Cognitive Model Research Articles

Examining the development of eighth grade students’ geometric reasoning

The purpose of this study is to investigate the development of geometric reasoning in eighth-grade middle school students. This research was conducted with 6 students (4 girls, 2 boys) at a public school in Izmir, where the researcher is employed. The study is qualitative and utilizes the teaching experiment method. The research process includes pre- and post-tests and 5 different teaching implementations. All research questions were prepared by the researcher in the form of open-ended questions suitable for geometric reasoning. The data obtained in the study were analyzed descriptively within the theoretical framework of Duval's Cognitive Model. This article is based on the researcher’s doctoral thesis, and one question from the pre- and post-interviews is presented in this article. The results of the research indicate that there was a development in students' geometric reasoning skills, that peer teaching had a positive impact during the instructional implementations, and that there were positive developments in students' questioning and logical reasoning skills.

A Cognitive View on Prominence Relations

The present paper proposes a cognitive view on prominence relations of utterances by treating them as prosodic relations with weak-strong metrical structure. Considering this aspect, prosodic relations have a cognitive structure and a prominence structure, both of them reflecting the structures of cognitive relations generated at cortical level during the evocation of auditory objects corresponding to speech constituents. Ladd (2008) introduces two types of relations in the F0 contour description, prosodic and prominence relations, but we suggest a single type of relation between speech constituents, named prosodic relation, and consider it is in the same time a prominence relation due to its weak-strong metrical structure. In section 2, the paper presents the cognitive model of information structure by defining the categories used for the description of cognitive and prominence structures of prosodic relations. In section 3, the cognitive and prominence structures of four utterances of the word permit as noun and verb, in descending and ascending F0 contours, are compared with those of four utterances of certain small statements and questions having words as constituents. All the contours mentioned are useful for understanding how utterances can be decomposed into binary hierarchies of prosodic relations with local or global prominent (strong) constituent, aiming to motivate researchers to take into account the cognitive interpretation of F0 contours.

Prosociality in Microtransit

We study (public) microtransit, a type of transportation service wherein a municipality offers point-to-point rides to residents, for a fixed, nominal fare. Microtransit exemplifies practical resource allocation problems that are often over-constrained in that not all ride requests (pickup and dropoff locations at specified times) can be satisfied or satisfied only by violating soft goals such as sustainability, and where economic signals (e.g., surge pricing) are not applicable—they would lead to unethical outcomes by effectively coercing poor people. We posit that instead of taking rider preferences as fixed, shaping them prosocially will lead to improved societal outcomes. Prosociality refers to an attitude or behavior that is intended to benefit others. This paper demonstrates a computational approach to prosociality in the context of a (public) microtransit service for disadvantaged riders. Prosociality appears as a willingness to adjust one’s pickup and dropoff times and locations to accommodate the schedules of others and to enable sharing rides (which increases the number of riders served with the same resources). This paper describes an interdisciplinary study of prosociality in microtransit between a transportation researcher, psychologists, a social scientist, and AI researchers. Our contributions are these: (1) empirical support for the viability of prosociality in microtransit (and constraints on it) through interviews with drivers and focus groups of riders; (2) a prototype mobile app demonstrating how our prosocial intervention can be combined with the transportation backend; (3) a reinforcement learning approach to model a rider and determine the best interventions to persuade that rider toward prosociality; and (4) a cognitive model of rider personas to enable evaluation of alternative interventions.

Exploring semantic expression disparities in intragenerational and intergenerational communication: A novel perspective on socioemotional selectivity theory.

The Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST) posits that older and younger adults have different life goals due to differences in perceived remaining lifetime. Younger adults focus more on future-oriented knowledge exploration and forming new friendships, while older adults prioritize present-focused emotional regulation and maintaining close relationships. While previous research has found these age differences manifest in autobiographical textual expressions, their presence in verbal communication remains unexplored. We recruited 36 older adults and 36 younger adults to form 12 younger adults-younger adults dyads, 12 older adults-older adults dyads, and 12 younger adults-older adults dyads engaging in three conversational scenarios. Analysis of communication transcripts using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count revealed that in intragenerational communication, older adults used more present-focused and family-related words, and fewer future-focused, negative emotion, and knowledge acquisition words compared to younger adults, aligning with SST predictions. However, in intergenerational communication, younger and older adults showed similar patterns in future-focused, cognitive, and family-related language use. This suggests that participants adjusted their goal orientations to accommodate each other, mitigating the age differences proposed by SST and partially supporting the Interpersonal Cognitive Consistency Model. These findings indicate that while SST explains semantic expressions in intragenerational communication, group dynamics toward verbal consistency play a more vital role in intergenerational communication. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Introducing ActiveInference.jl: A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Active Inference Models

We introduce a new software package for the Julia programming language, the library ActiveInference.jl. To make active inference agents with Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) generative models available to the growing research community using Julia, we re-implemented the pymdp library for Python. ActiveInference.jl is compatible with cutting-edge Julia libraries designed for cognitive and behavioural modelling, as it is used in computational psychiatry, cognitive science and neuroscience. This means that POMDP active inference models can now be easily fit to empirically observed behaviour using sampling, as well as variational methods. In this article, we show how ActiveInference.jl makes building POMDP active inference models straightforward, and how it enables researchers to use them for simulation, as well as fitting them to data or performing a model comparison.

The Effects of Trait Anger on Proactive and Reactive Online Aggression: The Mediating Role of Hostile Attribution Bias and the Moderating Role of Self-Control.

Individuals' involvement in reactive and proactive online aggression has garnered widespread concern from various societal sectors, marking it as a critical indicator of individual social development. The influencing factors that might exist for both reactive and proactive online aggression have been little explored. Understanding these could help us develop more effective intervention strategies, targeting individuals who exhibit both types of aggression. Structural Equation Modeling was used to examine the relationship between trait anger and hostile attribution bias on reactive and proactive online aggression. A total of 1075 college students (Mage = 19.96 ± 1.54years) completed assessments related to trait anger, hostile attribution bias, self-control, and reactive and proactive online aggression. Hostile attribution bias partially mediates the association between trait anger and both forms of aggression, while self-control moderates the association between trait anger and hostile attribution bias and both types of aggression. Illustratively, individuals with high self-control can better buffer both the direct effects of trait anger and the indirect effects of hostile attribution bias on reactive and proactive online aggression. This result provides empirical support for the Integrative Cognitive Model, ICM. Our findings may provide educational practitioners with important information regarding intervention design.

Dissecting the Causal Role of Early Inferior Frontal Activation in Reading.

Cognitive models of reading assume that speech production occurs after visual and phonological processing of written words. This traditional view is at odds with more recent magnetoencephalography studies showing that the left posterior inferior frontal cortex (pIFC) classically associated with spoken production responds to print at 100-150 ms after word-onset, almost simultaneously with posterior brain regions for visual and phonological processing. Yet the theoretical significance of this fast neural response remains open to date. We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate how the left pIFC contributes to the early stage of reading. In Experiment 1, 23 adult participants (14 females) performed three different tasks about written words (oral reading, semantic judgment, and perceptual judgment) while single-pulse TMS was delivered to the left pIFC, fusiform gyrus or supramarginal gyrus at different time points (50-200 ms after word-onset). A robust double dissociation was found between tasks and stimulation sites-oral reading, but not other control tasks, was disrupted only when TMS was delivered to pIFC at 100 ms. This task-specific impact of pIFC stimulation was further corroborated in Experiment 2, which revealed another double dissociation between oral reading and picture naming. These results demonstrate that the left pIFC specifically and causally mediates rapid computation of speech motor codes at the earliest stage of reading and suggest that this fast sublexical neural pathway for pronunciation, although seemingly dormant, is fully functioning in literate adults. Our results further suggest that these left-hemisphere systems for reading overall act faster than known previously.

Cognitive-Linguistic Profiles Underlying Reading Difficulties Within the Unique Characteristics of Hebrew Language and Writing System.

While the multiple cognitive deficits model of reading difficulties (RD) is widely supported, different cognitive-linguistic deficits may manifest differently depending on language and writing system characteristics. This study examined cognitive-linguistic profiles underlying RD in Hebrew, characterised by rich Semitic morphology and two writing versions differing in orthographic consistency-a transparent-pointed version and a deep-unpointed version. A two-step cluster analysis grouped 96 s graders and 81 fourth graders based on their phonological awareness (PA), rapid naming (RAN), orthographic knowledge (OK) and morphological-pattern identification (MPI) abilities. Word-reading accuracy and fluency in both writing versions were also examined. The analysis revealed substantial variation in cognitive-linguistic functioning levels, identifying distinct homogeneous profiles at both ages. PA and RAN deficits were most significant across grades. A distinct OK deficit profile emerged among fourth graders, particularly manifested in Hebrew's deep-unpointed script. Moreover, the findings converge on the conclusion that while the phonological deficit is primary and persists over time, its importance is secondary to the main morphological deficit, reflecting a central independent factor in explaining RD in Hebrew. These results support a hybrid-dynamic perspective, emphasising how the relevance of different cognitive-linguistic deficits underlying RD varies with development, influenced by Hebrew's unique orthographic and morphological characteristics.

The Association Between Peritraumatic Dissociation and Race-Based Trauma Symptoms: The Role of Negative Cognitions

ABSTRACT Peritraumatic dissociation is a risk factor for the development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Per the cognitive model of PTSD and empirical research, cognitive appraisals mediate the relationship between peritraumatic dissociation and PTSD. Racial trauma has recently been conceptualized as a psychological sequelae to racism and discrimination that involves a posttraumatic stress reaction to experiences of racism and discrimination. Given the theoretical parallels between PTSD and racial trauma, we hypothesized that negative cognitions would intervene in the relationship between peritraumatic dissociation and racial trauma. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether negative cognitions about the self and the world and self-blame intervened in the relationship between peritraumatic dissociation and racial trauma among 220 minoritized participants. The results indicated that negative views about the self (b = .24) and the world (b = .18), but not self-blame intervened in the relationship between peritraumatic dissociations and racial trauma. These findings provide some insight regarding how negative cognitions relate to peritraumatic dissociations and racial trauma, allowing for a discussion of potential treatment implications.

Improved multilevel scaled cognitive diagnostic model as an aid in mental health education

Improved multilevel scaled cognitive diagnostic model as an aid in mental health education

Multidimensional latent cognitive diagnosis based on rough concept analysis and item response theory

The rapid increase of the amount of learning resources has brought numerous challenges to personalized learning. Although various cognitive diagnosis models and path recommendation models have been developed, there exist many challenges, especially in the accuracy of diagnosing learners’ latent cognitive traits and efficiency of optimizing personalized learning paths. In this paper, we build a multidimensional cognitive diagnosis model by combining fuzzy set theory and item response theory. In particular, we use the maximum likelihood estimation method to assess learners’ cognitive state on knowledge/skills and learning resources. In addition, based on rough concept analysis and genetic algorithms, we develop a model of personalized learning path optimization. Finally, data experiments are conducted to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed models.

Standardizing nurse practitioner clinical education: The Cognitive Preceptorship Model

Standardizing nurse practitioner clinical education: The Cognitive Preceptorship Model

Dihuang Yinzi improves scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairment by regulating plasma exosome-derived BDNF.

Dihuang Drink (DHD), formulated by Liu Hejian during the Yuan Dynasty, is listed as one of the first ancient classical prescriptions by the National Medical Products Administration of China. It is commonly used for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study further investigates the therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of DHD in AD. This study aimed to evaluate the cognitive improvement effects of DHD on scopolamine (SCOP)-induced memory impairment in mice and to explore its anti-AD mechanisms mediated by exosomes. A cognitive impairment model was established in C57BL/6J mice via intraperitoneal injection of SCOP (1mg/kg) for 21 consecutive days, followed by DHD intervention to assess its effects on learning, memory, hippocampal synaptic density, and the cholinergic system. SD rats were gavaged with DHD (22.00g/kg) for 7 days, and plasma exosomes were extracted. These exosomes were injected into SCOP-treated mice (2mg/kg, every other day for 14 days, 7 injections) to verify the role of exosomes in improving cognitive function. Behavioral performance and brain ChAT and BDNF levels were measured. DHD improved learning and memory in SCOP model mice, attenuated neuronal loss and decreases in dendritic spines induced by scopolamine, and modulated the expression of BDNF, SYN-1, PSD95, and M1 mAChR. DHD-derived plasma exosomes further enhanced learning and memory function and significantly increased brain ChAT activity and BDNF levels. DHD may alleviate cognitive impairment in SCOP model mice, potentially through exosome-mediated neuroprotection.

Investigation of the Relationship Between Intolerance of Uncertainty, Metacognitions, Maladaptive Coping, and Fear of Cancer Recurrence via Moderated Mediation Model.

In recent years, many studies have investigated the triggers, perpetuating factors, and outcomes of Fear of Cancer Recurrence (FCR), highlighting its complexity with multiple dimensions that encompass both antecedents and consequences. In this sense, the cognitive approach to FCR has explored variables such as metacognition, maladaptive coping strategies, and intolerance of uncertainty (IU). On the other hand, the findings of a restricted number of studies investigating the relationship between FCR and stated variables appear to be inconsistent. The objective of this study was thus to examine the relationship that existed among these variables in breast cancer survivors by moderated mediation model. In this cross-sectional study, 130 breast cancer survivors completed the Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory (FCRI), the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale Short Form (IUS-12), Metacognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), and Brief COPE Scale (BCS) Short Form. The mediated moderation analysis was conducted using Process Macro. There was a significant positive correlation found between FCR and IU (r=0.87, p<0.001), and between FCR and negative metacognitions (r=0.72, p<0.001). A weak to moderate positive correlation was identified between IU and maladaptive coping strategies (r=0.19, p<0.05), and between negative metacognitions and maladaptive coping strategies (r=0.31, p<0.001). The relationship between FCR and maladaptive coping strategies was nonsignificant (r=0.16, p>0.05). As a result of hierarchical regression analysis, controlling for demographic and clinical variables, IU, positive metacognitions, and negative metacognitions significantly explained 45%, 2%, and 1% of the variance in FCR, respectively. The results of the current study contribute to the literature in terms of supporting the views that cognitive models of worrying could be used to understand the FCR mechanism and address the IU been which has limitedly studied in the FCR literature. The current study's findings have also contributed to the clinical field by highlighting the importance of incorporating breast cancer survivors' metacognitions and IU in FCR intervention programs.

Toward cognitive models of misophonia

Toward cognitive models of misophonia

Cognitive space mapping and its neural mechanisms

Cognitive space mapping and its neural mechanisms

Cognitive Modeling for Effective Emergency Response: An Agent-Based Simulation Architecture

Cognitive Modeling for Effective Emergency Response: An Agent-Based Simulation Architecture

Modeling the Socio-Economic and Demographic Development of Transborder Regions (The Example of the Russian-Chinese Border Territories)

The main goal is to consider the problem of modeling cross–border innovations in the Russian-Chinese border area and to develop priority areas in the field of strategic planning of international cooperation in foreign economic public discourse. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research uses the methodological holism of digital humanities, including a new interpretation of works on economic sociology and demography, international division of labor and cooperation, cognitive modeling and mapping, political science, social economics and foreign economic media linguistics, regional studies, Russian and Chinese studies, discursology, machine learning and semantic analysis. The main objectives of the study are to identify semantic vertices in the strategic infrastructure of the cross-border region of Russia and China with modeling of the upper-level architecture with the sequential disclosure of individual sublevels and blocks with parameterizing markers, which allows us to determine the emphasis on the carrier modules in the proposed model. The results of the work result in the development of links in the innovative system of international cooperation based on the theory of metagraphs in order to improve the efficiency of international cross-border transport routes of various types in the Russian-Chinese border area.

Population encoding of observed and actual somatosensations in the human posterior parietal cortex

Cognition relies on transforming sensory inputs into a generalizable understanding of the world. Mirror neurons have been proposed to underlie this process, mapping visual representations of others' actions and sensations onto neurons that mediate our own, providing a conduit for understanding. However, this theory has limitations. Here, we hypothesize that mirror-like responses represent one facet of a broader framework in which our brains engage internal models for cognition. We recorded populations of single neurons in the human posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of a brain-machine interface clinical trial participant implanted with a microelectrode array while she either experienced actual touch, or observed diverse tactile stimuli applied to other individuals. Two body locations were tested, on each of the participant and other individuals. Some neurons exhibited mirror-like properties, consistent with earlier literature. However, they were fragile, breaking with increased task complexity. Population responses were better characterized by generalizable and compositional basic-level features encoded within neural subspaces. These features enable the population to respond to diverse actual and observed touch stimuli and are recruited similarly for similar forms of touch. Mirror-like neurons belong within these subspaces, contributing more globally to compositionality and generalizability. We speculate that at a population-level, human PPC manifests an internal model for touch, and that cognition unfolds in the high-level human cortex by versatility in its representational building blocks. In a broad sense, we speculate that the population features we demonstrate support a broad mechanism by which the high-level human cortex enables understanding.

Achieving Sustainable Development Goals: Exploring the Influence of Live Shopping Behavior on Purchase Intentions in “Tiktok” Shop

Objectives: This study explores the influence of live shopping behavior on consumer purchase intentions within the TikTok Shop, emphasizing its relevance to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Understanding the dynamics of live shopping behavior on platforms like TikTok is vital for businesses aiming to leverage this innovative marketing strategy. Theoretical framework: The research is grounded with a behavioral predictor in understanding shopping decisions using the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) theory psychological model. SOR here, the stimulus uses store and brand image; the organism sees from quality and trust, and the response is based on purchase intention. Methods: Sample data was obtained from 419 respondents from an online survey using the snowball technique. Data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to test the proposed hypotheses Results and discussion: Brand image affects perceived quality, and brand image affects trust. Store image affects perceived quality, and store image affects trust. Perceived quality and trust affect purchase intention. Research Implications: The findings can be used as an evaluation for a marketing platform tool for the purchasing decision-making process. The development of the live shopping research model framework with Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) theory effectively for evaluating consumer and online shopping behavior. Meanwhile, this research also provides managerial strategies related to insights to managers of online shopping services, especially for e-commerce to be able to develop business networks by paying attention to factors that influence consumer behavior in online shopping, which will impact consumer buying interest Originality/Value: This research gives insight to behavior literature which focus on the Stimuli-Organism-Response (SOR) theory as a review tool for the purchase decision-making process and consumer behavior. In addition, evaluating consumers' online shopping behavior (TikTok Shop) developed a robust online consumer behavior concept on the influence of variables used to measure live shopping behavior in making decisions on consumer purchase intention.