Simulated Model Research Articles

Spin Exchange-Enabled Quantum Simulator for Large-Scale Non-Abelian Gauge Theories

A central requirement for the faithful implementation of large-scale lattice gauge theories (LGTs) on quantum simulators is the protection of the underlying gauge symmetry. Recent advancements in the experimental realizations of large-scale LGTs have been impressive, albeit mostly restricted to Abelian gauge groups. Guided by this requirement for gauge protection, we propose an experimentally feasible approach to implement large-scale non-Abelian SU(N) and U(N) LGTs with dynamical matter in d+1D, enabled by two-body spin-exchange interactions realizing local emergent gauge-symmetry stabilizer terms. We present two concrete proposals for 2+1DSU(2) and U(2) LGTs, including dynamical bosonic matter and induced plaquette terms, that can be readily implemented in current ultracold-molecule and next-generation ultracold-atom platforms. We provide numerical benchmarks showcasing experimentally accessible dynamics, and demonstrate the stability of the underlying non-Abelian gauge invariance. We develop a method to obtain the effective gauge-invariant model featuring the relevant magnetic plaquette and minimal gauge-matter coupling terms. Our approach paves the way towards near-term realizations of large-scale non-Abelian quantum link models in analog quantum simulators. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Information and mathematical model of quantum communication channel state control processes

The most protected and stable communication systems today are quantum channels of information transmission and processing. Thanks to the unique properties of photons as information elements, it becomes possible to monitor and analyze the state of information flows in communication or information transmission channels. Physical attributes such as spin, polarization, radiation frequency, phase synchronization, and the quantum entanglement effect can be tracked and interpreted online to improve the quality and reliability of information in computer systems. In order to effectively use information in support or decision support systems, it is necessary to carefully formalize the processes and indicators of quantum systems for the creation of information processing and transmission, for which information and mathematical models should be created that describe the state of the quantum communication channel (QCC).The information model should allow the convolution of the information space. The mathematical model must prove the processes of tracking the states of quantum information and provide a description of the phase state of indicators of the quantum environment. A lock in a closed space with established cause-and-effect relationships is equal to a system of clear logic.The authors summarize the experience of developing and implementing the method of simulated dynamic modeling of events in an abstract communication channel, which allows formalizing and classifying cause-and-effect relationships of quantum carriers in the analyzed channels. It is proposed to use a unified neural network for the organization of SPPR in quantum-mechanical information transmission systems. Such a network could provide an automatic intelligent system state analysis mode. Such an analysis makes it possible to classify the aggregates of current system parameters to the level of diagnostics of the state of information flows and conclusions based on such diagnostics with the support of decision-making about the quality and reliability of the transmitted information. Such a system, working in OLAP (Online analytical processing) mode, could automatically manage the process of generation and transmission of information, reacting without human intervention to emerging critical errors or attempts at unauthorized system hacking. The observer effect leads to the fact that an attempt to measure the state of a photon inevitably causes an almost instantaneous change in this state. Attempting to parallelize a photon has the same consequences. This cannot be unnoticeable during further authorized acceptance of information. The analyzed quantum communication channel (QCM) consists of a set of technological elements distributed in space. The channel works in its own time, which is formed by clock pulses and creates a flow of information.

The impact of an applied menstrual self-care education program given to adolescents with intellectual disabilities and their mothers on their knowledge, skills, and anxiety levels

Objectives This study aimed to examine the effect of an applied menstrual self-care management education program provided to adolescents with intellectual disabilities and their mothers on their knowledge, skills, and anxiety levels. Methods A quasi-experimental design based on pre-test and post-test models was conducted with two different groups. The population consisted of adolescents with intellectual disabilities attending three special education and rehabilitation centers in a province and their mothers, while the sample included 32 adolescents with intellectual disabilities and their mothers who met the research criteria. Data were collected using a Demographic Information and Menstrual Characteristics Form and the Beck Anxiety Scale. Descriptive statistical methods (Mean, Standard Deviation) and t-test were employed. Results The applied education program provided education to both mothers and adolescents with intellectual disabilities using a simulator model demonstrating the perineal area and a guide developed for menstrual self-care, and they were asked to perform the practices. Following the education, both mothers and adolescents with intellectual disabilities showed effective gains in knowledge and skills, while also experiencing a reduction in anxiety. Conclusions Providing the same education to both mothers and adolescents with intellectual disabilities not only reduced potential caregiving issues but also facilitated communication between the adolescent and the mother. The study enabled adolescents with intellectual disabilities to realize their potential and decreased dependency on their mothers for care.

Inversing NOx emissions based on an optimization model that combines a source-receptor relationship correction matrix and monitoring data: A case study in Linyi, China

Inversion based on observational data and the source-receptor relationship (SRR) simulated by an air quality model is an effective means to estimate NOx emissions. However, the SRR bias induced by the inherent uncertainty of the simulated model leads to potential errors in the inversed emissions, but this is seldom considered in NOx inversion. In this study, we constructed an inversion model based on the SRR correction (IMSC) by introducing a correction matrix, combined with joint regularization scheme and genetic algorithm. We innovated the dynamic acquisition method of center-restricted parameters for the correction matrix, combined this with other parts of the IMSC, attaining the multi-month and multi-region pollutant emission inversion. Hypothetical examples demonstrated that the IMSC effectively corrected the SRR and accurately estimated the NOx emissions. The IMSC was used to estimate Linyi county-level NOx emissions for January, April, July and October (typical months) during 2020 and 2021. An inversion model without SRR correction (IMWSC) was developed for comparison with the IMSC. Results showed that the IMSC more accurately, robustly, and reasonably estimated NOx emissions. Compared to the IMWSC, the IMSC improved the mean correlation between NOx emissions and NO2 observational concentrations by 25.0%, enhancing the correlation between NOx emissions and NO2 column concentrations by 111.3%. The similar NOx emission change ratios (σaverage = 5.1%) between the typical months in 2021 and 2020 among the different counties indicated a more robust performance of the IMSC than the IMWSC (σaverage = 55.2%). In addition, the NOx emissions inversed by the IMSC also showed better consistency with social activity levels (i.e., electricity consumption). The typical monthly Linyi's county-level NOx emission characterization was also studied. NOx emissions were lower in April, July, and October 2021 than the same period in 2020 due to COVID-19 and pollution controls. This study provides strategies for swiftly and accurately estimating pollutant emissions.

A combination of carbonates and Opuntia ficus-indica extract protects esophageal cells against simulated acidic and non-acidic reflux in vitro

Buffering of stomach acid by antacids is a well-established symptomatic therapy for heartburn. In addition, preparations from prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) have been shown to reduce tissue damage in experimental gastritis models and to attenuate gastrointestinal discomfort in patients. Both active principles have been included in a fixed-combination product for symptomatic treatment of heartburn containing carbonate antacids (CaCO3 and MgCO3) and an extract from Opuntia ficus-indica cladodes. The aim of the study was to characterize the acid neutralization and esophageal cell protective activities of the product and its individual active ingredients in a set of in vitro assays. Acid neutralization was assessed in a simulated stomach model. Protective activity of individual constituents and in combination was analyzed in an esophageal cell line (COLO-680 N) exposed to low pH and deoxycholic acid to simulate acidic and non-acidic reflux challenge. The combination product protected cells against low pH mediated cytotoxicity via acid neutralization by carbonates. Opuntia extract itself and the combination product attenuated bile acid-induced cell irritation as measured by reduced release of proinflammatory interleukin-6 and -8. In conclusion, addition of Opuntia extract to a mineral antacid provides dual protection against acidic and non-acidic simulated reflux challenge.

Simulating multi-scale optimization and variable selection in species distribution modeling

Species distribution modeling (SDM) is a fundamental tool in theoretical and applied ecology. However, relatively little is known about the performance of different approaches for scale optimization, model selection, and algorithmic prediction in the context of nonlinear, multiscale and interactive relationships between environmental variables and species occurrence. Modelers often struggle to optimize a tradeoff between ecological relevance, model robustness, complexity, and overfitting. In this paper, we investigated several methods designed to optimize spatial scale and variable selection in SDMs, in each case evaluating model fitness, parsimony and predictive performance. We used a simulation approach to produce a large pool of alternative underlying habitat relationships that reflect a broad range of realistic habitat associations. We also compared several different modeling algorithms, including logistic regression with a generalized linear model (GLM), Lasso and Elastic-Net Regularized GLMs (GLMNet), and random forest (RF), as well as alternative variable and scale selection methods. We found that GLM methods employing all-subsets dredge routines for variable selection were consistently the best predictors based on all criteria of our model performance assessment and across all attributes of the simulated underlying relationship, including nonlinearity and interaction. We had expected machine learning approaches, such as random forest, to perform better in these more complex forms of species-environment relationships. GLM using dredge variable selection was also the method that included the fewest spurious covariates and included the most correct predictors as a proportion of all predictors. We found that univariate scaling was the most robust method of variable and scale selection, along with Minimal Redundancy Maximal Relevancy (MRMR) which performed equivalently. The simulation experiment presented here provides a robust assessment of simulated multi-species distribution model performance, complexity and fidelity. By simulating a large range of potential habitat relationships with varying spatial scale, effect sizes, linearity, and interactions, we comprehensively evaluated model performance across gradients of complexity of the underlying relationships and violations of classical statistical assumptions. This study provides a valuable assessment and a broader example of the power and utility of controlled simulation experiments in habitat relationships and other ecological spatial predictive modeling.

Validation of a novel simulated tendon model for core suture tendon repair.

Simulation training can develop surgical procedural skills in a safe environment. Able to offer high-intensity exposure, simulation is increasingly important as working time for surgeons becomes more protected. Materials used in simulated tendon repair play a critical role in the fidelity and face validity of the model. Although organic materials like porcine tendon are commonly used, non-organic materials offer advantages such as accessibility, reproducibility, cost-effectiveness and ease of use without the need for special licences or facilities. This study aims to establish the face, content and concurrent validity of using a novel silicone material in a simulated tendon repair model. Three tendon models, bathroom silicone sealant, DragonSkin® silicone and organic porcine tendons, were evaluated for concurrent validity through mechanical load to failure testing. Face and content validity were assessed, following participant repair of a DragonSkin® tendon, using a 5-point Likert scale for five clinically relevant parameters. Significant differences in load to failure were observed among bathroom sealant, DragonSkin® and porcine tendon (11.1N, 31.7N and 56.2N; p < 0.001). Participant feedback on the DragonSkin® tendon indicated that it was suitably representative, easy to use and useful for training (agreement rates 58%, 75% and 83%, respectively). However, participants noted that the model did not handle or glide like human tendon (both 8% agreement). DragonSkin® silicone is an adaptable and valid material for simulated tendon repair models. It is low cost, widely available and shows promise as a training tool. Future research will focus on exploring its effectiveness in training settings.

Assessment of the Antibiofilm Performance of Silver-Containing Wound Dressings: A Dual-Species Biofilm Model.

Background It is commonly accepted that microorganisms found within hard-to-heal wounds are present in biofilm form. Biofilms are often polymicrobial in nature, which increases their virulence and tolerance to antimicrobial agents. The aim of this study was to compare the antibiofilm activity of silver-containing antimicrobial wound dressings in a dual-species simulated wound biofilm model. Materials and methods Four silver-containing wound dressings were evaluated in vitro: Aquacel® Ag+ Extra™ dressing, KerraContact® Ag dressing, Durafiber* Ag dressing, and UrgoClean Ag dressing. Each dressing was applied to a simulated wound assembly containing biofilm-gauze inoculated with Klebsiella pneumoniae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Each biofilm-inoculated gauze was incubated at 35±3ºC for 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Enumeration of surviving biofilm bacteria at each time point was performed in triplicate for each test dressing and its equivalent control. Results Aquacel® Ag+ Extra™ dressing was observed to reduce the biofilm population within 24 hours with a >4 log10 kill observed for K. pneumoniae and >6 log10 for MRSA from an initial biofilm challenge of 4.16×109 CFU/mL. This kill rate was sustained for the duration of the challenge period, with Aquacel®Ag+ Extra™ dressing reducing the biofilm population to non-detectable levels (<30 Colony Forming Units (CFU) per test) by 72 hours for K. pneumoniae and by 48 hours for MRSA. KerraContact® Ag dressing demonstrated an initial reduction at 6 hours of ~2 log10 in both K. pneumoniae and MRSA. Durafiber* Ag dressing exhibited a slight, gradual reduction in biofilm population over the course of the test period, reducing each challenge organism by ~2.5 log10 by 72 hours. UrgoClean Ag was shown to have little to no impact on the dual-species biofilm with levels remaining similar or greater than that recovered prior to dressing application. The no-dressing biofilm-colonised gauze control demonstrated that the biofilm bacteria remained viable throughout the test period and species population proportionality was maintained. Conclusion Using a dual-species simulated wound biofilm model comprising the pathogens K. pneumoniae and MRSA, Aquacel® Ag+ Extra™ dressing demonstrated significantly greater antibiofilm activity than the other silver-containing dressings. The enhanced antibiofilm activity of Aquacel® Ag+ Extra™ dressing in this study may be attributed to the additional antibiofilm agents, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and benzethonium chloride, contained within the dressing.

Prebiotic activity of enzymatically modified pea peel dietary fiber: An in vitro study

The study examined the prebiotic index of enzymatically modified insoluble dietary fiber from pea peel by using three probiotic bacterias; Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469, Lactobacillus sakei ATCC 15521, Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 and one pathogenic bacteria; Escherichia coli ATCC 4157. A positive value for prebiotic potential was determined which was greater than inulin, unmodified dietary fiber, and standard glucose. The 30 h of cultivation, the cell density obtained from Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 culture conducted in MRS was 7.45 ± 0.08 log CFU/mL in glucose medium and 7.37 ± 0.07 log CFU/mL in dietary fiber medium. Growth kinetics analysis showed a positive effect for Lactobacillus spp. in DF medium. DF could boost cell biomass and relative growth rate of probiotic bacteria. Thus, the microbiome of the colon facilitates dietary fiber fermentation by bacteria shown in in vitro simulated gastrointestinal model.

Bias and Fairness in AI Models: How can Bias in AI Models be Identified, Mitigated, and Prevented in Data Science Practices?

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) systems are progressively used in different areas, going with basic choices that influence individuals' lives. In any case, these frameworks can sustain and try and fuel existing social predispositions, prompting uncalled for results. This paper looks at the wellsprings of predisposition in simulated intelligence models, assesses current methods for distinguishing and relieving inclination, and proposes an extensive structure for creating more pleasant simulated intelligence frameworks. By coordinating specialized, moral, and functional points of view, this exploration plans to add to a more evenhanded utilization of computer-based intelligence across various areas, guaranteeing that artificial intelligence driven choices are fair, straightforward, and socially dependable.

What if … there were no special schools?

AbstractInclusive education is a human right that involves restructuring the school system and closing special schools. However, there is uncertainty about whether all or only some students in an inclusive system should attend regular primary schools and whether all or only some special schools should be closed. This question is usually only discussed in terms of the best possible care and education and the challenge of transportation to school and travel distances is neglected. This article attempts to take both into account. The federal state of Bavaria in Germany does not yet have a fully developed inclusive school system. Using school statistics data for the entire Bavarian primary school population in 2020 (N &gt; 445,000) and geographical data, we simulate deterministically what the Bavarian primary school system could look like with various underlying inclusion models. We analyse the resulting student numbers, support rates of primary schools and school travel distances of former special school students in an urban-rural comparison in four different simulated inclusion models. The results show that all models are potentially feasible. The student numbers at each primary school resulting from the closure of special schools would in most cases not change significantly, whereas the support rate (i.e., the percentage of students with SEN per primary school) would. Schooling close to home favours students in rural areas in particular and significantly reduces their journeys to school by up to 30 km, while for students in urban areas, all inclusive models would be possible. The pedagogical and systemic consequences of the simulated inclusion models are discussed.

Rubberized reinforced concrete columns under axial and cyclic loading

The experimental study presented in this research was conducted to understand the performance of rubberized concrete columns under axial loads and numerically analyze the conduct of rubberized reinforced concrete (RRC) columns under cyclic loads. Twelve large-scale columns with square and circular cross sections were utilized to carry out experimental testing. Under axial loading, fine aggregate was replaced in percentages of 0%, 10%, and 15% with crumb rubber (CR). Square RRC columns were examined by a finite element program (ABAQUS) under cyclic loading. The experimental results indicated that the columns with crumb rubber had a lower load capacity than those without crumb rubber when exposed to axial loads. The numerical results were in good alignment with the experimental results, indicating that the simulated model may simulate the behavior of rubberized concrete columns under both axial and cyclic loads. According to the numerical analyses, the lateral displacement was significantly improved for rubberized reinforced concrete columns with 10% and 15% replacement of fine aggregates compared to columns without CR. Adding 10% and 15% of crump rubber to the fine aggregate in reinforced concrete columns increased the displacement ductility. The equivalent viscous damping ratio was enhanced by 33.67% when increasing crumb rubber (CR) from 0% to 10%, and when crumb rubber (CR) replacement became 15%, the damping ratio increased to 44.02%.The rubberized reinforced concrete columns showed a more ductile reaction than the traditional reinforced concrete columns, as evidenced by their softer post-peak response.

Validation of a dynamic 4D microsurgical bypass simulator for training and teaching microvascular anastomosis techniques with blood flow and fluorescence imaging

ObjectiveMicrovascular anastomosis is challenging, and training surgeons to develop and maintain skills is imperative. Current training models either miss the simulation of the surgical workflow, lack 3D key-hole space, need ethical approval, require special preparation, or lack realism. To circumvent these issues, this study describes the use of a mixed reality 3D printed model with integrated blood flow for training cerebral anastomosis and assesses its validity. MethodsDifferent-sized 3D-printed artificial micro artery models in a 3D brain space with a keyhole opening were used. The model was connected to a 4D simulator to induce pulsatile blood flow. Neurosurgical microscopes and exoscopes were used for visualization. Nine participants (n = 6 board-certified cerebrovascular neurosurgeons; n = 3 in-training) participated in the study and practiced anastomosis techniques with the simulator. Two senior, experienced vascular neurosurgeons mentored live teaching activity on the simulator. Participants completed a survey to score the face and content validity of the simulation on a 5-point Likert scale. Simulation time and anastomosis score differences between in-training and board-certified participants were compared for construct validity. ResultsParticipants scored the simulation difficulty similar to actual surgery, proving face validity. All participants agreed that practice on the provided simulator models would improve bypass techniques (μ = 4.67/5 ± 0.47) and instrument handling (μ = 4.56/5 ± 0.68). Board-certified participants had better anastomosis scores than in-training participants (non-significant difference). ConclusionsThe 4D simulator and the high-fidelity artificial 3D printed model effectively simulated actual bypass surgery in a key-hole fashion with blood flow abilities. Limited resources and preparation time are needed for the training setup. The model provides benefits in learning and maintaining anastomosis skills and allows for easy adaptation to different microanatomical scenarios.

Response of Staphylococcus aureus physiology and Agr quorum sensing to low-shear modeled microgravity.

Staphylococcus aureus is commonly isolated from astronauts returning from spaceflight. Previous analysis of omics data from S. aureus low Earth orbit cultures indicated significantly increased expression of the Agr quorum sensing system and its downstream targets in spaceflight samples compared to ground controls. In this current study, the rotary cell culture system (RCCS) was used to investigate the effect of low-shear modeled microgravity (LSMMG) on S. aureus physiology and Agr activity. When cultured in the same growth medium and temperature as the previous spaceflight experiment, S. aureus LSMMG cultures exhibited decreased agr expression and altered growth compared to normal gravity control cultures, which are typically oriented with oxygenation membrane on the bottom of the high aspect rotating vessel (HARV). When S. aureus was grown in an inverted gravity control orientation (oxygenation membrane on top of the HARV), reduced Agr activity was observed relative to both traditional control and LSMMG cultures, signifying that oxygen availability may affect the observed differences in Agr activity. Metabolite assays revealed increased lactate and decreased acetate excretion in both LSMMG and inverted control cultures. Secretomics analysis of LSMMG, control, and inverted control HARV culture supernatants corroborated these results, with inverted and LSMMG cultures exhibiting a decreased abundance of Agr-regulated virulence factors and an increased abundance of proteins expressed in low-oxygen conditions. Collectively, these studies suggest that the orientation of the HARV oxygenation membrane can affect S. aureus physiology and Agr quorum sensing in the RCCS, a variable that should be considered when interpreting data using this ground-based microgravity model.IMPORTANCES. aureus is commonly isolated from astronauts returning from spaceflight and from surfaces within human-inhabited closed environments such as spacecraft. Astronaut health and immune function are significantly altered in spaceflight. Therefore, elucidating the effects of microgravity on S. aureus physiology is critical for assessing its pathogenic potential during long-term human space habitation. These results also highlight the necessity of eliminating potential confounding factors when comparing simulated microgravity model data with actual spaceflight experiments.

Does GLP-1 cause post-bariatric hypoglycemia: ‘Computer says no’

Background and Objective:Patients who underwent Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass surgery for treatment of obesity or diabetes can suffer from post-bariatric hypoglycemia (PBH). It has been assumed that PBH is caused by increased levels of the hormone GLP-1. In this research, we elucidate the role of GLP-1 in PBH with a physiology-based mathematical model. Methods:The Eindhoven Diabetes Simulator (EDES) model, simulating postprandial glucose homeostasis, was adapted to include the effect of GLP-1 on insulin secretion. Parameter sensitivity analysis was used to identify parameters that could cause PBH. Virtual patient models were created by defining sets of models parameters based on 63 participants from the HypoBaria study cohort, before and one year after bariatric surgery. Results:Simulations with the virtual patient models showed that glycemic excursions can be correctly simulated for the study population, despite heterogeneity in the glucose, insulin and GLP-1 data. Sensitivity analysis showed that GLP-1 stimulated insulin secretion alone was not able to cause PBH. Instead, analyses showed the increased transit speed of the ingested food resulted in quick and increased glucose absorption in the gut after surgery, which in turn induced postprandial glycemic dips. Furthermore, according to the model post-bariatric increased rate of glucose absorption in combination with different levels of insulin sensitivity can result in PBH. Conclusions:Our model findings implicate that if initial rapid improvement in insulin sensitivity after gastric bypass surgery is followed by a more gradual decrease in insulin sensitivity, this may result in the emergence of PBH after prolonged time (months to years after surgery).

Modelling of non-linear elastic constitutive relationship and numerical simulation of rocks based on the Preisach–Mayergoyz space model

SUMMARY The existence of pores, cracks and cleavage in rocks results in significant non-linear elastic phenomena. One important non-linear elastic characteristic is the deviation of the stress–strain curve from the linear path predicted by Hooke's law. To provide a more accurate description of the non-linear elastic characteristics of rocks and to characterize the propagation of non-linear elastic waves, we introduce the Preisach–Mayergoyz space model. This model effectively captures the non-linear mesoscopic elasticity of rocks, allowing us to observe the stress–strain and modulus–stress relationships under different stress protocols. Additionally, we analyse the discrete memory characteristics of rocks subjected to cyclic loading. Based on the Preisach–Mayergoyz space model, we develop a new non-linear elastic constitutive relationship in the form of an exponential function. The new constitutive relationship is validated through copropagating acousto-elastic testing, and the experimental result is highly consistent with the data predicted by the theoretical non-linear elastic constitutive relationship. By combining the new non-linear elastic constitutive relationship with the strain–displacement formula and the differential equation of motion, we derive the non-linear elastic wave equation. We numerically solve the non-linear elastic wave equation with the finite difference method and observe two important deformations during the propagation of non-linear elastic waves: amplitude attenuation and dispersion. We also observe wave front discontinuities and uneven energy distribution in the 2D wavefield snapshot, which are different from those of linear elastic waves. We qualitatively explain these special manifestations of non-linear elastic wave propagation.

Characterization of probiotic strains of Bacillus sp. from fermented palm wine (Nypa fructicans sp.) and exploration of cellulolytic potential for use as an addition in animal feed.

The main objective of this study was to assess cellulolytic probiotic strains from traditional fermented beverages such as palm wine in order to supplement the animal feed and strengthen the gut health of the animal for better digestibility and absorption. In the present study, different types of microbes were isolated from traditionally prepared palm wine and analyzed for their probiotic nature. For any microbe to be probiotic in nature, it has to sustain the harsh conditions of the human gastrointestinal tract such as acid tolerance, bile tolerance at the lower range of pH, and other properties like auto aggregation test, cell surface hydrophobicity test with non-polar hydrocarbons for evaluating its capabilities to adhere to the intestinal cells and antimicrobial nature against pathogens. Bacillus mycoides strain PR04 and Bacillus subtilis strain PR21 were found to be resistant to acid and bile in simulated artificial gastrointestinal tract model, found to be than 55% hydrophobic with xylene and n-hexadecane and also showed antimicrobial activity greater towards pathogenic strains like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Salmonella typhimurium respectively. The cellulolytic activity of the isolates PR04 and PR21 was evaluated in (0.2-2) % CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose) plate. Bacillus mycoides PR04 and Bacillus subtilis PR21 could degrade carboxymethyl cellulose, filter paper, and sugarcane bagasse. The degradation of sugarcane bagasse was confirmed by Scanning electron microscopy and filter paper degradation after 4days of incubation at 37°C. Cellulase gene of the identified Bacillus sp. strains was amplified by primers CF5'-ACAGGATCCGATGAAAACGGTCAATTTCTATTTT-3' and CR5'-ACTCTCGAGATTGGGTTCTGTTCCCAAT-3'. This study proposes potential probiotic Bacillus mycoides PR04 (Accession no. OR625070) and Bacillus subtilis PR21 (Accession no. OR625072) in the application as an animal feed additive to assist in its digestibility and encourage the gut health.

Mathematical Graph Based Urban Simulations as a Tool for Biomimicry Urbanism?

Biomimicry studies natural systems and attempts to use the gained knowledge and understanding to solve human problems. Can biomimicry, if applied in urban planning, help to make our cities more sustainable or, precisely, more friendly for walkable and 15-minute city models? Various researchers identify the following features of natural systems as form fits function, catalysis of cooperation, local contextuality, continuity of development, diversity, integrity, redundancy, decentralization, multifunctionality, and less energy consumption (e.g. TOD if the energy needed for transportation is considered), hierarchy, fractality, etc. The presented research has two objectives: analyze the possibility of describing and evaluating the degree of expression of the features of natural systems in urban spatial structures to use them for comparison, benchmarking, or creation of a biomimicry index; evaluate if cities with more strongly expressed biomimicry features could be considered more walkable and close to the 15-minute city concept. To give answers to the above-presented questions Riga, Vilnius, and Tallinn were investigated. They represent both certain similarities and differences in terms of history, urban planning, political context, size, etc. A simulative mathematical graph model was used as the main tool to describe and analyze complex urban structures based on spatial configurations. Various graph centralities were employed to describe and compare the expression of natural systems’ features in the selected cities. OSM data was used to overlap graph models with such information as the density of inhabitants, concentrations of various points of interest in order to evaluate walkability and 15-minute city friendliness. The research results could be seen as an important step for better understanding of informal principles of biomimicry that can help transform urban areas.

Unraveling the benefits of Bacillus subtilis DSM 29784 poultry probiotic through its secreted metabolites: an in vitro approach.

Probiotics provide beneficial metabolites to its host. Here, we describe the mode of action of a commonly used probiotic in poultry, Bs29784. By using in vitro cellular techniques and simulated chickens' intestinal model, we show the functional link between Bs29784 metabolites and the three lines of animal resilience. Indeed, both Bs29784 vegetative cells and its metabolites stimulate cellular anti-inflammatory responses, strengthen intestinal barrier, and positively modulate microbiota composition and fermentative profile. Taken together, these results strengthen our understanding of the effect of Bs29784 on its host and explain, at least partly, its positive effects on animal health, resilience, and performance.

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ALGORITHM FOR CONTROLLING THE ACCELERATION AND DECELERATION OF A WHEELED VEHICLE BY MEANS OF A STROKE PEDAL IN CONDITIONS OF MAINLINE TRAFFIC

Justification. Modern battery-powered vehicles still do not meet the needs of consumers in terms of autonomous mileage. Therefore, the task of increasing energy efficiency in order to reduce energy consumption for movement is acutely relevant. One of the directions, along with the use of more efficient units and systems, can be the creation of control algorithms that minimize these costs, which allow you to control movement using only the stroke pedal. The purpose of the work. The study of the operability and effectiveness of the algorithm for controlling a vehicle only with the help of a stroke pedal using simulated virtual motion modeling and further practical implementation of the algorithm in the control system. Materials and methods. The study was performed using the Matlab Simulink software package. Results. The article describes the functioning of the single-pedal control algorithm using the example of a passenger vehicle with an individual traction electric drive, the results of virtual simulation modeling proving its operability and energy efficiency for the case of traffic in the main cycle. Conclusion. The practical value of the research lies in the proven efficiency and energy efficiency and the possibility of using the algorithm to develop software for vehicle traffic control systems.