Mode Of Linkage Research Articles

Target-Oriented Synthesis of Triphenylphosphine Functionalized Carbon Dots with Negative Charge for ROS Scavenging and Mitochondrial Targeting.

Triphenylphosphine functionalized carbon dots (TPP-CDs) showcase robust mitochondria targeting capacity owing to their positive electrical properties. However, TPP-CDs typically involve complicated synthesis steps and time-consuming postmodification procedures. Especially, the one-step target-oriented synthesis of TPP-CDs and the regulation of TPP linkage modes remain challenges. Herein, we propose a free-radical-initiated random copolymerization in combination with hydrothermal carbonation to regulate the TPP backbone linkage for target-oriented synthesis of triphenylphosphine copolymerization carbon dots (TPPcopoly-CDs). The linkage mechanism of random copolymerization reactions is directional, straightforward, and controllable. The TPP content and IC50 of hydroxyl radicals scavenging ability of TPPcopoly-CDs are 53 wt % and 0.52 mg/mL, respectively. TPP serves as a charge control agent to elevate the negatively charged CDs by 20 mV. TPPcopoly-CDs with negative charge can target mitochondria, and in the corresponding mechanism the TPP moiety plays a crucial role in targeting mitochondria. This discovery provides a new perspective on the controlled synthesis, TPP linkage modes, and mitochondrial targeting design of TPP-CDs.

Structure Identification of Ganoderma lucidum Spore Polysaccharides and Their Antitumor Activity In Vivo.

Ganoderma lucidum spore powder, valued for its nutritional and medicinal properties, contains polysaccharides crucial for its efficacy. However, the complex structural nature of these polysaccharides necessitates further investigation to fully realize their potential. This study aimed to investigate the effects of acid heat treatment on Ganoderma lucidum spore polysaccharides (GLSPs) to enhance their properties and application in antitumor activity. The GLSP was obtained via acid heat treatment, concentration, and centrifugal separation. This process led to a notable reduction in polysaccharide molecular weight, increasing water solubility and bioavailability. Analytical techniques including NMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis revealed a polysaccharide composition comprising four distinct monosaccharides, with molecular weights of 3291 Da (Mw) and 3216 Da (Mn). Six different linkage modes were identified, with a molar ratio of 1:5:2:3:4:3. In vivo experiments demonstrated the GLSP's significant inhibitory effect on the growth of four tumor models (sarcoma S180, Lewis lung cancer, liver cancer H22, and colon cancer C26) in mice, with no observed toxicity. These findings suggest the GLSP's potential as an antitumor therapeutic agent for clinical use.

Energy-saving and CO2 reduction strategies for new energy vehicles based on the integration approach of voluntary advocacy and system dynamics.

The low-carbon development of new energy vehicles (NEVs) is critical to achieving the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. As such, combining gray model theory with system dynamics (SD-GM) and based on the bidirectional-cycle prediction theory, we propose a NEV annual average mileage algorithm considering the impact of the epidemic in China, taking private cars as an example. Then, combining a voluntary advocacy strategy (VA) with the SD-GM theory (VA-SD-GM integration), we establish an energy-saving and carbon-reduction management model. To evaluate the proposed algorithm, we performed a dynamic simulation. The results indicate that the enhanced green scenario enabled significant energy-saving and CO2 reduction performance but would cause side effects in the long term. Compared with the enhanced green scenario, the linkage mode reduced the impact of parking space tension, the number of NEV trips, and the intensification of traffic congestion by approximately 33%, 50%, and 34%, respectively. It effectively suppressed the continuous increase in side effects and had a synergistic effect of carbon reduction, energy conservation, congestion alleviation, and side-effect reduction. The study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the energy-saving and CO2 reduction path of NEVs.

Manpower, financial, material resources, and participation level in national fitness: a fuzzy-set QCA approach.

In the era of economic globalization, major public health events-such as the Ebola epidemic, the avian influenza epidemic, the "SARS" epidemic, and the COVID-19 pandemic-occur more frequently, severely endangering human life safety and health and making global public health governance a major survival issue of universal concern. Therefore, governments have included the improvement of national health in their sustainable development goals, and its important position in global and national health policies has become increasingly prominent. However, the most common non-medical intervention taken by the government is to encourage people to actively participate in physical fitness activities to prevent disease and improve health. Therefore, how to improve the level of participation in national fitness is not only a hot topic in the academic community, but also a work content that governments around the world attach great importance to. To reveal the complex interaction of the factors affecting the participation level in national fitness and obtain the linkage and adaptation mode of multiple conditions. Starting from the three elements of manpower, financial, material resources, combined with the characteristics of the organizational behavior of local governments in China, this study puts forward an integrated analysis framework to understand the difference of the participation level in national fitness in various provinces and regions. Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) is used to carry out configuration analysis on the participation level in national fitness in 31 provinces and regions in China. First, no single necessary condition can explain the results, whether for high-or low-level national fitness participation. Second, the construction of social sports instructors, public financial support for mass sports, and the supply of sports venues are the core conditions for improving the participation level in national fitness. Third, high-level participation of national fitness is carried out in five ways in China's provinces. These findings enrich the literature on improving the participation level in national fitness, and provide useful practical enlightenment for the local governments to increase the participation level in national fitness.

Viral peptide conjugates for metal-warhead delivery to chromatin.

The presence of heavy metal groups can endow compounds with unique structural and chemical attributes beneficial for developing highly potent therapeutic agents and effective molecular labels. However, metallocompound binding site specificity is a major challenge that dictates the level of off-site targeting, which is a limiting factor in finding safer and more effective metal-based drugs. Here we designed and tested a family of metallopeptide conjugates based on two different chromatin-tethering viral proteins and a drug being repurposed for cancer, the Au(i) anti-arthritic auranofin. The viral peptides associate with the acidic patch of the nucleosome while the gold moiety can bind allosterically to the H3 H113 imidazole. To achieve synthesis of the conjugates, we also engineered a sulfur-free, nucleosome-binding Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus LANA peptide with a methionine-to-ornithine substitution and coupled the peptide to the metal group in a final step using click chemistry. The four conjugates tested are all selectively cytotoxic towards tumor cell lines, but the choice of viral peptide and mode of linkage to the Au(i) group influences metal binding site preference. Our findings suggest that viral peptide-metalloconjugates have potential for use in chromatin delivery of therapeutic warheads and as nucleosome-specific tags.

Dimerized sesquiterpenoid [4 + 2] adducts with ferroptosis-promoting activity from Inula britannica Linn

Inubritanolides C and D (1 and 2), two exo sesquiterpenoid [4 + 2] adducts with unprecedented interconverting conformations of twist-chair and chair, together with two previously undescribed endo [4 + 2] dimers (3 and 4) were discovered from Inula britannica flowers. Dimers 1 and 2 have an undescribed carbon skeleton comprising of eudesmanolide and guaianolide units with the linkage mode of C-11/C-1ʹ and C-13/C-3ʹ via a Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction. Their structures were elucidated using 1D/2D NMR, X-ray diffraction, ECD, and variable-temperature NMR experiments. Dimer 2 displayed a strong inhibitory effect on breast cancer cells by promoting lipid ROS production, showing its potential as ferroptosis inducer.

Mechanism for gel formation of pectin from mealy and crisp lotus rhizome induced by Na+ and D-glucono-d-lactone

Lotus rhizome residue, a cell wall material produced during the production of lotus rhizome starch, has long been underutilized. This study aims to extract pectin-rich polysaccharides from the cell wall of lotus rhizome and investigate their gelation mechanism in order to improve their industrial applicability. The results indicated that both CP and MP (pectin extracted from crisp and mealy lotus rhizome) exhibited a highly linear low methoxyl pectin structure, with the primary linkage mode being →4)-GalpA-(1→. The pectin chains in MP were found to be more flexible than those in CP. Then the impact of Na+, D-glucono-d-lactone (GDL), urea, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), either individually or in combination, on the rheological characteristics of gels was evaluated. The results indicated that gels induced by GDL exhibited favorable thermoreversible properties, whereas the thermoreversibility of Na+-induced gels is poor. In addition to hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions, hydrophobic interactions also play a significant role in the formation of pectin gels. This study offers theoretical guidance and methodologies to improve the utilization rate of lotus rhizome starch processing by-products, while also provides novel insights into the correlation between LMP structure and gelation mechanism.

Performance analysis of interactive cascade ventilation combined with solar energy for the epidemic prevention and control

Increasing low-grade and renewable energy sources in the HVAC systems has become necessary to reduce heating energy consumption. Hence, seeking a new air conditioning system that can be combined with renewable energy is significant to maintain a healthy and comfortable indoor environment with a low cost. This paper proposes a novel air source heat pumps assisted solar hot water with interactive cascade ventilation system (shortened as SWAP-ICV). Taking the traditional air source heat pumps with mixing ventilation system (AP-MV) as a reference, the virus control performance and energy efficiency of SWAP-ICV is investigated through CFD and TRNSYS simulations. The results demonstrate that interactive cascade ventilation under full-fresh air operation mode and normal-epidemic linkage mode can make the annual infection risk reduce by 41.16% and 9.33% compared with mixing ventilation under full-fresh air operation mode. Meanwhile, the proposed system can reduce energy consumption by 59.92% and 69.8% during the normal period and epidemic period by introducing solar energy. The average system COP during the heating season indicates that SWAP-ICV can improve the system efficiency by 1.9–2.58 times than AP-MV system. The conclusions obtained from this research can provide new ideas for the design and operation of air conditioning systems in the post-epidemic era.

Data Mining Clustering Korban Kejahatan Pelecehan Seksual dengan Kekerasan Berdasarkan Provinsi Menggunakan Metode AHC

Sexual harassment is one of the most common crimes in Indonesia recently. Acts of sexual harassment can occur in everyday life regardless of time, whether at work, on the street, or at home. Women are often the victims of sexual harassment, although men can experience the same. Perpetrators of sexual harassment can come from people we don't know, people who have hatred, even people we care about. Lack of religious and moral education, and technological developments that allow easy access to pornographic content are contributing factors to sexual harassment. To overcome this problem, fast action is needed in places where sexual harassment often occurs through socialization so that people are more vigilant when they are in these places. Apart from that, it is necessary to improve security in the area and provide consultation places such as psychologists. To identify places that are prone to sexual harassment in Indonesia, a data mining method is applied by utilizing previous data. The clustering method used is AHC using the complete linkage mode (longest distance) between the initial clusters. The final results of this research involve a manual process and the appropriate RapidMiner application, so that new clusters can be formed using RapidMiner. There are 5 provinces included in cluster 0, then there are 17 provinces in cluster 1, and 12 provinces in cluster 2

K-Means and AHC Methods for Classifying Crime Victims by Indonesian Provinces: A Comparative Analysis

Crime is a common phenomenon that often occurs in society and has a negative impact both individually and collectively. Gaining a deeper understanding of crime can help us tackle the problem more efficiently. In an era that is increasingly complex and globally connected as it is now, crime has undergone significant developments and changes. Crime remains a serious threat to our security, integrity, and well-being. Some common types of crime include theft, robbery, fraud, physical abuse, and murder. Crime can happen anytime and anywhere. To tackle crime, data mining techniques can be used to analyze the surrounding situation and gain new knowledge. One approach is to classify provinces based on crime data from previous years so that crime-prone areas can be identified and security measures can be increased. In this study, two grouping methods were used, namely K-Means and AHC using the complete linkage mode. There are 34 provinces in Indonesia which are grouped based on the number of victims of crime from 2019 to 2021. The grouping results using the K-Means method yield two groups with 17 provinces each. However, using the AHC complete linkage method, there is a difference in the number of provinces between cluster 0 and cluster 1 compared to the K-Means results. In addition, there are differences in the location of the province in the cluster between the two methods. In the K-Means method, provincial data is located in cluster 0, while in the AHC method, the province's data is in cluster 1. Thus, this study provides insight into crime in Indonesia and provides information about the grouping of provinces based on crime rates using the K-Means method. Means and AHC

Protein O-glycosylation regulates diverse developmental and defense processes in plants.

Post-translational modifications affect protein functions and play key roles in controlling biological processes. Plants have unique types of O-glycosylation that are different from those of animals and prokaryotes, and they play roles in modulating the functions of secretory proteins and nucleocytoplasmic proteins by regulating transcription and mediating localization and degradation. O-glycosylation is complex because of the dozens of different O-glycan types, the widespread existence of hydroxyproline (Hyp), serine (Ser), and threonine (Thr) residues in proteins attached by O-glycans, and the variable modes of linkages connecting the sugars. O-glycosylation specifically affects development and environmental acclimatization by affecting diverse physiological processes. This review describes recent studies on the detection and functioning of protein O-glycosylation in plants, and provides a framework for the O-glycosylation network that underlies plant development and resistance.

Naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids, a new structural template inhibitor of Nav1.7 sodium channel.

Voltage-gated sodium channel 1.7 (Nav1.7) remains one of the most promising drug targets for pain relief. In the current study, we conducted a high-throughput screening of natural products in our in-house compound library to discover novel Nav1.7 inhibitors, then characterized their pharmacological properties. We identified 25 naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids (NIQs) from Ancistrocladus tectorius to be a novel type of Nav1.7 channel inhibitors. Their stereostructures including the linkage modes of the naphthalene group at the isoquinoline core were revealed by a comprehensive analysis of HRESIMS, 1D, and 2D NMR spectra as well as ECD spectra and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis with Cu Kα radiation. All the NIQs showed inhibitory activities against the Nav1.7 channel stably expressed in HEK293 cells, and the naphthalene ring in the C-7 position displayed a more important role in the inhibitory activity than that in the C-5 site. Among the NIQs tested, compound 2 was the most potent with an IC50 of 0.73 ± 0.03 µM. We demonstrated that compound 2 (3 µM) caused dramatical shift of steady-state slow inactivation toward the hyperpolarizing direction (V1/2 values were changed from -39.54 ± 2.77 mV to -65.53 ± 4.39 mV, which might contribute to the inhibition of compound 2 against the Nav1.7 channel. In acutely isolated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, compound 2 (10 μM) dramatically suppressed native sodium currents and action potential firing. In the formalin-induced mouse inflammatory pain model, local intraplantar administration of compound 2 (2, 20, 200 nmol) dose-dependently attenuated the nociceptive behaviors. In summary, NIQs represent a new type of Nav1.7 channel inhibitors and may act as structural templates for the following analgesic drug development.

Remaking Bonds: Adaptive Party Linkage-building in Contemporary China

The legitimacy and vitality of all political regimes require the presence of linkages between rulers and their citizens. Current scholarship has identified different modes of political linkages and focused mainly on liberal-democratic countries, neglecting studies of non-Western regimes which also construct dynamic linkages to remain responsive to citizen demands and mobilise political support. This article addresses the critical question of why and how parties that do not have to compete for power establish linkages with their citizens. China presents a crucial case in this inquiry, since the Communist Party of China (CPC) strategically diversifies and creatively upgrades linkage relationships with its citizens beyond Western-style competitive elections. With first-hand data collected from 11 fieldwork sites across eastern, middle and western China, this article examines the linkage strategies, mechanisms and tactics the CPC has employed to respond to an increasingly complex society and to serve multiple purposes. This research attempts to offer a new conceptual framework for understanding party regime resilience, provide insights into the general theory of party linkage, and to encourage comparative studies of party linkage across different regime types.

Fault damage zone and its effect on deep shale gas: Insights from 3D seismic interpretation in the southern Sichuan Basin, China

Fault damage zones affect the preservation and enrichment of shale gas. Most fault damage zone studies are based on directly observed outcrops. In this study, we provide an example of fault damage zone analysis using 3D seismic data of deep shales buried more than 3500 m in the Sichuan Basin, China. The 3D seismic variance attribute and the cumulative frequency method were used to define the background value and then estimate the damage zone widths of different sizes of faults. We found that the damage zone widths range from 80 m to 1570 m, and trend to stabilize with the increase in displacements. The scattering caused by the relay zone can be interpreted as segment linkage mode and damage superposition related to subsidiary faults. The damage intensity decays following a power law with distance from the fault core, in agreement with field observations and the distribution of seismic variance. Damage zone widths display a significant asymmetry across the fault, and the hanging wall damage zone is generally wider than the footwall damage zone. We discuss the impact of the fault damage zone on shale gas preservation, which is related to the sealing of the direct caprock. It appears that the seismic variance attribute is an effective tool for subsurface characterization of fault damage zones and can help identify the location of deep unconventional energy.

Changes in Air Pollution Control Policy Instruments: Based on a Textual Analysis for Southwest China 2010–2021

An important task in the construction of China’s ecological civilization, the selection and implementation of policy instruments fully reflect the actual effectiveness of the government’s efforts to control air pollution. Based on the content analysis method, this study examines the changing process of air pollution control policy instruments in southwest China from 2010 to 2021 in terms of implementation, synergy, and integration of policy instruments. The results show that, in terms of the degree of mandatory, the frequency of using policy instruments generally increased with time, but the overall balance of the instrument portfolio was poor. In terms of the degree of synergy, a gradual shift occurred from government-led to government-society governance. However, the concept and modes of inter-governmental linkage and cross-regional collaborative governance need to be improved. As for the degree of systemic, a clear trend of instrument integration and more frequent information interaction was found. Emergency-oriented characteristics appear strong, but a regular governance mechanism is lacking. Therefore, this paper provides policy suggestions and academic considerations for further improving the effectiveness of air pollution management in southwest China from three aspects: optimizing the policy tool system, deepening the regional joint prevention and control mechanism of air pollution, and promoting intelligent air pollution management.

KNO3⋅3H2SeO3 and NaHSeO3⋅3H2SeO3: Two non-centrosymmetric co-crystals

A new compound KNO3⋅3H2SeO3 was synthesized via reaction of KNO3 and H2SeO3 in an acidic aqueous solution. Its crystal structure (P21, a = 10.2709 (8) Å, b = 6.2840 (3) Å, c = 10.3886 (8) Å, β = 118.83 (1)°, R1 = 0.036) can be described as a monoclinically distorted hydrogen-bonded hexagonal net of KO9 tricapped trigonal prisms linked by H2SeO3 molecules. The nitrate anions behave as hydrogen bond acceptors filling the channels in the [K(H2SeO3)3]+ net. The structure is totally different from that of the chemically related NaHSeO3⋅3H2SeO3 compound, for which a new structural solution was obtained (Pc, a = 5.7803 (3) Å, b = 4.9390 (2) Å, c = 21.283 (1) Å, β = 111.836 (6)°, R1 = 0.028). Yet, there are some common features in the mode of KO9 and NaO6 polyhedra linkage by the HSeO3− and H2SeO3 species in two studied compounds. The SHG signal from KNO3⋅3H2SeO3 was registered using the Kurtz – Perry technique. A moderate SHG signal of 5–6 SiO2 units was observed. Relationships to other salt-selenious acid molecular co-crystals and hydrogen selenites are discussed.

¿Inciden las innovaciones del sector público en el vínculo Estado-sociedad? Aportes teórico-metodológicos para evaluar políticas públicas participativas en América Latina

Citizen participation is a central component among the most innovative ways of managing the public sector. As such, it contributes to the practices of association and/or articulation between the actors and the State, enhancing skills, capacities, and social ties, democratizing public management and collaborating in the possibility of moving towards policy co-production schemes. During the exceptional period of the last few years, changes in the development of participatory policies in Latin America have been observed, but also setbacks. The objective of this paper is to present an instrument to evaluate the impact of citizen involvement in policy processes, considering the situation of recent years and its repercussions on the participatory management. To this end, a matrix scheme is used that covers the multiple dimensions of participation in each of the stages of public policy. Contextual elements are also incorporated to adapt the tool to the particularities of each territory. This scheme is based on the results of previous research, an exhaustive bibliographic survey and the comparative analysis of case studies in the region -where subnational and local governments from Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Chile, Brazil and Argentina are incorporated- in order to have devices to monitor the effects of the innovations produced in the public sector and their impact on the modes of linkage, articulation and coordination between the State and society.

Molecular Model Construction and Optimization Study of Gas Coal in the Huainan Mining Area

To construct the macromolecular model of gas coal in the Huainan mining area, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C-NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) tests were used to analyze the microstructure characteristics of coal including the aromatic ring type, the linkage mode, and the chemical bonding composition. The model was simulated and optimized by molecular mechanics (MM) and molecular dynamics (MD). The experimental results showed that the coal macromolecular formula in the Huainan mine was expressed as C181H150O9N3. The aromatic ring was dominated by anthracene and phenanthrene. Aliphatic carbon mainly existed in the form of methylene and methine. The oxygen atoms existed in the form of ether−oxygen bonds. The ratio of pyridine nitrogen to pyrrolic nitrogen was 2:1. The molecular simulation results showed the π−π interaction between the aromatic lamellae within the molecule. The van der Waals energy was the major factor of coal molecular structure stability and energy change. The results of the calculated 13C-NMR carbon spectrum and density simulation agreed well with the experimental results. The study provides a scientific and reasonable method for coal macromolecular model prediction and theoretical support for coal spontaneous combustion prevention technology.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) gum: A functional ingredient with promising properties and applications in food and pharmaceuticals—A review

AbstractFenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) is an annual plant belonging to the family Leguminosae or Fabaceae. The seeds of fenugreek contain 26.8% soluble fiber chemically identified as galactomannans with properties similar to soluble fiber of guar seeds and psyllium husk and so on. Galactomannans are biopolymers consisting of linear core poly (1,4)‐β‐D‐mannan backbone having varying degrees of D‐galactosyl substituents attached by 1,6‐glycosidic linkages. Different galactomannans derived from various legumes usually differ in molecular weight, ratio of mannose to galactose, and the mode and place of linkages of galactose moieties to the mannan backbone. Fenugreek gum has a galactose to mannose ratio of 1:1, showing the highest amount of galactose resulting in its highest water solubility compared with guar and locust bean gum. It suggested that the galactose and mannose moieties are linked uniformly in fenugreek gum resulting in maximum hydration and solubility. This M/G ratio affects the physicochemical properties of galactomannans and is inversely related to the solubility of gum. Galactomannans sterically stabilize the emulsions against flocculation and coalescence by getting adsorbed onto oil droplets. In addition to this, galactomannans are all found to exhibit some surface, interfacial, and emulsification activities. Because of these properties, it is preferred over other natural hydrocolloids as an excellent ingredient for various food applications. As a hydrocolloid, fenugreek gum provides texture, appeal, gelling, thickening, emulsifying, stabilizing, and encapsulating properties. In the present review, we summarized the extraction, purification, chemical, functional properties, molecular structure, thermal and rheological behavior of gum isolated from fenugreek seeds, and then vital application of this traditional source of hydrocolloids in food, pharmaceutical, and other industries.

The EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement: Issue linkages and its implications for fisheries management and trade in seafood

This article analyses the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) and its implications for the seafood sector. More specifically, the study focuses on how the TCA represents important institutional changes especially through its creation of various modes of issue linkages. The analysis identifies issue linkages within the TCA, as well as external issue linkages between the TCA and other post Brexit trade and fisheries management agreements. The article addresses whether issue linkages make it easier for conflicts in one area to spill over into another, or if these are key to ensuring and stabilising cooperation between the parties.