Hydrodynamic Model Research Articles

A large-scale hydrological and hydrodynamic coupled model for flow routing in the Yangtze-Dongting system

In lowland alluvial river systems consisting of mainstream, distributaries, and floodplain lakes, the flow dynamics are characterized by changing backwater effects and seasonal water storage and release, and the bed morphology is unstable due to frequent sediment deposition and erosion. Hence, models that can accurately and efficiently simulate hydraulic interactions with low topographic data demands are required for such water systems. In this study, we present a coupled flow routing model for the Yangtze River-Dongting Lake system by coupling a 1D hydrodynamic model for the mainstream with hydrological models for distributaries and the lake. A new approach is proposed to generate a set of rating curves to represent the combined impacts of the inflow and outlet stage on the lake storage volume, thereby an innovative hydrological routing method fully considering backwater effects is established. Additionally, an implicit fully coupled algorithm is presented to integrate the hydrodynamic and hydrological models, which demonstrates ideal numerical stability and high computational efficiency. The coupled model is applied to flow routing in the Yangtze-Dongting system, with the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients above 0.960, and most of the mean absolute error below 0.4 m (1000 m3/s) for stage (discharge). The model is also used to evaluate the impact of topographic changes during 1998–2016 on the flow process. The results indicate that the mainstream stage has decreased notably, while the reduction of the storage capacity of the lake is not yet remarkable. For the model proposed in this paper, only hydrological data and mainstream topographic data are necessary during model development, calibration, and application. In the context of continuous channel/lake bed adjustment in the middle reach of the Yangtze River Basin, the coupled model provides an effective tool for quantitatively evaluating the hydrological regime and flood process of a river system at a full scale.

Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic and CFD Modeling of a Tidal Barrage Power Plant without Sluicing in Buenaventura, Colombia

Recent research revealed the potential of tidal energy in the central coastal region of the Colombian Pacific. Buenaventura City, located in the Valle del Cauca department in Colombia, has an important opportunity to develop tidal power technologies near its marine coastal areas. This research implemented a 3D hydrodynamic model for simulating the hydrodynamics of the Buenaventura Bay to provide data as input for evaluating the hydraulics of a tidal barrage without sluicing through CFD modeling. According to the results, the velocities across the gates during Syzygy (April 2021) showed impressive velocities between 9 and 11 m/s, which suggest a high possibility of producing electricity through tidal turbines. The mean behavior of velocities in the gates pointed to values of 3 and 5 m/s in most of the cases. The results during the Stoa condition were interesting because flow velocities higher than 1 m/s were not expected. This is promising because the plant might produce electricity even during the Stoa condition. For the first time, the results of this research suggest that there exists a high possibility of implementing tidal barrage plants in Buenaventura City, Colombia.

A modeller’s fingerprint on hydrodynamic decision support modelling

Model results can have far-reaching societal implications, requiring fit-for-purpose models. However, model output is resulting from a particular path chosen with each modelling decision. We interviewed fourteen modellers in the Dutch water management sector in order to study how decision support hydrodynamic modellers make modelling decisions. An inductive-content analysis was performed. We identified eight motivation-categories. Individual and team considerations mostly motivate modelling decisions. We identified patterns between the motivation-categories and their occurrence across modelling steps. Modelling decisions during model implementation were found to be more in the modeller’s direct sphere of influence, while decisions concerning model structure and data selection more outside of it. So, even though modellers can leave their fingerprint, their sphere of influence and thus their fingerprint’s clarity is bound by institutionalised predefined decisions. Thus, models and their results are shaped within a broader sphere than the modeller’s alone, requiring a broader consideration of organisations and standards.

Nondetections of Helium in the Young Sub-Jovian Planets K2-100b, HD 63433b, and V1298 Tau c

We search for excess in-transit absorption of neutral helium at 1.083 μm in the atmospheres of the young (<800 Myr) sub-Jovian (0.2–0.5 RJ ) planets HD 63433b, K2-100b, and V1298 Tau c using high-resolution (R∼25,000) transit observations taken with Keck II/NIRSPEC. Our observations do not show evidence of helium absorption for any of the planets in our sample. We calculate 3σ upper limits on the planets’ excess helium absorption of <0.47% for HD 63433b, <0.56% for K2-100b, and <1.13% for V1298 Tau c. In terms of equivalent width, we constrain these to <2.52, <4.44, and <8.49 mÅ for HD 63433b, K2-100b, and V1298 Tau c, respectively. We fit our transmission spectra with one-dimensional Parker wind models to determine upper limits on the planets’ mass-loss rates of <7.9 × 1010, <1.25 × 1011, and <7.9 × 1011g s−1. Our nondetections align with expectations from one-dimensional hydrodynamic escape models, magnetic fields, and stellar wind confinement. The upper limits we measure for these planets are consistent with predicted trends in system age and He equivalent width from 1D hydrodynamic models.

The use of conceptual ecological models to identify critical data and uncertainties to support numerical modeling: The northern Gulf of Mexico eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica example

AbstractObjectiveIncreasing reliance on numerical simulation models to help inform management and restoration choices benefits from careful consideration of critical early steps in model development. Along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico, the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica fulfills important ecological and economic roles. Using the eastern oyster as an example, we draw on several recent frameworks outlining best practices for model development and application for restoration, conservation, and management.MethodsWe identify priority model questions, outline a conceptual ecological model (CEM) to guide numerical model development, and use this framework to identify uncertainties and research needs.ResultThe CEM uses a nested design, identifying explicit vital rates, processes, attributes, and outcomes for the species (oysters), population, and metapopulation (i.e., network of populations) levels in response to drivers of species, population, and metapopulation changes and changing environmental factors. Most management actions related to oyster restoration and harvest affect population attributes directly, but many coastal management actions and changes (i.e., climate change and coastal and water resource engineering) impact environmental factors that alter vital rates and attributes of oysters, populations, and metapopulations.ConclusionInvestment in studies targeting individual oyster‐ and population‐level multi‐stressor responses (filtration, respiration, growth, and reproduction) and improving hydrodynamic and environmental models targeting drivers that influence metapopulation vital rates and attributes (i.e., connectivity and substrate persistence) would contribute to reducing uncertainties. Development of numerical models covering the entire oyster life cycle and connectivity of populations using hydrodynamic models of current and predicted conditions to provide key abiotic and biotic factors influencing larval movement, recruitment, and on‐reef oyster vital rates would assist in balancing the goals of conservation, restoration, and fisheries management of this foundational estuarine species.

A Multiwavelength Survey of Nearby M Dwarfs: Optical and Near-ultraviolet Flares and Activity with Contemporaneous TESS, Kepler/K2, Swift, and HST Observations

We present a comprehensive multiwavelength investigation into flares and activity in nearby M dwarf stars. We leverage the most extensive contemporaneous data set obtained through the Transiting Exoplanet Sky Survey, Kepler/K2, the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, and the Hubble Space Telescope, spanning the optical and near-ultraviolet (NUV) regimes. In total, we observed 213 NUV flares on 24 nearby M dwarfs, with ∼27% of them having detected optical counterparts, and found that all optical flares had NUV counterparts. We explore NUV/optical energy fractionation in M dwarf flares. Our findings reveal a slight decrease in the ratio of optical to NUV energies with increasing NUV energies, a trend in agreement with prior investigations on G–K stars’ flares at higher energies. Our analysis yields an average NUV fraction of flaring time for M0–M3 dwarfs of 2.1%, while for M4–M6 dwarfs it is 5%. We present an empirical relationship between NUV and optical flare energies and compare to predictions from radiative hydrodynamic and blackbody models. We conducted a comparison of the flare frequency distribution (FFDs) of NUV and optical flares, revealing that the FFDs of both NUV and optical flares exhibit comparable slopes across all spectral subtypes. NUV flares on stars affect the atmospheric chemistry, the radiation environment, and the overall potential to sustain life on any exoplanets they host. We find that early and mid-M dwarfs (M0–M5) have the potential to generate NUV flares capable of initiating abiogenesis.

Radiation pressure-driven Rayleigh–Taylor instability in compressible strongly magnetized ultra-relativistic degenerate plasmas

The radiation pressure and strong magnetic fields are prominent in the structures of Rayleigh–Taylor (R–T) instability in the interior of white dwarfs. This paper investigates the radiation pressure-driven R–T instability in a compressible and magnetized ultra-relativistic degenerate strongly coupled plasma. The equation of state has been derived for such systems incorporating ultra-relativistic degenerate electrons with their radiation pressure and ion gas compressibility. The dispersion relation of the density gradients driven R–T instability is analyzed using the generalized hydrodynamic fluid model in the strongly coupled and weakly coupled limits. It is observed that the R–T instability criterion has been modified significantly due to radiation pressure, ion gas compressibility and degeneracy parameters. In the kinetic limit, the instability region is shorter than the hydrodynamic limit due to the dominance of plasma frequency over the viscoelastic relaxation frequency. The outcomes are explored in analyzing the development of R–T instability in the strongly magnetized carbon–oxygen white dwarfs. The radiation pressure, electron temperature and ion density strongly suppress the growth rate of the R–T instability in the interior of white dwarfs. The strong magnetic fields introduce asymmetry to the system by destabilizing the R–T unstable modes. The present results are also useful for understanding the R–T instability in the star formation and dense plasmas in inertial confinement fusion in some limiting cases.

A numerical study of gravity-driven instability in strongly coupled dusty plasma. Part 3. Homo-interaction between a pair of rising/falling bubbles/droplets

A numerical study of the homo-interactions between two falling droplets and between two rising bubbles in a strongly coupled dusty plasma medium is presented in this article. The strongly coupled dusty plasma is considered as a viscoelastic fluid using the generalized hydrodynamic fluid model formalism. Two factors that affect homo-interactions are taken into account: the initial spacing and the coupling strength of the medium. Three different spacings between two droplets are simulated: widely, medium and closely. In each case, the coupling strength has been given as mild–strong and strong. It is shown that the overall dynamic is governed by the competition between the acceleration of two droplets/bubbles due to gravity and the interaction due to the closeness of the droplets/bubbles. Particularly in viscoelastic fluids, apart from the initial separation, shear waves originating from rotating vortices are responsible for the closeness of two droplets or bubbles. Several two-dimensional simulations have been carried out. This work is a continuation of the work done in Parts 1 (Dharodi &amp; Das, J. Plasma Phys., vol. 87, issue 2, 2021, 905870216) and 2 (Dharodi, J. Plasma Phys., vol. 87, issue 4, 2021, 905870402).

Lefamulin Overcomes Acquired Drug Resistance via Regulating Mitochondrial Homeostasis by Targeting ILF3 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Acquired resistance represents a critical clinical challenge to molecular targeted therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, it is urgent to explore new mechanisms and therapeutics that can overcome or delay resistance. Here, a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved pleuromutilin antibiotic is identified that overcomes sorafenib resistance in HCC cell lines, cell line-derived xenograft (CDX) and hydrodynamic injection mouse models. It is demonstrated that lefamulin targets interleukin enhancer-binding factor 3 (ILF3) to increase the sorafenib susceptibility of HCC via impairing mitochondrial function. Mechanistically, lefamulin directly binds to the Alanine-99 site of ILF3 protein and interferes with acetyltransferase general control non-depressible 5 (GCN5) and CREB binding protein (CBP) mediated acetylation of Lysine-100 site, which disrupts the ILF3-mediated transcription of mitochondrial ribosomal protein L12 (MRPL12) and subsequent mitochondrial biogenesis. Clinical data further confirm that high ILF3 or MRPL12 expression is associated with poor survival and targeted therapy efficacy in HCC. Conclusively, this findings suggest that ILF3 is a potential therapeutic target for overcoming resistance to TKIs, and lefamulin may be a novel combination therapy strategy for HCC treatment with sorafenib and regorafenib.

A carbonator model for CO2 capture based on results from pilot tests. Part I: Hydrodynamics and reactor model

Carbonate looping (CaL) technology has the potential to efficiently capture CO2 from power plants and carbon-intensive industries such as cement production. Its feasibility has been demonstrated in numerous pilot campaigns, including tests validating advanced features such as indirectly heating the sorbent regenerator. However, some issues, such as the role of reactor hydrodynamics, need to be discussed more thoroughly to reliably scale up CaL plants for commercial operation. In this work, we present a novel carbonator model based on a systematic literature review and experimental data from pilot tests, including a rigorous analysis of carbonator fluidization regimes. We highlight that modeling assumptions commonly found in the literature can result in a significant overestimation of carbonator performance. Additionally, we offer guidelines for the appropriate selection of these assumptions. Our carbonator model provides an effective tool for the next scale-up step of CaL technology.

On detailed representation of flood defences and flow-wave coupling in coastal flood modelling

Coastal flooding is projected to become more severe over the 21st century, necessitating effective adaptation, which in turn requires detailed local scale information that can only be provided by detailed numerical modelling. The current lack of information on flood protection measures and the high resource requirements of traditional hydrodynamic models presents concurrent challenges for detailed coastal flood modelling. But how comprehensive do the representation of coastal flood defences and hydrodynamic forcing need to be for adequately accurate modelling of coastal flooding? Here, we attempt to answer this question through strategic numerical simulations of the flooding that occurred at Île de Ré (France) during the Xynthia storm (2010), using the flexible mesh model Delft3D FM, with an over-land grid resolution of ~10 m. The model is validated against the flood extents observed in Île de Ré during Xynthia. We use three levels of detail in flood defence representation: a 5 m resolution DEM (i.e. base case DEM), the same 5 m DEM augmented with defences extracted from a 1 m DEM and Google Earth images (i.e. moderately augmented DEM), and the moderately augmented DEM further augmented with in-situ measurements of flood defences (i.e. highly augmented DEM). Simulations with these three DEMs are performed with and without flow-wave coupling (thus, 6 simulations in total), and results are analysed in terms of four flood indicators: maximum flood depths, flood extents, flood current velocities and flood damages. Our analysis indicates that both detailed representation of flood defences and the inclusion of waves have substantial effects on coastal flood modelling at local scale, with the former having a more pronounced effect. The return on the investment in implementing highly detailed in-situ measurements to represent flood defences appears to be low in this case, and adequately accurate results are obtained with a moderately augmented DEM. The combined effect of using the moderately augmented DEM together with waves, relative to using the base case DEM without waves, is to decrease maximum flood depths (up to 2 m), flood extent (by ~10%), maximum current velocities (in ~50% flooded area) and total flood damage (by ~27% or ~€ 188 million).

The high dust density regime of dusty plasma: Theory and simulations

It is shown that the dust density regimes in the dusty plasma are characterized by two complementary screening processes: (i) the low dust density regime where the Debye screening is the dominant process and (ii) the high dust density regime where the “Coulomb screening” is the dominant process. The Debye regime is characterized by a state where all dust particles carry an equal and constant charge. The high dust density regime or the “Coulomb plasma” regime is characterized by (a) “Coulomb screening” where the dust charge depends on the spatial location and is screened by other dust particles in the vicinity by charge reduction, (b) “asymptotic freedom” where dust particles, which on an average carry minimal electric charge, are asymptotically free in the high dust density limit, (c) uniform dust charge density and plasma potential, (d) dust charge neutralization by a uniform background of hot ions, and (e) dust is weakly coupled due to strong Coulomb screening. Thus, the dusty plasma is essentially a weakly coupled, one-component plasma with screening in the high dust density limit. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations verify these properties. The MD simulations are performed, using a recently proposed Hamiltonian formalism to study the dynamics of Yukawa particles carrying variable electric charge. A hydrodynamic model for describing the collective properties of Coulomb plasma and its characteristic acoustic mode called the “Coulomb acoustic mode” arising due to imperfect Coulomb screening is given.

Magnetosonic shock waves in degenerate electron–positron–ion plasma with separated spin densities

This study investigates magnetosonic shock waves in a spin-polarized three-component quantum plasma using the quantum magnetic hydrodynamic model. We explore the influence of spin effects, specifically spin magnetization current and spin pressure, on shock wave behavior. Numerical analysis of the linear dispersion relation under varying parameters such as positron imbalance, spin polarization ratio, plasma beta, quantum diffraction, and magnetic diffusivity reveals differential impacts, with diffusion exerting significant influence on the plasma frequency. Our findings highlight the sensitivity discrepancy between the real and imaginary parts of the dispersion relation. Furthermore, nonlinear behavior of magnetosonic shock waves is examined via the Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers equation, showcasing transitions between oscillatory and monotonic wave patterns based on changes in dimensionless parameters. Notably, we observe the combined effects of spin-up and spin-down positrons with spin-up and spin-down electrons on shock wave dynamics, contributing to a deeper understanding of spin-plasma interactions with implications across various fields.

Unveiling the internal structure and formation history of the three planets transiting HIP 29442 (TOI-469) with CHEOPS

Multiplanetary systems spanning the radius valley are ideal testing grounds for exploring the different proposed explanations for the observed bimodality in the radius distribution of close-in exoplanets. One such system is HIP 29442 (TOI-469), an evolved K0V star hosting two super-Earths and one sub-Neptune. We observed HIP 29442 with CHEOPS for a total of 9.6 days, which we modelled jointly with two sectors of TESS data to derive planetary radii of 3.410 ± 0.046, 1.551 ± 0.045, and 1.538 ± 0.049 R⊕ for planets b, c, and d, which orbit HIP 29442 with periods of 13.6, 3.5, and 6.4 days, respectively. For planet d this value deviates by more than 3σ from the median value reported in the discovery paper, leading us to conclude that caution is required when using TESS photometry to determine the radii of small planets with low per-transit signal-to-noise ratios and large gaps between observations. Given the high precision of these new radii, combining them with published RVs from ESPRESSO and HIRES provides us with ideal conditions to investigate the internal structure and formation pathways of the planets in the system. We introduced the publicly available code plaNETic, a fast and robust neural network-based Bayesian internal structure modelling framework. We then applied hydrodynamic models to explore the upper atmospheric properties of these inferred structures. Finally, we identified planetary system analogues in a synthetic population generated with the Bern model for planet formation and evolution. Based on this analysis, we find that the planets likely formed on opposing sides of the water iceline from a protoplanetary disk with an intermediate solid mass. We finally report that the observed parameters of the HIP 29442 system are compatible with a scenario where the second peak in the bimodal radius distribution corresponds to sub-Neptunes with a pure H/He envelope and with a scenario with water-rich sub-Neptunes.

The influence mechanism of the submerged dikes on the three-dimensional hydrodynamic characteristics at the 90° confluence

The confluence area serves as the pivotal control unit in natural rivers, and the implementation of spur dikes at the confluence enables regulation of flow patterns, influences pollutant mixing, and safeguards against river scouring. This study establishes a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model for the 90° confluence with dikes, aiming to explore the impact of the number, angle, and spacing of the dikes on hydrodynamic characteristics at 90° confluence. The results show that (i) the closer the spacing between the dikes, the wider the range of low water level area upstream becomes. An increased number of dikes makes it easier for the downstream water level to recover. (ii) The area of the high turbulent kinetic energy region increases with the increase in the number of dikes. Among the three angle deployments, the dike deployment angle of 60° corresponds to the largest area of high turbulent kinetic energy. When the spacing between dikes is 0.225 m, it results in the largest area of high turbulent kinetic energy. (iii) The number or spacing of dikes exhibits a negative correlation with the shape parameters of the separation and backflow behind the dikes, whereas there is a positive correlation between the angle of dikes and these shape parameters. (iv) Influenced by the deployment of dikes, novel helical flows will be generated around the dikes at the confluence. The helicity of the clockwise helical flow is comparatively smaller than that of its counterclockwise counterpart. Subsequently, newly generated helical flows undergo fusion and division as it progresses downstream.

Wind and rain compound with tides to cause frequent and unexpected coastal floods

With sea-level rise, flooding in coastal communities is now common during the highest high tides. Floods also occur at normal tidal levels when rainfall overcomes stormwater infrastructure that is partially submerged by tides. Data describing this type of compound flooding is scarce and, therefore, it is unclear how often these floods occur and the extent to which non-tidal factors contribute to flooding. We combine measurements of flooding on roads and within storm drains with a numerical model to examine processes that contribute to flooding in Carolina Beach, NC, USA – a community that chronically floods outside of extreme storms despite flood mitigation infrastructure to combat tidal flooding. Of the 43 non-storm floods we measured during a year-long study period, one-third were unexpected based on the tidal threshold used by the community for flood monitoring. We introduce a novel model coupling between an ocean-scale hydrodynamic model (ADCIRC) and a community-scale surface water and pipe flow model (3Di) to quantify contributions from multiple flood drivers. Accounting for the compounding effects of tides, wind, and rain increases flood water levels by up to 0.4 m compared to simulations that include only tides. Setup from sustained (non-storm) regional winds causes deeper, longer, more extensive flooding during the highest high tides and can cause floods on days when flooding would not have occurred due to tides alone. Rainfall also contributes to unexpected floods; because tides submerge stormwater outfalls on a daily basis, even minor rainstorms lead to flooding as runoff has nowhere to drain. As a particularly low-lying coastal community, Carolina Beach provides a glimpse into future challenges that coastal communities worldwide will face in predicting, preparing for, and adapting to increasingly frequent flooding from compounding tidal and non-tidal drivers atop sea-level rise.

The combined effects of quantum and strong coupling on the nonlinear collective excitation in quantum dusty plasmas

The quantum hydrodynamic model for electrons and ions and the generalized hydrodynamic model for the strongly coupled dust particles are proposed in the strongly coupled quantum dusty plasma, where the combined quantum effects of quantum diffraction, quantum statistic pressure, as well as electron exchange and correlation effects are all considered in the quantum hydrodynamic model. The shear and bulk viscosity effects are included in the viscoelastic relaxation, which leads to the decay of the dust-ion-acoustic waves. The approximate time-dependent solitary solution is obtained by the momentum conservation law in the presence of viscosity.

Psychological Driver Sensitivity in Lattice Hydrodynamic Traffic Model under Passing Behaviour

Objectives: In order to control and manage the traffic flow in contexts of congestion, real-time highway traffic flow models play a significant role in intelligent transportation system. The objective of our investigation is to examine the effect of psychological driver sensitivity (PDS) when coupled with passing behaviour. Methods: In this study, we developed the lattice hydrodynamic (LH) model which is a good and simple representation for solving traffic problems. Its variants have been valuable tools in traffic research and also contributed to our understanding of traffic phenomena and the development of traffic management strategies. The effect of the proposed LH model with the factor PDS and passing is examined through linear stability analysis. Employing nonlinear stability analysis, we are able to establish the permissible range of PDS values in conjunction with a passing constant, ensuring the existence of kink soliton solution for the mKdV equation. Findings: To validate our theoretical findings, we conducted numerical simulation, conclusively demonstrating that the integration of PDS with passing in the proposed model, can efficiently mitigate traffic congestion. When we fix the passing coefficient and vary the PDS coefficient, we identify the enlargement of stable region with small PDS values. Similarly, by fixing the PDS coefficient varying passing coefficient reveals the enlargement of stable region with small passing values. Novelty: Results displayed that the stability performance of the proposed model is higher than the existing LH model with passing and found that our proposed model performs better than existing models to alleviate traffic congestion and improve traffic flow. Keywords: Traffic flow, Lattice hydrodynamic model (LHM), Psychological driver sensitivity (PDS), Passing effect, Stability

Stability of plane parallel flow revisited for particle-fluid suspensions

Abstract An alternative model is proposed for hydrodynamic stability of plane parallel flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluids with suspended solid particles. For heavy particle-laden dusty gases with negligible particle volume fraction, the effective complex-form mean velocity in the modified Orr-Sommerfeld equation derived by the present model is showed to be essentially identical to the well-known Saffman's classical results. In the limit cases of small or large Stokes number of particles, simple formulas are derived for the effective Reynolds number ratio of the particle-laden suspension to the clear fluid without particles under otherwise identical conditions. The derived formula for particles of finite particle-to-fluid density ratio and small Stokes number is verified by comparing predicted results with known data, although a comparison of the derived formula with known results for particles of finite density ratio and large Stokes number cannot be made here due to the lack of available data. It is hoped that the present work could offer a conceptually novel and relatively simplified model for hydrodynamics of solid particle-fluid suspensions.

Flood risk assessment using machine learning, hydrodynamic modelling, and the analytic hierarchy process

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to develop a theoretical framework based on machine learning, the hydrodynamic model, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to assess the risk of flooding downstream of the Ba River in the Phu Yen. The framework was made up of three main factors: flood risk, flood exposure, and flood vulnerability. Hazard was calculated from flood depth, flood velocity, and flood susceptibility, of which depth and velocity were calculated using the hydrodynamic model, and flood susceptibility was built using machine learning, namely, support vector machines, decision trees, AdaBoost, and CatBoost. Flood exposure was constructed by combining population density, distance to the river, and land use/land cover. Flood vulnerability was constructed by combining poverty level and road density. The indices of each factor were integrated using the AHP. The results showed that the hydraulic model was successful in simulating flood events in 1993 and 2020, with Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency values of 0.95 and 0.79, respectively. All machine learning models performed well, with area under curve (AUC) values of more than 0.90; among them, AdaBoost was most accurate, with an AUC value of 0.99.