Model Of Human Function Research Articles

Alternatywa pedagogiczna w teorii wychowania estetycznego Ireny Wojnar

The aim of the article is to present the pedagogical thought of Irena Wojnar, the creator of the theory of aesthetic education, which was a specific pedagogical alternative of the second half of the 20th century. From the 1970s onwards Wojnar started to propose art as an educational tool, and in this way she opposed to the “traditional” approach to education. She claimed that education should be identified with a conscious process of self-development. She believed that apart from acquiring knowledge, it is important to develop such human dispositions as imagination, sensitivity, empathy, creativity, the activation of which contributes to the integrated growth of human personality. Wojnar pointed out that art should be treated as a remedy for the technicalised, conformist and inhuman civilisation, art should be treated as a model of human functioning in the world. Wojnar postulated a new, humanistic dimension of education, in which there is a space for upbringing leading to creative, responsible humanity. The article presents the main assumptions of the theory and ideas of aesthetic self-knowledge in the context of understanding the world and caring for its future. The paper also discusses activities aimed at the application of the theory of aesthetic education in educational practice during long-term courses for teachers. The paper is based on biographical research, analysis of source materials and the author’s own memories related to Professor Irena Wojnar.

The patterns of acceptance, mindfulness, and values for Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a web-based survey

BackgroundThe Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) model of human functioning uses the behavioral processes of acceptance, mindfulness, and values, which together compose psychological flexibility, the ability to contact the present moment more fully as a conscious human being and to either change or persist when doing so serves valued ends. To increase the effectiveness of interventions in the medical treatment of diabetes, it is important to examine the effects on patients with type 2 diabetes of promoting the active component patterns of ACT. This study explores these points.MethodsQuestionnaires were administered to type 2 diabetes patients who were registered in the database of a research service provider, and data was collected and analyzed from a total of 211 patients (mean age ± SD was 58.84 years old ±10.25, 14.69% were females).ResultsCluster analysis yielded four clusters: “Average” (average levels of acceptance, mindfulness, and values), “Flexibility” (high levels of acceptance, mindfulness, and values), “Values/low” (average levels of acceptance and mindfulness, and a low level of values), “Values/high” (average levels of acceptance and mindfulness and a high level of values). Patients in the “Flexibility” and “Values/high” clusters had significantly fewer depressive symptoms than the other clusters. However, members of the “Values/high” cluster demonstrated significantly higher glycated hemoglobin levels than those in the other clusters.ConclusionsThe results above indicate that each part of the ACT model is necessary for managing diabetes treatment while improving quality of life. The importance of values is emphasized in ACT for diabetes patients, but we argue, given our results, that acceptance and mindfulness are very important for Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. This study is limited to Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. In further research, the subject population must be expanded to people from other areas and of different racial backgrounds.

Considering practice frameworks for culturally diverse populations in the correctional domain

It is a ubiquitous pattern around the globe that indigenous peoples who have endured historic and ongoing collective trauma (e.g., colonization) are overrepresented in negative life outcomes such as poverty and imprisonment. Part of the colonizing imperative is to undermine indigenous knowledge as a valid and viable knowledge system, particularly via the hegemony of dominating Western scientific values and practices. We discuss some of these conceptual issues in relation to correctional practice and the position of indigenous Māori peoples in Aotearoa-New Zealand. We then examine the utility of the Practice Frameworks theory introduced by Ward and Durrant (2021) in relation to bicultural practice, and highlight some of the epistemic, social, and ethical factors for consideration. A preliminary exemplar is provided via examination of the potential collaborative relationship of the Good Lives Model and Te Whare Tapa Whā for intervention development. This exemplar highlights the rich array of therapeutic knowledge available when more than one knowledge system is drawn upon to provide culturally responsive intervention. • Critical issues with offender intervention development and cultural responsivity are examined. • Inequities in the treatment of indigenous knowledge systems compared to Western scientific knowledge systems are highlighted. • The potential of ‘cultural collaboration’ in intervention development is examined. • The Good Lives Model and Te Whare Tapa Whā, an indigenous Māori model of human functioning, are presented as an exemplar.

Commentary on the 12th Edition of Intellectual Disability: Definition, Diagnosis, Classification, and Systems of Supports

Commentary on the 12th Edition of <i>Intellectual Disability: Definition, Diagnosis, Classification, and Systems of Supports</i>

Anthropological Foundations of Aggression and Personal Safety on the Example of Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan

The phenomenon of aggression is the subject of neurophysiology, psychology, sociology and political science. The influence of cultural factors on the occurrence and the level of aggression between groups is raised especially in sociology. In the article – on the example of the analysis of Thomas Hobbes’s philosophical anthropology and his theory of the state (commonwealth) – the deeper level of cultural sources of aggression is considered, namely the impact of ontological assumptions on the model of human functioning and their translation into social and political practice. The original analysis of the influence of Hobbes’s antropology shows that man-mechanism is especially exposed to aggression and depression. Such a diagnosis has consequences in low level of personal safety and in high demand for external security structure. Personal safety is here analysed in three layers: ontic-cultural, psychological-social, and instrumental-defensive.

Understanding the Change Process Involved in Solving Psychological Problems: A Model-based Approach to Understanding How Psychotherapy Works.

A review of the literature on psychotherapy suggests that improvements in effectiveness, efficiency and accessibility have been hampered by a lack of understanding of how psychotherapy works. Central to gaining such understanding is an accurate description of the change process that occurs when someone solves a psychological problem. We describe the Perceptual Control Theory (PCT) model of human functioning, which can be used to understand the nature of psychological problems and how they are solved. PCT suggests that problems can be broadly grouped into two categories: those that can be solved using existing skills and those that require the generation of new skills. In general, psychological problems belong in the second category. PCT describes a fundamental form of learning in which existing structures and systems are reorganized to create new skills, perspective and insights. Psychotherapy based on PCT is aimed at directing reorganization to the source of the problem. Understanding the phenomenon of control is central to understanding how psychotherapy works. Conflict could be considered a general formulation for psychological distress. Therapy will be efficient when the reorganization process is focused at the right level of the client's control hierarchy. Therapy will be effective only when the client's reorganization system-not the therapist-has managed to come up with a solution to the client's problem. What the client says about the nature and reason for their problem is less important than the point of view from which these problems are being discussed.

Human Functioning, Supports, Assistive Technology, and Evidence-Based Practices in the Field of Intellectual Disability

This article discusses the use of assistive technology (AT) in the context of three current international trends in the field of intellectual disability (ID) that are significantly impacting the delivery of services and supports to persons with ID: the provision of systems of supports based on the individual's assessed support needs, the increased use of AT, and the expectation that interventions will be founded on evidence-based practices. These three trends are described in reference to a social-ecological conceptualization of disability and a multidimensional model of human functioning. The article concludes with a list of potential research questions that integrate a framework of human functioning, supports, AT, and evidence-based practices.

Change Processes in Emotion-Focused Therapy and the Work That Reconnects

Abstract Leslie Greenberg and Joanna Macy are progenitors of two approaches to accessing and transforming emotional experience to promote integration, empowerment, and deeper communion with aspects of the self and the world. Greenberg has spent decades researching emotional processes in psychotherapy (Emotion-Focused Therapy, EFT). Macy has over the same time developed an experiential group process model designed to unleash human intention for change in light of existential threats to peace and environmental sustainability (the Work That Reconnects, WTR). In this paper, I discuss EFT and WTR as models of human functioning and highlight the emotional and change processes inherent to each model. Broadly speaking, EFT operates on the principle that engagement in and experience of emotional memories makes problematic emotions receptive to new, adaptive input and better functioning. Similarly, WTR operates on the principle that the expression of emotions associated with human interconnectedness with all life i...

Characteristics and Needs of People With Intellectual Disability Who Have Higher IQs

Characteristics and Needs of People With Intellectual Disability Who Have Higher IQs

Organizing human functioning and rehabilitation research into distinct scientific fields. Part II: Conceptual descriptioins and domains for research

Human functioning and rehabilitation research can be organized into 5 distinct scientific fields. The objective of this paper is to provide conceptual descriptions and to outline selected research domains for 4 of the 5 distinct scientific fields. A conceptual description of the biosciences in rehabilitation and the presentation of respective research domains are beyond the scope of this paper. The research domains of the human functioning sciences can be identified and described according to the generic research process, which involves theory building and observation. The according domains include theory and models of human functioning, classification and measurement of functioning, functioning epidemiology and functioning impact assessment. The research domains of the integrative rehabilitation sciences can be identified and described by drawing on the public health approach. They include rehabilitation services research, rehabilitation intervention research and rehabilitation administration and management. There are many conceivable research domains within the realms of the biomedical rehabilitation sciences and engineering. They are often defined in relation to an organ system or in relation to an intervention approach. The research domains of the professional rehabilitation sciences are well established and include professional standards and guidelines for the provision of best care, rehabilitation quality management, scientific education and training of professionals in rehabilitation, and development and evaluation of the rehabilitation team.

Toward an Integrated Person-Centered Theory of Wellness and Psychopathology / Auf dem Weg zu einer integrierten personzentrierten Theorie von Gesundheit und Psychopathologie / Hacia una teoría centrada en la persona integrada del bienestar y de la psicopatología

Several steps are needed in the development of a person-centered model of wellness and psychopathology. The phenomenological and process-oriented aspects of person-centered theory offer crucial advances over the more static logics of traditional psychology. Unless we develop a consistently phenomenological language and understanding of the way meaning is processed, these advances tend to be obscured and distorted. And, there are a number of potential sources of processing difficulties beyond Rogers' original ‘conditions of worth’. Notably, the capacity to process meaning can be compromised when early attachment relationships or biological development are thwarted. These steps allow us to develop a continuum of wellness and psychopathology that is consistent with person-centered values. Person-centered theory, understood in this way, offers a model of human functioning that is relevant to all of clinical psychology and the social sciences. And, it strengthens the rationale for person-centered therapy in relation to all levels of psychological dysfunction.

The global burden of migraine: measuring disability in headache disorders with WHO's Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)

This overview of the published epidemiological evidence of migraine helps to identify the size of the public–health problem that migraine represents. It also highlights the need for further epidemiological studies in many parts of the world to gain full understanding of the scale of clinical, economic and humanistic burdens attributable to it. This paper presents some of the work on migraine undertaken by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the Global Burden of Disease study conducted in 2000 and reported in the World Health Report 2001. Migraine was not included in the first Global Burden of Disease 1990. The paper also discussed the measurement of disability attributable to headache disorders using WHO ICF Classification. Using disabilityadjusted life years (DALYs) as a summary measure of population health (which adds disability to mortality), WHO have shown that mental and neurological disorders collectively account for 30.8% of all years of healthy life lost to disability (YLDs) whilst migraine, one amongst these, alone accounts for 1.4% and is in the top 20 causes of disability worldwide. This information is combined with the increasingly widely accepted belief that disability and functioning are relevant parameters for monitoring the health of nations and that there is an increasing need to measure them. WHO's Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) provides a model of human functioning and disability, as well as a classification system, that allows us to highlight and measure all dimensions of disability. ICF applied to headache disorders allows comparability with other health conditions as well as evaluation of the role of the environment as a cause of disability amongst people with headache. Migraine causes a large propotion of the non–fatal disease–related burden worldwide.Our kowledge of headache related burden is incomplete and it is necessary to add to it epidemiological studies in many parts of the world and to combine this with measurements of disability using both DALYs and WHO ‘s ICF Classification. The work described here has been the base for the Global Campaign against Headache disorders: "Lifting the Burden", launched in 2004 jointly by WHO, IHS (International Headache Society), WHA (World Headache Alliance) and EHF (European Headache Federation).

Integrating Training into Human Factors Implementation

The Airline Safety Summit, held in January, 1995 in Washington, D.C. had two important outcomes for human factors. First, it set a goal of zero accidents for future airline operations. Second, it emphasized the role of the human and specifically human factors, in accident causation. As a response to these outcomes, the interest in human factors has increased in all aviation domains: flight operations, the air traffic system, and maintenance/inspection. A preferred response to the new demands for implementing human factors has been one of training, in either awareness of human factors or in the modification of interpersonal relations through a process analogous to Crew Resource Management (CRM). Such programs have used group problem-solving techniques to help locate and reduce sources of error and systems problems, using models of the human as interacting with other humans in the system. Within such a framework, is there a role for the more traditional models of human functioning used by human factors engineers? This paper considers the role of a training program as part of a methodology for integrating human factors into airline maintenance practice. An analysis of the ASRS data base revealed that mis-communication between participants was a source of errors. An analysis of similar problems at one airline facility showed that communication was indeed problematic. Training in human factors techniques was used to prepare a workforce team to redesign part of the communications system. The subsequent redesign efforts help evaluate the role of the training programs in human factors implementation.

Self and modernity on trial: A reply to cergen's saturated self

Abstract In The Saturated Self: Dilemmas of Identity in Contemporary Life, Kenneth Gergen (1991) suggests that the rising uncertainty ushered in by the postmodern age has resulted in the collapse of traditional conceptions of self, truth, and social life. Although we agree that meaning is a product of social construction, we believe that Gergen has overextended his case. We argue that there is a need to maintain a notion of personal agency in constructionist models of human functioning and that an epigenetic-systems model of development (Gottlieb, 1991a, 1991b) provides a useful framework for doing so. We also suggest that even though social frameworks structure people's observations, data from their worlds nevertheless constrain theory making and foster scientific progress. Finally, we question whether postmodernism has provided a convincing strategy for dealing with the conflicts that arise from competing value systems.

Optimum speed of visual inspection using a systematic search strategy

In an earlier paper, the authors presented models of human functioning in visual inspection and derived optimal working speeds to balance the cost of time and the cost of errors. Both self-paced and externally paced models assumed a random search strategy. It was noted that choosing a standard speed for visual inspection is difficult with standard work measurement techniques and that the data required for the suggested search model are easily measurable. The purpose of this paper is to complement the earlier work by deriving similar models employing a systematic search strategy. The two models can be considered as bounds on actual performance; thus the current paper complements the previous one by establishing an upper bound rather than a lower bound on performance in search tasks. Comparisons between the two strategies are presented.

THE OPTIMUM SPEED OF VISUAL INSPECTION USING A RANDOM SEARCH STRATEGY

Abstract Choosing a standard speed for visual inspection is difficult using standard work measurement techniques. This paper uses a different approach, taking a model of human functioning in inspection and deriving an optimum speed of working so as to balance the cost of time against the cost of errors. Random search is used as the model and both self-paced and externally-paced conditions are derived for multiple fault types. Optimization using a Golden Section search is used to provide optimum inspection speed.

Human factors in engineering Part IIߞ Advanced man-machine systems and concepts

This second and concluding article scans over some of the new kinds of human factors problems that have emerged as a result of recent technological advances. The article discusses aspects of these new problems in the following major areas: man-computer interaction (psychological problems related to on-line usage, the need for more "natural" interaction languages, graphical communication); man-vehicle control and guidance systems (better models of human controller, novel systems); communications (computers in telephone information services, satellite relays); advanced space systems ("learning" and display problems related to incorporation of computers in prelaunch activities). Last, a recent study in human information processing is cited that points up a general problemߞthe need for rational optimal models of human functioning.