Model Of Emotional Intelligence Research Articles

Using latent profile analysis to investigate emotional intelligence profiles in a sample of American university students

AbstractNumerous empirical investigations have explored the contribution of emotional intelligence to academic success. Although these studies have contributed to the literature, most have adopted variable‐centric analytic approaches that may mask our understanding of the nuanced association between emotional intelligence, noncognitive factors, and academic success. Therefore, the current study was designed to identify unique emotional intelligence profiles using latent‐class analysis. A convenience sample of university students (N = 432, 79.7% Caucasian, 80.62% female, 18–65 years old, Age = 21.55 ± 5.47) attending two public universities completed the Brief Emotional Intelligence Scale, Brief Cope Inventory, Inventory of School Motivation, Engagement Versus Disaffection with Learning Scale, Cognitive Test Anxiety Scale‐2nd Edition, and Perceived Stress Scale. The sample consisted of freshman (13.87%), sophomore (32.53%), junior (35.16%), senior (13.15%), and master's (5.26%) students. Using latent profile analysis, we identified four unique emotional intelligence profiles which differed along competencies identified in the ability model of emotional intelligence. Follow‐up analyses indicated that problem and social‐focused coping strategies, mastery orientation, and behavioral and emotional engagement contributed to the separation of students belonging to the identified profiles. Our discussion focuses on the importance of fostering emotional intelligence within higher education settings to support student success.

Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Styles in Education

Emotional Intelligence (EI) was initially proposed as an organized theory by Salovey and Mayer (1990) and later expanded (Mayer & Salovey, 1997) and was pop‑ ularized in the general media by Goleman (1995). EI refers to a set of abilities for using emotional information in adaptive ways. This psychological construct is important and relevant to leadership since emotional factors play a role in personal well‑being, interpersonal relationships, motivation, workplace adjustment and learning processes. EI can be applied to educational leadership since the school leader must continually work with individuals and groups (i. e. school personnel such as teachers, teaching aids, school psychol‑ ogists, counselors, other administrators as well as students and parents). Using emotions adaptively is critical for effective interpersonal relationships as well as for creating an emotional‑toned environment in the school context. Two models of EI are presented. The first model (Mayer & Salovey, 1997) is the ability‑model that considers four major emotion skill sets (perception, facilitation, understanding and managing). The second model (Goleman et al., 2002) organizes EI competencies across two dimensions: capacities (emotion recognition & regulation) and application domains (toward self & others). There is some overlap between these models with regard to emotional perception (recognition) and regulation (managing). The Mayer’s and Salovey’s (1997) model is distinct for its abilities to use emotional concepts and the use of emotions to facilitate decision‑making and emotional planning. Goleman and colleagues’ (2002) model includes organizational and social intelligence features. Research on the relationship between EI and effective leadership will be reviewed. Generally, studies have found predictive correlations between EI and effective, transformational leadership (Mills, 2009; Palmer et al., 2001; Sayeed & Shanker, 2009). A useful model proposed by Guillen & Florent‑Treacy (2011) divides leadership behaviors into two groups: Getting along (with others) and getting ahead (meeting organizational goals). Goleman’s (2011) six styles of EI leadership will be discussed as approaches to educational leadership with an examination of the strengths, limitations and emotional dynamics of each style. The six styles are: Directive (using authoritarian methods); Pacesetting (expecting leader‑determined standards); Visionary (creating inspirational purposes); Affiliative (leading through relationships); Participative (using democratic consensus building) and Coaching (helping individuals develop). These styles are further described in terms of the previously mentioned leadership categories of getting along or getting ahead. In addition, the styles are determined to be either dissonant or resonant with regard to the emotional tone they create in the organization. The necessity of advocating for EI in school contexts will be emphasized. The potential for various professionals (such as school psychologists and school counselors) to take on leadership functions as facilitators of emotional processes in the school settings will also be considered. Educational leaders (whether formally as administrators or functionally as school counselors and psychologists), can have a positive impact on school personnel and students as well as the larger school context through the application of EI capacities and through considering the emotional dynamics in leadership styles.

Building Inclusive Societies Through Emotional Intelligence-Based Education Systems: Indian Perspective to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals

Social inequality and quality education are significant challenges faced by tribes in India. The study's key objective is to develop an Emotional Intelligence (EI) based conceptual framework for tribal education to achieve quality education and build inclusive societies. The developed framework integrates the Mixed Model of EI and the path-goal leadership theory. The purpose of the study was to do a literature review towards identifying the link between teachers' Emotional Intelligence Competencies (EIC) and growth mindset for effective teaching and superior performance. The article proposes four prime propositions that constitute prerequisites for further hypothesis formulation and validation studies. By adopting teaching practices embedded with growth mindset and EIC, the study has far-reaching implications in achieving sustainable development goals (SDG), such as SDG 4 – Quality Education and SDG 10 – Reduced Inequalities.

Application of the EIT testing methodology for the measurement of emotional intelligence

This paper is devoted to the creation, standardisation and application of the tool for measuring the level of emotional intelligence (EI), developed and based on the model of EI as an ability of Peter Salovey, John D. Mayer, David R. Caruso and the psychoevolutionary theory of emotions by Robert Plutchik. For psychometric testing, the data of 3 342 respondents aged 18 to 72 were used (1 172 men and 2 170 women, average age 37.4 years). Factor analysis, both exploratory and confirmatory, showed that the theoretical structure of the EIT method distinguishes 4 EI abilities, thus corresponding to the theoretical model upon which this test was developed. At the same time, the experiential EI domain is better described by factor models when compared to the strategic domain. Age and gender specificity was studied – there was a tendency for the overall level of EI development to increase with age, including the ability to use emotions in solving problems, as well as significant sex differences in the overall level and abilities of EI, which were higher in females. According to the research results, the EIT test of emotional intelligence demonstrated the fundamental psychometric indicators satisfactorily.

Is the leadership performance of public service executive managers related to their emotional intelligence?

Orientation: Growing evidence indicates a positive relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and leadership performance. However, in non-Western public service contexts, scholarship on the nature of this bivariate relationship trails behind.Research purpose: Using the behavioural EI model, this study examined the relationships between EI competencies and leadership performance of executive managers in the South African public service.Motivation for the study: A significant bivariate relationship using the behavioural EI model implies empirical significance and practical implications for policy and leadership development in the public service.Research approach/design and method: The multi-rater Emotional and Social Competence Inventory (ESCI) measured EI competencies of 35 executive managers rated by 230 respondents. Multi-source nominations from 371 respondents measured leadership performance. Five study hypotheses were tested using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients and analysis of variance.Main findings: The results indicated significant positive correlations between leadership performance and all four EI clusters of competencies: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness and relationship management. Of the 12 EI competencies, adaptability, inspirational leadership, emotional self-awareness and positive outlook displayed the strongest correlations. Also, a significant negative relationship between the managers’ competency gap and (self-other agreement) their performance was observed.Practical/managerial implications: The results have implications for management and leadership development and recruitment in the public service.Contribution/value-add: Using the behavioural method, this quantitative study validated the positive relationship between EI and leadership performance in the South African public service.

Exploring the Influence of Emotional Intelligence on the Academic Performance of MBA Students

Emotional intelligence (EI) has seen a rapid growth in the past decade and affects every aspect of human life. Academic performance is a key indicator of a students’ progress in higher education. This study is rooted in Bar-On et al.’s (2006) model of EI. The research aims to study the relationship between EI and academic performance of MBA students. Review of Literature has been done from 2010 to 2020, which spans across a decade. A total of 25 research articles were reviewed to identify the research gap. A conceptual model was framed and a research objective was identified. Hypotheses were formulated, in line with the objective of this study. This empirical study is based on a sample drawn from 960 MBA students across Karnataka using stratified sampling. Warrier’s EI Scale (a = 0.887) has been adapted, developed, and utilized for gathering the EI responses from the participants. Pearson’s correlation analysis reports that there is a direct relationship between academic performance and EI (r = 0.520). The study implicates that EI has a significant influence on academic performance. The findings are relevant to students, teachers, professors, educators, consultants, and parents who need to understand the role of EI in academics. It is recommended that the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) introduce EI as a subject for high school students, to enhance their academic performance as well as the quality of life. EI is effective and imperative for success in any job. Students deal with the emotions of faculty, non-teaching staff, peers, and family, therefore they need emotional management skills, to handle situations, that make for a healthier, productive, and rewarding life.

The Relationship Between Employees’ Perceived Emotional Intelligence and Job Stress in Higher Education Sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The aim of this research study is to investigate faculty staffs’ perceptions of emotional intelligence in relationship to the job stress in the higher education sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Educational system across the globe has been facing rapid reforms where the teachers’ roles have become more demanding. Emotionally intelligent faculty members can make an effective learning experience by their own motivation and enthusiasm, they are more sensitive towards their students ‘academic performance, disruptive behaviors and relationship management. The emotional intelligence is essential to deal with various issues in a better way. Higher education institutions are affected by the issues of globalisation, which demand faculty to handle job related stress by being emotionally intelligent. The proposed emotional intelligence (EIQ) model focuses on the relationship of perceived emotional intelligence with job stress. This research employed a explanatory research design method. A quantitative design approach is adopted by implementing a survey-based study. Psychometric scales are adopted for measuring employees’ perception about their emotional intelligence and job stress. Additionally, quantitative data has been collected from faculty members (n=277) working in different higher educational institutes. PLS-SEM was used to analyse the proposed model. This research provides empirical support for the argument that emotional intelligence is a direct driver for handling job stress through the appraisal, use and regulation of emotions. Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, Job Stress, Higher Education Sector, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Perceptual Model DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/14-4-04 Publication date: February 28 th 2022

Emotional Self-Management Experiences of Practical Nursing Students

This paper is part of a doctoral dissertation based on a 2017 phenomenological study that explored practical nursing (PN) students’ lived experiences with emotional self-management in clinical settings using van Manen’s orientation to hermeneutic phenomenology. A review of PN program curricula in Ontario, Canada, suggested that they do not specifically include emotional intelligence (EI) and the core concept of emotional self-management. Mayer’s and Salovey’s original four-branch ability model of EI was used as the theoretical framework. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with a purposive convenience sample of 10 PN students at a southern Ontario community college. Findings suggested that the participants perceived themselves to have basic EI knowledge. Participants expressed that their first knowing, in the phenomenological sense, of EI provided them with more confidence and awareness. An increased understanding of emotional self-management could enhance teaching and learning approaches, particularly with PN students who are exposed to high-stress clinical environments.

Positive Psychotherapy as a Means of Research and Development of Emotional Intelligence in the Course of Individual’s Life Fulfillment

The purpose of this article is to present a psychological hermeneutic triangulation model of emotional intelligence in the course of individual’s life fulfillment. In this context, the methodological framework and psychotechnical tools of positive psychotherapy contribute to the explication of the axiological potential of the emotional intelligence in three modes of realization: internal, external and integrative through the bodily sensation and emotional competence and understanding, interpretation and hermeneutic circle mechanisms. Application of positive psychotherapy at the empirical stage of the study has resulted in a training program for the development of emotional intelligence in the areas of individual’s life fulfillment relevant for the participants, as well as through individual consultations. The article presents evidence of the effectiveness of a prolonged formative experiment on the development of emotional intelligence by means of positive psychotherapy, which helped verify the author’s theoretical model. Keywords: emotional intelligence, positive psychotherapy, training, bodily sensation, emotional competence, mode of individual’s life fulfillment

Emotional Intelligence & ICTs for Women and Equality

Gender equality is a fundamental human right and is essential for the existence of peaceful societies, with human resources that are fully utilized and sustainable development. Emotional Intelligence is not gender biased and it is an integral key to successful personal and working life. In (Drigas & Papoutsi, 2021) there was an attempt to construct a reliable and valid measurement instrument of emotional intelligence with 81 items, based on the theoretical nine-layer pyramid model of emotional intelligence. The sample was consisted of 520 teachers (129 males and 391 females) from primary and secondary school grade and the data was collected with the Nine Layer Pyramid Model Questionnaire for Emotional Intelligence. Among other results we examined gender differences in emotional intelligence. The results revealed some differences between the two genders on emotional intelligence with women scoring higher on overall emotional intelligence. This article also provides an overview of the prevailing emotional intelligence status of both sexes as it emerges through research, beliefs about emotions between women and men, and suggestions for avoiding stereotypes and proper interventions for raising emotional both men and women. Finally, a reference is made to technology in its various forms, including Information and Communication Technology (ICT), which is also associated with emotional intelligence and has great potential to empower women worldwide and promote gender equality

Collective Emotional Intelligence and Group Dynamics Interplay: Can It Be Tangible and Measurable?

Significant efforts have been allocated over the last thirty years towards the conceptualization and assessment of the Emotional Intelligence (EI) construct. However, there is limited work on examining the EI construct in a group level. Collective Emotional Intelligence (CEI) is introduced as the ability of a group to promote awareness and regulation of members’ and group’s emotions, improving their capacity to collaborate effectively and avoid or easily resolve conflicts. High CEI levels in a group positively affect the group’s performance. In this article, we provide a definition of collective EI constructs, based on the extension of the open-access EmoSocio EI model. EmoSocio is selected as a basis since it regards an EI model, enriched with sociometric indexes at an individual and group level. A set of new constructs are included in the model for representing abilities for emotions’ management in a group level along with indicators for revealing the group dynamics. EmoSociograms is also presented as an open-source psychometric tool to dynamically manage and assess the social and emotional competences of individuals and groups. Evaluation results regarding the validity and the reliability of the extended EmoSocio model are made available, based on the assessment of CEI constructs in in-person and online groups, formed under an educational and working context, as well as an online discussion forum.

Teachers’ Emotion Regulation: Implications for Classroom Conflict Management

It has been postulated that emotions play essential roles in conflict situations and that excessive expression of emotions or inappropriate display can reduce the capacity to manage conflict. However, there is a lack of research that relates teachers’ emotion-regulation ability to managing conflict. To bridge this gap, this pilot study aimed to examine the relationships between teachers’ emotion-regulation ability and conflict management strategies used in the classroom. The sample consisted of 878 teachers (61% women) working in Portuguese schools, which completed an application of Mayer and Salovey’s emotional intelligence model and Rahim’s model of conflict management. Using the structural equation modeling, findings revealed that the teachers who tend to show a greater ability to regulate emotions use mainly integrating and compromising strategies to manage classroom conflicts more frequently than other strategies. In conclusion, it is necessary to create a curriculum in the pre-service teachers’ education programs that includes emotional education, so that they can acquire emotional regulation skills, due to their importance in classroom conflict management.

The association of trait emotional intelligence with the levels of anxiety, stress and physical activity engagement of adolescents

Introduction: Emotional intelligence is considered a protective and facilitating factor for physical and mental health. The aims of the present study are to define and compare an explanatory model of trait emotional intelligence, anxiety, stress and physical activity engagement, as well as to analyse existing relationships between the aforementioned variables as a function of gender. Method: The present study was descriptive and cross-sectional in nature, employing a sample of 2452 Spanish adolescents (age range = 13-16 years of age). A multi-group model of structural equations was developed which presented an excellent fit. Results: For both genders, a negative association was detected between emotional intelligence and anxiety levels. A direct positive association emerged between trait emotional intelligence and physical activity engagement, in addition to a positive association between anxiety and stress. In boys, a negative association existed between trait emotional intelligence and stress levels, as well as an indirect negative association between physical activity engagement and trait anxiety. In girls, an indirect negative association was observed between physical activity engagement and stress levels. Conclusions: Trait emotional intelligence is positively associated with physical activity engagement. Further, both variables are negatively associated with levels of anxiety and stress, with some differences emerging as a function of gender.

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AS A FACTOR OF PRESERVING MENTAL HEALTH AND ADAPTATION OF STUDENT YOUTH TO CRISIS SITUATIONS.

The aim: Organization of research work to substantiate and verify the potential development of emotional intelligence (EI) among student youth as a factor in preserving their mental health (MH) and adapting to crisis situations, in particular, those caused by military actions in Ukraine. Materials and methods: The experimental base was 54 student-teachers of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University (Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine). They were divided into a control group (34 people) and an experimental group (20 people), who participated in training according to the author's program. The questionnaire "Self-assessment of adaptability and well-being in crisis conditions of martial law" became the main prognostic tool of the research work. It was developed on the basis of D. Lusin's EI measurement technique, the MSCEIT test; the method of differential diagnosis of depressive states by V. Zung. Results: The research work consisted of two parts: theoretical (definition of terminology, conceptual concepts, hypotheses of research work; development of a structural model of EI) and experimental, which was implemented in three stages: ascertainment (determination of the initial level of EI of the participants of the experiment), formative (organization of training according to the author's experimental program), control (determination of changes in the level of proficiency of EI students). The positive influence of the author's program on the increase in the indicators of EG members' possession by four components of EI (informational; adaptive behavior; self-control; empathy) at three levels is substantiated: high - an increase from 12.25% to 25%; average decrease from 43.75 to 47%; low - a decrease from 44% to 28.75%. The common, special, excellent results of our research work and experimental studies of other authors are shown. Conclusions: The conducted study generally confirmed the hypothesis that thanks to the training of EI (in particular, its four components: informational; adaptive behavior; self-control; empathy) can become an effective factor in preserving a person's MH and adapting to crisis situations. The prognostic toolkit presented in the work, the procedure for formalizing the results of the experiment, and the methodology of the author's training program for the formation of EI are extremely representative, understandable, and valid. Since the research is based on materials that are publicly available on the Internet, its results can be used and developed by either scientists or medical and social workers, practicing teaching. All life crises, including those caused by military events, mass casualties and large-scale destruction, get to the end sooner or later. Therefore, their experience should be carefully studied in order to effectively use the potential of EI in increasing human life resources.

Emotional Intelligence Affecting a Change in Organizational Structure: A Conceptual Framework

One of the most important traits for someone to have in order to perform effectively in an organisation is emotional intelligence. It is the capacity to monitor and assess emotions. Employees with high emotional intelligence are more likely to be able to express feelings in productive ways and thereby understand the co-workers’ emotions, which will strengthen their working relationships and efficiency. Emotional intelligence does not involve being weak! A new aspect of intelligence involves being able to better regulate ourselves and others while exercising better self- and other-control when making decisions in real - time. Organizational changes make employees feel threatened, and this is reflected in their commitment to change. In order to fully comprehend the commitment to change in the workplace better, this study creates a comprehensive model of emotional intelligence as well as showing how to control emotion in the workplace. This framework analyses the influence of high employee participation and engagement on the success of process implementation. The consequences for future theory development are then explored in this paper.

О ТЕНДЕНЦИЯХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТА

The article covers the process of the historical development of the emotional intelligence concept; as well as the classification of modern approach to this concept in the scientific literature has been created. The purpose of the article is to systemize the modern tendencies of the emotional intelligence research as a component of thinking. To achieve this goal several tasks needed to be solved: to clarify the psychological meaning of emotional intelligence; to systemize the main aspects used in the emotional intelligence research; to describe the psychological models of emotional intelligence. The complex of theoretical methods has been used to solve the given tasks: learning and analysis of scientific literature on the research topic, the systematization of data that characterizes the main aspects and the directions of the scientific process. The given article is the systematic study. The methodological basis of the research consists of the scientific works on psychology of J. D. Mayer, D. Halpern, W. Gray, A. Ortoni, J. Klor, A. Collins, L. S. Vygotskiy, S.L. Rubinstain, A. N. Leontiev, O. K. Tikhomirov, O. Ya. Chebykin etc. The following conclusions have been made during the study: despite the significant amount of types and components of intelligence, their final establishing is still hard to find out. As the result of the current research it was pointed out that the ability models more effectively reveal the emotional intelligence concept. Because they are characterized by the greater practical development and greater reliability of the diagnostic inventory.

Developing compassionate self-leadership: a conceptual framework for leadership effectiveness in the digital age

Grounded on two of the most influential models of emotional intelligence and self-leadership theory, the proposed conceptual framework in this study reflects the importance of self-compassion in leadership effectiveness. Compared to previous studies, which mainly originate in task and material-oriented cultures, the HEART-led framework, posits a fresh, dynamic approach to leadership development. Calling for a return to the primordial leadership qualities of mindfulness, integrity, resilience and compassionate human connection, this model resonates more with the much-needed leadership skills of the post covid-19, digital age. Findings from the literature review reveal that self-compassion positively affects emotional intelligence levels and self-directed behaviours, such as optimism and initiative, which in turn influence leadership effectiveness. Preliminary qualitative evidence from the framework's application in management education suggests that compassionate self-leadership can be taught and that it can be transferred to a variety of learning contexts both in higher education and the workplace with encouraging results.

Designing an emotional intelligence model in reconciling emotional relationships with mediated communication skills in married women

Aim: Maintaining compromise in couples' relationships is the most important pillar of family foundation stability. Therefore, the present study was conducted to present a model of emotional intelligence in compromising emotional relationships mediated by communication skills in students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Methods: The subjects were 410 married female students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences in 2010-2011. (CPQ) was completed as an available sample. Data analysis was performed by path analysis using AMOS and SPSS software version 20. Results: The results showed that directly in the components of emotional intelligence, responsibility and happiness in a positive way with 99% confidence and also stress tolerance in a negative way and with 95% confidence in emotional compromise in couples. Regarding the indirect relationship between emotional intelligence components and emotional compromise mediated by communication skills, it is positive and significant at 99% confidence level. Conclusion Due to the significant role of emotional intelligence components, communication skills, therapists can discuss the level of responsibility, happiness, increased resilience to stress and communication skills training in couples in discussing and treating marital adjustment problems.

Academic Administrative Emotion Management: A Systematic Literature Review

This study investigated sociological nature of emotions with its predictors and effects through literature review. Individuals need motivational force in every field; it determines the level of effort in work. In academic field emotions of anxiety, stress, envy, challenge may affect teachers in educational institutions. Thinking approach and aptitudes can be enriched by employing simple methods like experiencing the positive emotions and taking life as an enjoyment. If employees hide their true feelings about organization, the results may affect the organizational working adversely. The investigation of emotion management impact is necessary for effective engagement of teachers. Literature revealed various intrinsic or extrinsic influential factors for the emotion management and emotion regulation. There are different models like Integrated Model of Emotional Intelligence, process Model and Ego Depletion Model. But in context Pakistan’s education system the related study developed a response modulation model (URE) which will help us in stressful situations and minimizing the intensity of emotions.

Metacognitive and Metaemotional Training Strategies through the Nine-layer Pyramid Model of Emotional Intelligence

Emotional intelligence constitutes an important 21st century skill that impacts positively several areas of everyday life. It contains competencies that enhance the ability of other significant skills for self-development. The main purpose of this study is to present the way we can develop and improve our emotional intelligence based on the pyramid model and its nine layers. To achieve this goal, the paper seeks to address the following question: What are the metacognitive and metaemotional skills and strategies that can play a key role in developing, enhancing and improving emotional intelligence?Extensive reference is made to the skills that involved in each layer and have been identified as necessary and should be cultivated by the individual leading gradually to the higher levels of self-actualization and transcendence. Furthermore, we suggest some strategies in each layer that work auxiliary and supportive for the cultivation of the specific skills.Metacognitive and metaemotional skills and strategies are necessary to conquer the levels of emotional intelligence and to apply in a variety of contexts with the aim of developing emotional intelligence and self-improvement.