Smart Grid Model Research Articles

Research of the IT Capability Maturity Model and its Extension Evaluation of Smart Grid

The IT capability maturity model and its evaluation system is put forward about smart grid which is suitable for China in view of the capability construction. The Extension method is used to establish the IT capability maturity evaluation model of smart grid. The method is simple and practical, easy to operate, easy to realize by computer and it is verified its effectiveness to smart grid through an example of IT capability evaluation with a province-level smart grid enterprise in western China. Key words: smart grid; capability maturity model; Extension method; IT capability

Metering Infrastructure and its Reference Architecture of Smart Distribution Grid Based on the Domain Model

nformation facilities play an important role in guarantee for smart distribution grid (SDG) security and stability, and the SDG metering infrastructure will play guiding role for the construction of SDG information facilities. This paper firstly elaborates the conception of the SDG metering infrastructure from the perspective of demand of information system in SDG, and then analyzes the functional demand and features of metering infrastructure during the development of SDG. Finally this paper proposes the reference architecture of SDG metering infrastructure using the domain in conceptual model of smart grid and has a detailed analysis on the inner-domain data source, data communication channel and data center of reference architecture.

Balancing System Survivability and Cost of Smart Grid Via Modeling Cascading Failures

As a typical emerging application of cyber physical system, smart power grid is composed of interdependent power grid and communication/control networks. The latter one contains relay nodes for communication and operation centers to control power grid. Failure in one network might cause failures in the other. In addition, these failures may occur recursively between the two networks, leading to cascading failures. We propose a k-to- n interdependence model for smart grid. Each relay node and operation center is supported by only one power station, while each power station is monitored and controlled by k operation centers. Each operation center controls n power stations. We show that the system controlling cost is proportional to k. Through calculating the fraction of functioning parts (survival ratio) using percolation theory and generating functions, we reveal the nonlinear relation between controlling cost and system robustness, and use graphic solution to prove that a threshold exists for the proportion of faulty nodes, beyond which the system collapses. The extensive simulations validate our analysis, determine the percentage of survivals and the critical values for different system parameters. The mathematical and experimental results show that smart grid with higher controlling cost has a sharper transition, and thus is more robust. This is the first paper that focuses on on improving smart power grid robustness by changing monitoring strategies from an interdependent complex networks perspective.

HOW TO ACHIEVE SMART CITIES THROUGH SMART COMMUNICATION AND REPRESENTATION OF URBAN DATA

Abstract. Urban environment is developing in different, complex and rapid ways. The challenge of the moment is to face this issue within the model and the philosophy of the "smart city". The biggest obstacles to the implementation of a smart city model can be probably found in the structure of urban areas and in the stratification of old urban infrastructures that make difficult the setting of new technological infrastructures. Moreover it is difficult to implement the smart city model also in the new urban areas, because these areas are often the result of recent urban sprawl and shapeless urbanization, and it is difficult to set the new technological infrastructures. But in this paper we would like to highlight that in addition to these problems, there is another obstacle in the implementation of the smart city model: the difficulties encountered by the authorities in the information of citizens about the problems and the resources of a city. We think that a smart information and communication system, with the support of web-GIS and smart visualization, will surely help the implementation of smart city models and smart grid models and the inclusion of citizens in the management of cities and countries.

Smart Grid Last-Mile Communications Model and Its Application to the Study of Leased Broadband Wired-Access

This paper addresses the modeling of specific Smart Grid (SG) communication requirements from a data networking research perspective, as a general approach to the study of different access technologies suitable for the last mile (LM). SGLM networks serve customers' Energy Services Interfaces. From functional descriptions of SG, a traffic model is developed. It is then applied to the study of an access architecture based on leased lines from local broadband access providers. This permits consideration of the potential starvation of domestic traffic, which is avoided by applying well-known traffic management techniques. From previous results obtained for a purpose-built WiMAX SGLM network, the intuition that a leased broadband access yields lower latencies is verified. In general, the proposed traffic model simplifies the design of benchmarks for the comparison of candidate access technologies.

Comprehensive Real-Time Simulation of the Smart Grid

This paper presents a real-time simulation platform for smart grid applications. The developed platform is capable of simulating complex smart grid models with large numbers of high-speed switching devices at real time. Furthermore, an integrated approach is adopted to combine real-time simulations of communication systems and electric power systems together, which provides an effective approach to examine communication and distributed control related issues in smart grids. With the flexibility in representing a wide range of communication network configurations, the developed platform can also be used to evaluate reconfiguration strategies of communication networks in smart grids. A case study is demonstrated based on this platform. Simulation results validate the capability of the platform and also show the importance of the proposed comprehensive approach for the study of smart grids.

Research on Ontology Modeling Method of Smart Grid

Smart grid makes new request for the representation and application of power grid knowledge. To solve the problem of “information isolated island” caused by the continuous development of power grid and the ineffectively use of massive domain knowledge, ontology technology is introduced into the smart grid field. Each link of smart grid is analyzed and new request for knowledge it makes is introduced. Then a simple introduction of ontology and ontology modeling is made. Referring to the defects of existing ontology modeling methods and considering the specific reality of smart grid, an ontology modeling method suitable for the smart grid field is presented, which is aiming at providing guidance on ontology modeling of smart grid. Finally a modeling example is given which proves the feasibility and efficiency of the method.

Modelling of a smart micro grid with renewable energy for rural area based on power line communication

Renewable energy conversion systems are main factor driving research on smart grid technology. Smart grid represents the paradigm to enable highly efficient power generation, transmission, distribution and consumption from the source to consumer. Bangladesh is facing energy crisis like other developing countries. High energy demands and environmental concerns force the transformation of existing power grid into smart micro grid. This paper proposes power line communication-based (PLC) platform on dynamic demand response and distributed generation including renewable power generation management approach in the context of smart micro grid model for residential and industrial consumptions. The implementation of smart micro grid to a rural area promotes the utilisation of renewable resources such as solar and wind energy. In this model, deployed PLC networks, data management system to integrate sensors, switchgears, transformers and other utility devices are used to interconnect smart homes to smart grids. Analytical results show the effectiveness of the proposed system to optimise residential renewable energy generation and smart meters to improve electrical grid control and energy conservation system.

Security Issues on Smart Grid

Improve the global environment for low carbon emissions and green energy, and the growing interest in IT technology, combined with the existing power grid to achieve this, to achieve more efficient and environment-friendly smart grid smart grid projects around the world actively being deployed. A smart grid is expected to be a modernization of the legacy electricity network. Therefore, this research provides a secure smart grid model so that it provides better monitoring, protecting and optimizing automatically to operation of the interconnected elements.

Smart Grid and Optimization

With urging problem of energy and pollution, smart grid is becoming ever important. By gradually changing the actual power grid system, smart grid may evovle into different systems by means of size, elements and strategies, but its fundamental requirements and objectives will not change such as optimizing production, transmission and consumption. Studying the smart grid through modeling and simulation provides us with valuable results which can not be obtained in real world due to time and cost related constraints. However, due to the complexity of the smart grid, achieving optimization is not an easy task, even using computer models. In this paper, we propose an complex system based approach to the smart grid modeling, accentuating on the optimization by combining game theoretical and classical methods in different levels. Thanks to this combination, the optimization can be achieved with flexibility and scalability, while keeping its generality.

A fault diagnosis method of Smart Grid based on rough sets combined with genetic algorithm and tabu search

Most of the existing methods of fault diagnosis in Smart Grid focus primarily on the information of the protective relays and switches. There is still some incomplete or uncertain information in the process of receiving data. Usually, relying only on the information may obtain wrong conclusions. Large numbers of methods have been applied in the fault diagnosis of power system. An improving accuracy of fault diagnosis method in Smart Grid is put forward in this paper using rough sets combined with genetic algorithm (GA) and Tabu search (TS). The reduction in continuous attributes and their value reduction are the major application of rough sets. The proposed algorithm can combine the parallel global searching capability of genetic algorithm with the local searching ability of Tabu search and significantly improve the efficiency of execution and ensure the optimal result. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm has been demonstrated using Changchun south substation and its distribution grid. To validate the proposed approach adequately, simulation studies have also been carried out on the simulated Smart Grid model. A series of tests are conducted toward three fault categories: the single faults, the multiple faults, and the loss information faults. All the results demonstrate that the proposed method in this paper is better than the preceding algorithms.

Secure wireless communication system for smart grid with rechargeable electric vehicles

Current transportation systems are emitting a considerable amount of greenhouse gas into the atmosphere. The recent advances in the fuel cell battery is making the zero-carbon electric vehicle (EV) increasingly practical for the commercial market. However, mass use of EVs requires support from a powerful and robust power grid that can efficiently generate, aggregate, and distribute a large amount of energy in real time with low carbon emission. Such a system calls for the application of modern communication technologies that inherently suffer from various cyber attacks. Attacks against the communication system in smart grid can cause catastrophic damage to the highly interdependent smart grid users. In this article, we first propose a smart grid model for supporting mass EV use, then introduce some typical security issues in the communication system, especially for the wireless security in such a smart grid. We mainly introduce two types of security protocols: key agreement from wireless channel estimation and jamming-resilient communication.

Statistical Mathematical Model of Building Power Consumption and Smart Grid Automated Demand Response Control

Statistical Mathematical Model of Building Power Consumption and Smart Grid Automated Demand Response Control

Modeling Smart Grid using Generalized Stochastic Petri Net

Building smart grid for power system is a major challenge for safe, automated and energy efficient usage of electricity. The full implementation of the smart grid will evolve over time. However, before a new set of infrastructures are invested to build the smart grid, proper modeling and analysis is needed to avoid wastage of resources. Modeling also helps to identify and prioritize appropriate systems parameters. In this paper, an all comprehensive model of smart grid have been proposed using Generalized Stochastic Petri Nets (GSPN). The model is used to analyze the constraints and deliverables of the smart power grid of future.

A New Classification of Electric Power System Information and Rationality Evaluation Based on Automatic Control Theory

We consider the information sharing, distributed processing and interoperating caused by different Standards and information models in this paper. For various parts of Power Grid such as generation, transmission, transformation and etc. A division method based on automatic control theory is proposed. With the large quantity collection of electric power production, operation and control information, we classify the information to the 4 categories and 12 sub-categories. The Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method is introduced as an innovative usage for evaluating the classification results, which is widely used in the procedure area of production. The division method for the information of power system is proved to be novel and the classification results can be used as the fundamental research of united power information model for further Smart Grid.

Feasibility Analysis of the Positioning of Superconducting Fault Current Limiters for the Smart Grid Application Using Simulink and SimPowerSystem

One of the most important topics regarding the application of superconducting fault current limiters (SFCL) for upcoming smart grid is related to its possible effect on the reduction of abnormal fault current and the suitable location in the micro grids. Due to the grid connection of the micro grids with the current power grids, excessive fault current is a serious problem to be solved for successful implementation of micro grids. However, a shortage of research concerning the location of SFCL in micro grid is felt. In this work, a resistive type SFCL model was implemented by integrating Simulink and SimPowerSystem blocks in Matlab. The designed SFCL model could be easily utilized for determining an impedance level of SFCL according to the fault-current-limitation requirements of various kinds of the smart grid system. In addition, typical smart grid model including generation, transmission and distribution network with dispersed energy resource was modeled to determine the location and the performance of the SFCL. As for a dispersed energy resource, 10 MVA wind farm was considered for the simulation. Three phase faults have been simulated at different locations in smart grid and the effect of the SFCL and its location on the wind farm fault current was evaluated. Consequently, the optimum arrangement of the SFCL location in Smart Grid with renewable resources has been proposed and its remarkable performance has been suggested.

Application of Chemical Storage in Smart Grid and Analysis on Loss Reduction

Because of the characteristic of highly controllability and modularization, battery energy storage could be widely applied in the distributed renewable energy generation for improving the reliability of power supply and smoothing the load. The paper introduces the chemical energy storage technology especially the flow battery and designs the model of smart grid with the chemical energy storage devices. Then the paper gives the interface circuit between smart grid and energy storage, and simulates an actual distribution network with chemical energy storage device, the result shows that if the energy storage battery with proper capacity was connected to the distribution network at a proper position, it was effective in reducing the line loss.

Plug-in Vehicles and Renewable Energy Sources for Cost and Emission Reductions

The electricity and transportation industries are the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions on Earth. Renewable energy, mainly wind and solar, can reduce emission from the electricity industry (mainly from power plants). Likewise, next-generation plug-in vehicles, which include plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (EVs) and EVs with vehicle-to-grid capability, referred to as “gridable vehicles” (GVs) by the authors, can reduce emission from the transportation industry. GVs can be used as loads, energy sources (small portable power plants), and energy storages in a smart grid integrated with renewable energy sources (RESs). Smart grid operation to reduce both cost and emission simultaneously is a very complex task considering smart charging and discharging of GVs in a distributed energy source and load environment. If a large number of GVs is connected to the electric grid randomly, peak load will be very high. The use of traditional thermal power plants will be economically and environmentally expensive to support the electrified transportation. The intelligent scheduling and control of GVs as loads and/or sources have great potential for evolving a sustainable integrated electricity and transportation infrastructure. Cost and emission reductions in a smart grid by maximum utilization of GVs and RESs are presented in this paper. Possible models for GV applications, including the smart grid model, are given, and results are presented. The smart grid model offers the best potential for maximum utilization of RESs to reduce cost and emission from the electricity industry.

Efficient Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources by Gridable Vehicles in Cyber-Physical Energy Systems

The main sources of emission today are from the electric power and transportation sectors. One of the main goals of a cyber-physical energy system (CPES) is the integration of renewable energy sources and gridable vehicles (GVs) to maximize emission reduction. GVs can be used as loads, sources and energy storages in CPES. A large CPES is very complex considering all conventional and green distributed energy resources, dynamic data from sensors, and smart operations (e.g., charging/discharging, control, etc.) from/to the grid to reduce both cost and emission. If large number of GVs are connected to the electric grid randomly, peak load will be very high. The use of conventional thermal power plants will be economically expensive and environmentally unfriendly to sustain the electrified transportation. Intelligent scheduling and control of elements of energy systems have great potential for evolving a sustainable integrated electricity and transportation infrastructure. The maximum utilization of renewable energy sources using GVs for sustainable CPES (minimum cost and emission) is presented in this paper. Three models are described and results of the smart grid model show the highest potential for sustainability.

Load distribution model and voltage static profile of Smart Grid

Voltage profiles of feeders with the connection of distributed generations (DGs) were investigated. A unified typical load distribution model was established. Based on this model, exact expressions of feeder voltage profile with single and double DGs were derived and used to analyze the impact of DGs’s location and capacity on the voltage profile quantitatively. Then, a general formula of the voltage profile was derived. The limitation of single DG and necessity of multiple DGs for voltage regulation were also discussed. Through the simulation, voltage profiles of feeders with single and double DGs were compared. The voltage excursion rate is 7.40% for only one DG, while 2.48% and 2.36% for double DGs. It is shown that the feeder voltage can be retained in a more appropriate range with multiple DGs than with only one DG. Distributing the total capacity of DGs is better than concentrating it at one point.