of the information on law s : oral technics are dominant during the Middle Ages and the Modem era, but, more and more, the written way is used giving an advantage to alphabetized people in the contemporaneous world. Finally a rapid attempt is made to know the real impact of this vulgarization of the legal norm : it seems that individual knew in the past and know to-day more that is generally admitted, but this knowledge is selective, the only rules remembered are the useful ones, so that they can be used or eventually more easily put aside.

Textoanalysis and Psychoanalysis

IN SPITE OF THE FAVORABLE reception in France of my book Psychanalyse et litterature (Paris, P.U.F. 1978, 3rd ed. 1989), the reaction of literary scholars to literary criticism founded in psychoanalytic theory is today generally negative. At best, devotees of psychoanalytic literary criticism are considered to be playing with riddles, imposing personal fantasies upon a helpless and innocent victim, the book. In spite of the example set by Freud, rare are the analysts who are willing to reconsider their categorical lumping of all psychoanalytic readings of literature into a marginal zone. Such ventures are considered to be echoes of a no longer urgent past, unrelated to the very therapeutic activity upon which their value in the domain of the unconscious is contingent. Strictly speaking, neither the universities nor the various institutes of have accepted the interrelation of certain aspects of these two arts, of these two very different bodies of knowledge. And yet, joined together, the words textoanalysis and psychoanalysis are somewhat redundant; the result is a partial pleonasm. As a term chosen to label analytical reading with reference to Freudian doctrines, textoanalysis clearly incorporates the word analysis (i.e psychoanalysis, according to standard usage). The purpose of such an incorporation or introjection is to sensitize us, for it presupposes a conflictive relationship, an ambivalence that generates questions. When we accept the hybrid term textoanalysis, is it not true that today, in both thought and speech, common usage rather harmlessly substitutes the term psychoanalysis for that which can be referred to as textoanalysis? In the modem era, is analyzing a psyche really any different than analyzing a text? By text I mean a discursive fragment or a series of enunciations, always more or less disconnected, which comprises and at the same conceals the un-spoken, i.e. the un-speakable; a series of enunciations which ignores an entire dimension of thought-objects that are never taken up again (heard and recycled) in the monologue named conscience that the subject delivers about his self and his others.

Bertolt Brecht: Chaos According to Plan by John Fuegi, and: Exceptions and Rules: Brecht, Planchon and "The Good Person of Szechwan." by Pia Kleber (review)

Book Reviews JOHN FUEGI. BertolI Brecht: Chaos According to Plan. New York: Cambridge University Press 1987. pp. XIV. 223. illustrated. $39·50; $I2.95(PB). PIA KLEBER. Exceptions and Rules: Brecht, Planchon and "The Good Person of Szechwan." New York: Peter Lang 1987. Pp. 334. illustrated. Thirty years after the death of Bertolt Brecht the interest in his work as playwright and director has not flagged. In these thoroughly political times on awar-tom planet Brecht's ambivalences, his Wandering Jew. and his kind of tight-rope-walker existence all seem emblematic of our modem era. Two new books on Brecht the director and on Brecht's influence on Roger Planchon testify to this increasing awareness. These two thoroughly researched studies complement one another and are a must for every BrechtophiJe, and every student of contemporary drama. A seasoned Brecht scholar, the editor of Brecht HeutelBrecht Today, the Yearbook of the International Brecht Society, John Fuegi has charted Brecht's day~to·day activity as a theatre director from the early days ofhis scandalous Baal (1923) to the last rehearsals of Galileo (1956) which the Berlin Ensemble was to talce to London. Pia Kleber picks up where Fuegi's book stops. Brecht never had a chance to direct his Good Person of Szechwan but enough material was left for Benno Besson's production of 1957. Above all, Exceptions and Rules is a clearly focused study of Brecht's influence upon the French director and playwright Roger Planchon. the administrator of the T.N.P. (Theatre National Populaire) at Villeurbanne. a suburb of Lyons. The ways in which Planchon's political and social concerns affected his dramaturgic development are carefully traced through the evolution of his three stagings of The Good Person (July 1954. October 1954. December 1958). Between the second and the third production. Planchon had a lengthy and decisive meeting with Brecht. Thus, comparisons and contrasts are established by Dr. Kleber between Besson's Berliner production and Planchon's final staging of the play at the Theatre de la Cite. Book Reviews Important new material for both studies comes from the archives of the Berliner Ensemble and from personal interviews carried out by both scholars. John Fuegi spoke to Helene Weigel, Brecht's widow and the administrator of the Berliner Ensemble, to Angelika HUlwicz. the actress taken from Julius Hay's Haben to become Kattrin in the 1949 Mother Courage, and Grusche in the ]953- 4 The Caucasian Chalk Circle, to Elisabeth Hauptmann, Brecht's collaborator and assistant, and to Hans Bunge. Pia Kleber read 32 newspaper reviews of the Besson mise en scene. studied Karl Von Appen's designs, numerous production photographs, and the unpUblished Modellbuch. She interviewed Ekkehard SchaU, who played Sun in the Besson production, and the stage designer Friedrich Dieckmann. Although the T,N,P. has little archival materialthe reason being that Planchon believes stage art to be evanescent - Dr. KJeber was able to reconsbUct various phases ofthe three productions by discussing them with members of the T.N.P.: the dramaturg Michel Bataillon, the administrator Madeleine Sarrazin, the painter-designer Rene Allio; the actress/costume designer Isabelle Sadoyan, and a number of actors. What is perhaps essential for a proper appreciation of Dr. Kleber's study is to know that she started her professional life in Europe as a costume designer. Therefore, the technical expertise she brings to her detailed and very revealing discussion of the props, sets, costumes, and lighting used by Besson and Planchon is invaluable for students of stage craft. In addition to a fme literary sense and a historical perspective, Pia Kleber's specialized knowledge lends subtlety and depth to her analysis of Brecht's theory and praxis, and to Planchon's evolving fidelity to both. Both studies transcend their goals, emerging as treatises in comparative literature and comparative theatre. John Fuegi's original and sound use of the "hobby horse theory of mimesis" (p. 30) fonnulated by the aesthetician E.H. Gombrich in his essay "Meditations on a Hobby Horse," goes a long way towards an investigation of the controversial V-Effect. Although Fuegi says that he has no proof that Brecht was familiar with Gombrich, the reading of...

The Philosophical Bases of Institutionalist Economics

The precise nature of relationship between disciplines of economics and philosophy has yet to be explicated in detail. Certain family resemblances can be readily verified, and traced to a common lineage. Many of precursors of Western economic theory, such as John Locke and Adam Smith, were self-identified moral philosophers; many other inhabitants of pantheon of economic theory, such as Karl Marx and John Maynard Keynes, are recognized as having made substantial contributions to philosophy. Nevertheless, in modem era, ontogeny does not recapitulate phylogeny; and average economist in late twentieth century would deny any necessary or close links between two fields. In economics, facade of repudiation of philosophical preconceptions is propped up by widespread conviction that modem economics has successfully adopted character and attributes of a science. This invocation of science is intended to settle all arguments once and for all and to expiate all sins. Of course, this has been a vain hope. Disputes over method, epistemology, and ontology have not been banished because an invocation of science merely impounds controversy under rubric of the philosophy of science, without really