Rural Development Model Research Articles

Creative Research on Rural Tourism Products Based on TAIM Model – Take Xintian Village of Quanzhou County as an Example

At present, the development of rural tourism in China is faced with the embarrassment of "small scale, flat resources" and the lack of creative planning methods, which leads to the serious problem of the simplification and homogeneity of rural tourism products. From the perspective of cultural creativity, this paper puts forward TAIM model of rural tourism product development, and takes "Guangxi district-level rural tourism poverty alleviation village" Xintian village of Quanzhou county as an example to make an empirical analysis of this model, in order to provide some inspiration for the development of rural tourism products in China.

Organic agro tourism of Sikkim: An initiative for sustainable rural development, women empowerment and green environmental practices

Sikkim is the first state of India to bring a resolution in the state assembly to convert the state from the Inorganic system to an organic system of farming in the year 2003, which was formally declared as 100% Organic State in 2016. Other states later followed Sikkim and took a similar decision. Honble Chief Minister floated the idea of declaring NE states as Organic Zone and to request Govt. of India to include in the National policy for Agriculture. The age-old traditional system of farming practised by farmers of Sikkim is in no way different from the modern-day organic farming system. Organic farming is a practice being adopted by the farming community of the state for ages. But in due course of time when chemical fertilizers and pesticides came into use the supply of plant nutrients and control of diseases, the noble practice slowly started fading and chemicals took over in certain crops over a while. Still, the consumption of fertilizers and pesticides was very low as compared to other states of India and far below the national average. Many of the crops never encountered chemicals and have been growing at the strength of organic inputs. This had certainly made the organic movement easier. Now, when the entire world is concerned about the maintenance of the environment and ecology for better living, it is time for all of us to think about it seriously and support the cause. In this context, tourism and agriculture especially organic farming practices are sectors that best complement each other, and the interaction between them has pushed agro-tourism to the forefront. The primary locomotives of this type of tourism are Rural Areas. In this study, the importance of agro-tourism as a tool for rural empowerment and development model, especially, its role in alleviating the poverty of the concerned area is considered with a special focus on Sikkim's Organic Farming. The material for this study consists of the data that were gathered through questionnaires during the exploration and application stages of a project initiated in different Villages in the east district of India's first Organic State of Sikkim. In this study, it has been found that rural household standings are determined by their spouses’ educational levels and their household income. It has also been determined that rural folks are willing to participate in activities that would bring income, and in that sense, they would want their villages to be opened to tourism. The present study has shown that Sikkim carries great potential inapplicability of Organic agritourism and can be a torchbearer to other parts of India as well as the entire World.

Revisiting the rural-urban linkages in East Africa: Continuity or breakdown in the spatial model of rural development?

This paper emphasizes on the rural-urban linkages on the southern side of Mount Kilimanjaro, inNorthern Tanzania. This example is quite remarkable in terms of recent urban development in ahigh rural density mountain area. Mt Kilimanjaro countryside, usually known as Chagga land, isin fact one of the most dynamic rural agro-pastoral systems in East Africa, with very highpopulation densities scattered mainly on the fertile volcanic soils of 1000-2000 meters altitudeslopes of the mountain. The growth of the main town, Moshi, now about 200,000 people, firstoriginated from a rural development based on coffee cultivation and exportation. The sprawlingurban development has created a kind of rural-urban continuum, based on high densities, bothrural and urban, and strong rural/urban linkages and mobilities. Since the 2000s, some changes seem to occur: in the new context of globalization, symbolized bythe development of international tourism and capitalistic business, are the traditional rural/urban linkages becoming different? We guess that, more and more, some “discontinuum” breaklogics take over from the former urban-rural continuum. On the one hand, a growing tendency ofde-agrarianisation and livelihood diversification can be observed. On the other hand, there areclear indications of agricultural intensification and extensification. However, for manyhouseholds subsistence production is still more important than cash crop production and not all households succeed in connecting to the booming crops in the areas under study. Rural peoplemake an effort to diversify their livelihoods as much as possible in order to reduce vulnerabilityfor shocks and insecurities. Agricultural diversification (crop differentiation), non-agriculturalactivities, multi-locality and household’s resettlement are just some key examples of these rurallivelihood strategies.

Socially involved agriculture in sustainable rural development

The subject matter being discussed in the article pertains to the idea of socially involved agriculture (social farming). Socially involved agriculture, involving the introduction of social services to already functioning farms, has been developing since the end of the 20th century in rural areas of virtually all of Europe as a new type of innovative activity. Social farming is an idea combining the multifunctionality of farms with care and health services, as well as social entrepreneurship. The aim of the article is an attempt to outline the essence of social farming and emphasise its role in the sustainable rural development in Poland. To this regard, the study combines theoretical considerations with a description of practical solutions in the country. The article presents objectives of social farming, implemented social services, selected initiatives and forms of their support. One of these forms of support in the field of social care and integration in rural areas is a caring farm, offering services based on its resources and infrastructure, enabling, e.g. agrotherapy. Socially involved agriculture is a chance for farmers to provide new services and thus expand and diversify their activities and a multifunctional role in society. Responsible implementation of additional farm functions will contribute to the implementation of a sustainable rural development model.

Pametna sela u funkciji demografske obnove ruralnih područja

This paper aims to call attention to the importance of demographic renewal of rural areas by introducing the concept of "smart villages". The vision of "smart villages" and their development integrates key factors of networking and creating benefits for rural communities, as well as finding practical solutions for the transformation of rural areas and their future development. Initiatives for the implementation of this concept involve the entire rural environment, clusters of rural settlements, small towns and connectedness with big cities. The research presented in this paper focuses on the imperative to find new demographic solutions that would support the development of rural communities in the future. The key hypothesis the paper builds on is that rural areas are of great importance in addressing the many socio-economic, demographic, environmental, innovatory and technological challenges, substantial for development of the economy and society. Another important point to note is the specific hypothesis assuming that the past rural development models and strategies have not significantly contributed to the demographic renewal of rural areas, despite their initial positive changes. The conclusion suggests that human capital is the foundation of the development of rural communities and their competitiveness, as well as that rural areas that have the ability to attract quality workforce have a great competitive advantage in terms of integrated sustainable rural development.

Contextualizing alternative development perspectives in local governance systems and communities of Nepal

There has been an increasing shift of focus of scholars and practitioners in viewing development from traditional approaches of development towards alternative approaches. Social capital and assets based community development approaches are prominent among such alternative views on development. This research, by contextualizing the focal concepts of these approaches in the local governance systems of Nepal, aims to understand and describe the local realities. From a centralized state, Nepal adopted federalism in 2015 and local level elections were held in 2017, after twenty years since the last local election. In this light, it is timely and relevant to explore how alternative theories and models of rural community development could operate in the new system. Extensive review of literature on this field was done to understand the focal concepts and their relationships. It was followed by document analysis to contextualize these concepts by understanding the local systems and settings of local governments in Nepal. Scholarly sources such as books, journals and official documents such as the Constitution of Nepal 2015, official reports from sources of government, national and international agencies and organizations, statistical surveys, census data, etc. were valuable sources of secondary data and information. The findings of this research suggest that heterogeneity in Nepalese communities has had its effects on social capital accumulation and effective participation. It also found that lack of meaningful interaction between marginalized rural communities and public institutions have limited their economic opportunities and development capacity. However, with institutional arrangements of inclusive representation, affirmative action and other policy measures adopted in the new system of governance as guaranteed by the provisions of the new constitution, foundations have been laid to increase the stock of bridging social capital and promote community action. Furthermore, with the emergence of new leaders elected in the local level election of 2017 and other informal community leaderships, a ‘mediating agency’ is identified who could act as a link between communities and public institutions and mobilize local assets to create economic opportunities through their linking ties.

" Aloe Vera: An Innovative CSR Model for Sustainable Rural Development. "

Aloevera is a herb which was neglected till recent times has started gaining popularity in the last decade only. Aloevera herbs are known for its medicinal properties such as skin moisturizer, skin glowing, wrinkles remover and a powerful anti oxidant if taken orally. As per the amendments in Sec.135 of Indian Companies act - 2013 the profit making companies have to spend at least 2% of their net profit under CSR activity. Companies usually spend this fund through some NGOs in the deprived areas of their own choice for the uplifting the living standard of deprived families. The author wants to propose an idea of CSR activity through educating or motivating the villagers for cultivating the aloevera plant. This paper is an outcome of author's close association with few NGOs working in rural developmental areas. This is an empirical paper purely based on secondary published data. This paper tries to examine the possibility of whether aloevera cultivation can form a sustainable CSR activity by the companies. And eventually can become a contract farming activity if the CSR funding is from FMCG or Pharmaceutical Manufacturers.

ТЕОРЕТИКО-ПРИКЛАДНІ ПІДХОДИ ДЕРЖАВНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ СТІЙКИМ РОЗВИТКОМ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО СЕЛА

The publication deals with the analysis and definition of concepts of public administration and mechanisms of public administration in the context of their practical application to the process of sustainable development of rural communities and rural territories. The implementation of the sustainable development process is conditioned by Ukraine's acceptance of certain international obligations and negative social, economic and other factors that take place in the territory of our country. A draft Sustainable Development Model is proposed, taking into account the changes taking place in relation to the decentralization of state power and the formation of integrated territorial communities. Formulation of the problem in general. The current situation in the countryside of the country is a cause for concern in society. Such vital issues as the depopulation of the village, the constant deterioration of the ecological situation, the destruction of the natural landscape, the unstable economic situation, which led to a significant deterioration of the population's livelihood, require immediate solution. In spite of the fact that there is a large amount of scientific research, the developed projects of sustainable development of the Ukrainian village need to determine that they are purely theoretical and conceptual in nature. Analysis of recent researches and publications. This issue is viewed from different angles and in different contexts in their scientific works by leading domestic scientists, such as N. Alexandrov, V. Bakumenko, V. Heitz, V. Onegin, O. Pavlov, S. Popov, L. Prykhodchenko, P. .Sabluk and many others, but unfortunately from the state there is no comprehensive approach to the use of scientific achievements for the practical solution of problems of sustainable development of the village as a whole. Selection of previously unsettled parts of the general problem . Scientific approaches to the implementation of organizational and legal mechanisms of sustainable development of the Ukrainian village as means of ensuring the systemic improvement of human life in the countryside, the development of rural communities, in the context of crisis phenomena in politics and economy of Ukraine are still fragmented and inconsistent. That is why they did not find a real integrated implementation of organizational and legal approaches to managing the sustainable development of Ukrainian villages. Objective : to determine the optimal mechanisms of public administration and their practical application to the formation of socio-economic model of sustainable rural development.

County-rural revitalization spatial differences and model optimization in Miyun District of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region

With the development of industrialization and rapid urbanization, more and more rural resources are being directed into urban spaces, leading to rural poverty. The gaps between urban and rural have gradually increased alongside serious “rural diseases”. Thus, rural revitalization is an essential and important strategy in the new era for realizing better urban-rural integration. This paper proposes a rural system evaluation model to divide rural development spatial-multivariate zones as evidence for exploring and optimizing rural sustainable development models. The result shows that: in 2015, Miyun District was divided into six zones, including a city zone, a town development zone, an industrial zone, an agricultural zone, a leisure zone and an ecological zone. The agricultural zone, leisure zone and ecological zone showed evidence of village hollowing and waste, a weakening of agriculture and poorer infrastructure, leading to a lower-level economy when compared to other zones. Thus, this study explores a revitalization path for Miyun District through four methods: mechanism, skilled workers, industry and technology, and proposes three optimizing models to solve rural problems. Building a new town development zone, developing multi-talent education and integrating first-second-third industries would reduce the gap between the urban and rural and would realize urban-rural integration more rapidly.

Research on Development Mode of Intelligent Rural Tourism under Digital Background

This paper reviews the main current situation of digital rural tourism with intelligent backgrounds, so as to accurately grasp the current status of the definition of digital rural tourism. This paper analyzes the basic theory of rural tourism development model, and combines the development model theory, and uses logical methods to analyze the development pattern of digital rural tourism with intelligent background, and provides guidance for the development of digital rural tourism in China.

Construction of Path Selection Model for Economic Development of Coastal Rural Leisure Industry

Hou, P. and Wu, J., 2019. Construction of path selection model for economic development of coastal rural leisure industry. In: Guido-Aldana, P.A. and Mulahasan, S. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources and Exploration. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 93, pp. 843–849. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Some achievements have been made in the economic development of coastal rural leisure industry in China, but there is still a certain gap between the overall level and the economic development level of international coastal rural leisure industry. This paper puts forward a path selection model of coastal rural leisure industry economic development based on grid sub-regional feature matching, adopts irregular triangulation network planning method to search the economic development path of coastal rural leisure industry oriented to Internet of things technology, and establishes a subregional feature matching model of coastal rural leisure industry economic development path. The adaptive grid block fusion method is used to plan and design the economic development path of coastal rural leisure industry, and the statistical characteristics of node positioning of coastal rural leisure industry economic development path are extracted. Combined with the relevant fuzzy constraint method, the economic development path selection of coastal rural leisure industry is realized, and the adaptive equilibrium ability of coastal rural leisure industry economic development path selection is improved. The simulation results show that this method has good adaptability and high equilibrium level in the economic development path selection of coastal rural leisure industry, and has good application value in the path selection and planning of coastal rural leisure industry economic development.

Study on the Model of Rural Health and Old-Age Care

<p>With the development of economy, China gradually shows the trend of population aging, which drives the development of health care in urban and rural areas. In order to comply with the country's strategic planning for urban and rural construction, we should promote the green and environmental friendly health care model. At present, there are many problems and contradictions in the development of urban and rural pension mode in China. In order to explore a more suitable model for rural development of old-age care. This paper analyzes the necessity of health pension mode and how to realize the rural health pension mode.</p>

Institutional and innovative development of rural territories and communities as a strategic priority of economic security of the state and its convergence to EU standards

Purpose. The aim of the article is identification and critical analysis of problems and substantiation on their basis of perspectives, instruments and mechanisms of rural development of Ukraine on the basis of improvement of institutional and innovative policy of the state, with achievement of economic security and sustainable multifunctional development of rural areas, regions, territorial communities and subjects of business activity in the context of European integration and convergence to the standards of the European Union. Methodology of research. The methodological basis of the study is the theoretical development of domestic and foreign scientists on the problem, legislative and regulatory materials of Ukraine and the EU. In the course of the research, general scientific and special methods are used, namely: monographic, analytical, abstract and logical and other methods – to summarize the results of the literary review on the problem under study, to substantiate the directions of rural development research, and to write programs for promoting rural development. Findings. It is substantiated that rural territory is a complex and multifunctional natural, social and economic, production and economic structure, characterized by a set of peculiarities inherent in it, namely: the area of land; landscape features; the number of people living and their type of employment; the number, species diversity of flora and fauna; volumes and structure of production; development of social and industrial infrastructure and other features. It is found that the format of the approach to the definition of the concept of “rural area” has changed significantly, in which it is not only the concept of space, where agriculture and forestry occupied a major share, but also the understanding that it is a place that has had considerable human, natural, cultural and social capital. It is determined that the territorial model of rural development, unlike other models, provides two parallel variants of development: the focus on the development of agrarian and agro-industrial sectors as drivers. This model recognizes the importance of local institutions (private and public) both in developing the directions of development and in the management and implementation of development programs. It is substantiated that, it is advisable to create appropriate regional development agencies to ensure the planned regulation of this process in order to make effective use of the territorial-resource potential of the rural territories of the region. It is proved that the activation of rural development is provided mainly on the basis of the implementation of the applied principles of agricultural policy related to institutional and innovative, sectoral and territorial stimulation, which facilitates the transition to sustainable development. Originality. The priority methodology for the study of rural development is defined, which includes the construction of a logarithm when writing a program for rural restoration and development. The structure of the regional public agency for rural development of Podillia is substantiated, which envisages the following functional departments: strategic management of rural development; formation of competent population; transfer of innovative technologies (products); design, which develops different types of innovation and investment projects for the sectoral and territorial economy. Practical value. It is determined that the common agricultural policy of the European Union is aimed at: balanced development of economic, social and environmental spheres; multifunctional development of rural areas; transition to principles of rational use of nature; protection of interests of rural population and formation of economic mechanism of development of rural territories in the system of social and economic security of the state. It is established that within the territorial development model, the importance of local institutions has been found to be complemented by the need for effective coordination between the different levels of governance of this policy, starting with EU policy, which is manifested through financial support and establishing a system of rules and guidelines, and further to national, regional and local levels. This combination contributes to the success of rural development policy, which has made multi-level governance one of the key features of rural development policy. Key words: rural areas; communities; strategy; institutional and innovation development; economic security; EU standards.

An Integrated Rural Development Mode Based on a Tourism-Oriented Approach: Exploring the Beautiful Village Project in China

To solve the decline of rural development, an effective development mode is indispensable. Rural tourism is a key approach in poverty alleviation and rural revitalization in China. The comparative analysis of the 50 most beautiful villages as awarded by the Ministry of Agriculture of China shows that the rural tourism development mode with the integration of production, village and scenery realizes the sustainable development of rural areas. To examine this further, this study takes Qinggangshu Village as a case study and constructs a systematic rural tourism-based sustainable development model called Aims, Measures, Demands (AMD). The results show that Qinggangshu Village has changed from a single farming village to a mature tourism village due to the Beautiful Village Project’s support. In this process, the production, village and scenery have made great change by promoting rural tourism development. Land consolidation and land asset activation is at the core of rural transformation and development, which can drive the reorganization and flow of labor and capital and can also make rebuilt villages more comfortable living spaces. Furthermore, a good landscape environment can stimulate development and competition. This study could be used as an example of attaining sustainable development for other rural areas.

Conceptual approaches to forming a model of sustainable rural development

Introduction. The establishment of rural territories at all levels of government requires a fuller disclosure of the sectoral and economic, innovation and technological, social and environmental features of their development. One of the challenges to achieving these goals is the functioning of rural territories in the context of the implementation of the decentralization mechanism of power. Their functionality clearly depends on the hierarchy of governance at national, regional, district and base levels, and the definition of consistent actions as a coherent system. Methods. The following methods are used to achieve this goal, a dialectical method of knowledge of the effects of economic laws, a systematic approach to the study of economic phenomena, as well as a number of other methods were used: theoretical generalization, system analysis and synthesis; logical-historical method; institutional approach; abstraction and formalization. The methodological basis of the study was the theoretical development of domestic and foreign scientists on the social and economic development of rural territories, the functioning of territorial communities and the mechanism of their management. Results. The directions of balanced development of economic, social and ecological basis of rural territories under conditions of decentralization of management are substantiated in the article. The conceptual model of balanced development of rural territories and its system of regulation based on the principles of human-centrism is proposed. The list of measures and levers of organizational and economic mechanism of functioning of rural territories in conditions of balanced development is also determined. Discussion. Prospective directions of further research are the study of methodological, organizational and economic principles and principles of formation of priority directions of social and economic functioning of territorial communities and implementation of the strategy of balanced development of rural territories in conditions of deregulation of management. Keywords: concept, model management, sustainable development, rural areas, territorial community.

Success Factors of Land Reform and Sustainable Rural Development: History Background and Tendencies

Success factors of the of land reforms and sustainable development of the rural areas. Ownership and use of land resources has a dynamic and increasing tendency towards the concentration of land by certain state and public institutions as well as individuals in the historical aspect. It leads to the enrichment of the small monopolists and the poverty of the village. Usually, when a critical limit of conflict will be reached, it should be resolved by state reforms. From the second half of the 19th century, on the territory of today’s Ukraine there were three significant land reforms. First two are the reforms in 1848 in Austrian-Hungary, and Stolypin reform of 1906–1907. Their purpose and solutions can be directly related to the land reform that has started in the beginning of 1991 in Ukraine. Until now, this reform has not yet been fully implemented. It causes a number of progressive prods, connected primarily with the land market. The moratorium on the sale of agricultural land does stands in the way of land mortgages, land capital, investment attractiveness, issues related to land protection, soil fertility conservation, land use optimization, excessive use, land reclamation, and the development of small and medium-sized agricultural producers. Small and large villages have been disappearing, the problems of preserving forests, reservoirs, and biological diversity has been worsening. Certain risks can be seen in the newly amalgamated territorial communities as there is a high dependence between the number of village councils and villages. There are different models of land reforms applied in the world. European models of land reform, particularly Polish and French models are the most suitable in the light of current situation in Ukraine. The model of the harmonious development of rural areas, covering about 90% of the entireterritory of the country, should be based on the paradigm of sustainable development. In Europe, three major models of rural development have emerged: sectoral based on the development of agriculture; redistribution, which involves the reduction of discrepancies between the more underdeveloped rural areas and advance industries and the territorial (cluster) model that implies the development of the rural territories is carried out on the basis of the corresponding interdependencies within the local economy. There five models of rural development in Ukraine at the current stage: sectoral (intersectoral); redistributive; cluster; model, focused on the village, that entails priority given to meet the needs of the specific territory and local tradition preservation; and finally, the mixed, based on several components of the different models, mainly sectoral and cluster. Education, professional enhancement, spirituality and Christian ethics, citizens’ activism and civic society development also belongs to the crucial factors for the sustainable development of rural areas.

The agricultural sector of Russia: analysis, problems, and trends

The article analyzes the current socio-economic situation and the state of affairs in the agricultural sector of Russia. The issues of import substitution, state regulation, and management on the basis of the program approach are considered. The foreign experience of addressing an agrarian question is given. It is noted that the revealed problems and the presented analysis of the agro-industrial complex economy (and its social sphere) are due to the weak protectionism of the state in relation to this extremely important sector of the national economy, ensuring the stability and security of the country in a broad sense. The problems of state rural policy are also considered in the article, the authors note the main of them: ensuring sustainable development of the rural economy, increasing the level of agricultural products competitiveness on the basis of investment, and providing resources for further modernization of agricultural production. The authors strengthened the necessity to move to a new model of rural development.

Resources for the transition of rural areas to a diversified development model

One of the priority strategic objectives aimed at reducing the unjustifiably high spatial differentiation of rural areas is their diversification, carried out by involving unused resource reserves into development, creating new opportunities for the industries which products have a steady market demand. The purpose of this scientific work is to justify the need to move from a predominantly mono-functional to a diversified model of rural development. Creating models for their diversified development requires defining the rural areas as a special space, in which a specific activity closely related to the natural habitat is carried out, depending on the natural, economic factors of farming and formed in the conditions of the almost universal distribution of multi-component agricultural production. In the process of research, the relationship between the diversity of the rural economy structure and the multifunctionality of rural areas was revealed, which showed the need to diversify the economy by stimulating various types of activities. Taking into account domestic and foreign experience, approaches to building a model of diversified development of rural areas are justified. Based on a study of the rural economy structure, a model of diversification was proposed, containing single-industry and multi-industry blocks, including a different combination of industries and their advantages and disadvantages. It is concluded that the most effective is an industry-specific model with a diversified rural economy due to the maximum possible set of various economic forms and activities that meet the needs of the population in employment.

Developing A Smart Rural Model for Rural Area Development in Indonesia

Urbanization in Indonesia tends to increase every year. In 2014, data from United Nations showed that 53 percent of Indonesia’s population lived in urban areas, and by 2050, 71 percent of Indonesia’s population is projected to be urban. The main factor determining the high rate of urbanization in Indonesia is poverty in the rural areas. Therefore, the government uses rural development approach to reduce the number of rural people migrate to urban. Nevertheless, the government has stipulated a policy about rural area development in Law number 6/2014 concerning Village. However, this policy has given none applicable development model and improved village initiative. This study used a qualitative approach with a study of documentation for collecting data and interactive analysis model for data analysis. The results showed that smart rural development model can be developed in Indonesia through an ecosystem approach, which consist of five (5) dimensions and seven (7) phases with bottom-up planning process as the main approach and the collaborative governance model as the key executor. 
 Keywords: Rural, Rural Development, Smart Rural, Participatory
 
 Abstrak 
 Urbanisasi di Indonesia cenderung meningkat setiap tahunnya. Pada tahun 2014, data dari United Nations menunjukkan bahwa 53% populasi di Indonesia tinggal di daerah perkotaan, dan pada tahun 2050 diproyeksikan akan naik menjadi 71%. Faktor utama yang menentukan tingginya tingkat urbanisasi di Indonesia adalah kemiskinan di daerah perdesaan. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah menggunakan pendekatan pembangunan perdesaan untuk mengurangi jumlah penduduk perdesaan yang bermigrasi ke perkotaan. Namun demikian, sekalipun pemerintah sudah menetapkan kebijakan pembangunan kawasan perdesaan melalui UU No 6/2014 tentang Desa, tetapi sejauh ini kebijakan tersebut belum memberikan model pembangunan yang aplikatif dan mampu menumbuhkan inisiatif desa. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan studi dokumentasi untuk pengumpulan data serta model analisis interaktif untuk analisis data. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bawah model smart rural dapat dikembangkan di Indonesia melalui pendekatan ekosistem yang terdiri dari lima (5) dimensi dan tujuh (7) tahapan dengan proses perencanaan dari bawah ke atas (bottom-up planning process) sebagai pendekatan utama dan model tata kelola yang kolaboratif sebagai pelaksana kuncinya.
 Kata Kunci: Perdesaan, Pembangunan Perdesaan, Smart Rural, Partisipatif

Russia’s Rural Entrepreneurial Ecosystems

Rural entrepreneurship is considered one of the key drivingforces for the development of rural and regional socio-economic systems. I propose to analyse the development of rural entrepreneurship in Russia within the framework of the entrepreneurial ecosystem theory. The article presents the results of studying economic and institutional factors constraining entrepreneurial activity in rural areas. The research, based on a survey of rural entrepreneurs in the Ural region, aimed to identify factors that have the greatest negative impact on the development of rural entrepreneurship. The survey questionnaire was compiled using the Likert scale. The survey was conducted over 10 years; each year a simple random sample of 30 respondents was chosen. Then the data was processed with the help of special software “Strata 11†. The obtained results have demonstrated that the main factors hampering the development of rural entrepreneurship were the lack of qualified workers able to perform innovative types of work (value 4.6), high cost (value 4.6) and high risk of innovative activity (value 4). The most interesting is the dynamic of the “enterprise immunity to innovation†aspect. While in 2007 it was named as one of the main negative factors (value 4.5), in 2017 its value decreased significantly (to 3). I claim, a lot of entrepreneurs incorrectly percept a business development model that is adequate to entrepreneurial ecosystem’s conditions. That misunderstanding leads to efficiency reduction of both certain enterprises and rural entrepreneurial ecosystem in general. The study’s results have both scientific and practical importance for defining a model of rural entrepreneurship development and determining the most effective mechanisms of its support.