Types Of Modalities Research Articles

Real-world PET PSMA imaging patterns in a Chicago safety-net hospital.

e17009 Background: Prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography (PSMA PET) imaging is an FDA-approved imaging modality with increased sensitivity for prostate cancer (PCa) detection. It thus can more accurately stage patients to determine optimal initial treatment. However, patients with indications for these scans can still experience significant delays in obtaining them, mainly due to insurance denials. Such delays often disproportionately affect those with healthcare disparities, representing a substantial population at University of Illinois Chicago (UIC), a safety-net hospital. We sought to identify patterns, barriers, & areas for improvement in obtaining this guideline-directed imaging modality. Methods: PCa patients with a PSMA PET scan ordered between January 2021 and June 2023 were included for analysis. Key medical and demographic data such as age, race/ethnicity, and insurance status were obtained. We also determined the time between ordering and obtaining the PSMA PET, and whether the scan led to classifying the patient’s disease as clinically localized, regional, or metastatic. We also determined whether subsequent treatment was curative or palliative intent. The dates and types of other imaging modalities, if obtained, were also recorded. Results: We identified 76 patients with PSMA PET scans ordered during the study timeframe. The mean age was 68.6 years, with a standard deviation of 7.3 years. 60.0% identified as Black or African American, 24.0% as White, 4.0% as Asian, and 1.3% as American Indian or Alaska Native. 40.8% had Illinois Medicare as their primary insurance, 27.6% had Medicaid, and 31.6% had another medical insurance. Most individuals (77.6%) had a delay in obtaining their PSMA PET scan, with a median time to scan of 23.0 days (range 6-136). All insurance types, including Illinois Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurance, had delays (74.2%, 81.0% and 79.2% of all PSMA PETs, respectively). Many delayed individuals also received conventional imaging (46.0%) within 3 months of the PSMA PET scan order as part of their workup, with 40.0% of PSMA PETs revealing new findings compared to the other scans. Ultimately, most of the imaged patients (54.0%) were determined to have regional or metastatic PCa. Delays in obtaining and receiving the results of scans affected individuals who underwent both curative (40.8%) as well as palliative intent (46.1%) treatment. Conclusions: Between January 2021 and June 2023, PCa patients had a median delay of approximately three weeks in obtaining a PSMA PET scan that was ordered urgently for the determination of their PCa treatment. Such delays can significantly impact health outcomes and often result in redundant conventional imaging. This retrospective study represents the first step in a quality improvement project to reduce delays to PSMA PETs and enable the development of a timely treatment plan to improve patient outcomes in our diverse patient population.

Users' expectations of the new pre-exposure prophylaxis for the HIV modalities.

This article aims to discuss the expectations of Homosexual Men, Bisexual Men and a Transgender Woman, who use or want to use an oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) about PrEP modalities. Sixteen PrEP users, who are followed up in the BCN Checkpoint, were interviewed,. The interviews were audio-recorded, subjected to thematic categorical analysis within the theoretical framework from the praxiographic perspective. They are all adapted to the use of daily oral and event-based PrEP. In relation to the new PrEP modalities (monthly pill; intramuscular injection every two months; subcutaneous injection every six months), they are all very receptive to these possibilities, but they lack information on the specificities of each and specific assessment of their needs. Comments about the use of oral PrEP are positive, and expectations regarding the new PrEP modalities are visibly high. However, the most important thing for the interviewees is the guarantee that they will have follow-up appointments to continue taking care of their affective-sexual health, which is not dependent on the type of PrEP modalities.

FINITARY UPPER LOGICISM

Abstract This paper proposes and partially defends a novel philosophy of arithmetic—finitary upper logicism. According to it, the natural numbers are finite cardinalities—conceived of as properties of properties—and arithmetic is nothing but higher-order modal logic. Finitary upper logicism is furthermore essentially committed to the logicality of finitary plenitude, the principle according to which every finite cardinality could have been instantiated. Among other things, it is proved in the paper that second-order Peano arithmetic is interpretable, on the basis of the finite cardinalities’ conception of the natural numbers, in a weak modal type theory consisting of the modal logic $\mathsf {K}$ , negative free quantified logic, a contingentist-friendly comprehension principle, and finitary plenitude. By replacing finitary plenitude for the axiom of infinity this result constitutes a significant improvement on Russell and Whitehead’s interpretation of second-order Peano arithmetic, itself based on the finite cardinalities’ conception of the natural numbers.

Multiscale knowledge distillation with attention based fusion for robust human activity recognition

Knowledge distillation is an effective approach for training robust multi-modal machine learning models when synchronous multimodal data are unavailable. However, traditional knowledge distillation techniques have limitations in comprehensively transferring knowledge across modalities and models. This paper proposes a multiscale knowledge distillation framework to address these limitations. Specifically, we introduce a multiscale semantic graph mapping (SGM) loss function to enable more comprehensive knowledge transfer between teacher and student networks at multiple feature scales. We also design a fusion and tuning (FT) module to fully utilize correlations within and between different data types of the same modality when training teacher networks. Furthermore, we adopt transformer-based backbones to improve feature learning compared to traditional convolutional neural networks. We apply the proposed techniques to multimodal human activity recognition and compared with the baseline method, it improved by 2.31% and 0.29% on the MMAct and UTD-MHAD datasets. Ablation studies validate the necessity of each component.

P.048 Prevalence, type and risk factors of intracranial hemorrhage in term neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in newborns poses a significant challenge to wellbeing and development. In preterm neonates, germinal matrix hemorrhage is most common. In term neonates, prevalence and type of ICH has not been well elucidated. This systematic review aims to assess prevalence, type, and risk factors of ICH in term neonates. Methods: A systematic review was conducted. Inclusion criteria was ICH in neonates born at 37+ weeks gestation. Exclusion criteria was one type of ICH, one risk factor, sample size <20, text not in English, full text not accessible. Eligible studies were evaluated by two authors, data was extracted and analyzed using a predesigned template and MetaXL. Results: A total of 1226 records were initially identified and 20 studies were included in the final analysis. The overall prevalence of ICH was 9.3%. This was subdivided into an asymptomatic subgroup (5.8%) and symptomatic subgroup (29.3%). Analysis showed CT detected ICH most commonly. Extra-axial hemorrhage was most commonly detected (~30%), with subdural more common than extradural hemorrhages. The odds of having an ICH was significantly higher with instrumental delivery (3.75%). Conclusions: This shows that prevalence of ICH is relatively high in symptomatic children. Measured prevalence varies according to the type of modality used for screening.

#83 Cardiovascular outcomes in home hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients

Abstract Background and Aims Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with end-stage kidney disease. Little is known about differences in cardiovascular outcomes between home hemodialysis (HHD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods We evaluated 68 645 patients who initiated home dialysis between 1/1/2005 and 12/31/2018 using the United States Renal Data System with linked Medicare claims. Rates for incident cardiovascular events of acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, and stroke hospitalizations were determined. Using adjusted time-to-event models, the associations of type of home dialysis modality with the outcomes of incident cardiovascular events, cardiovascular death, and all-cause death were examined. Results The mean age of patients in the study cohort was 64 ± 15 years, and 42.3% were women. Mean time of follow up was 1.8 ± 1.6 years. The unadjusted cardiovascular event rate was 95.1 per thousand person-years [PTPY] (95% CI, 93.6-96.8), with a higher rate in patients on HHD than on PD (127.8 PTPY; 95% CI, 118.9-137.2 vs. 93.3 PTPY; 95% CI, 91.5-95.1). However, HHD was associated with a slightly lower adjusted risk of cardiovascular events than PD (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.85 to 0.997). Compared to PD patients, HHD patients had 42% lower adjusted risk of stroke (HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.48-0.71), 17% lower adjusted risk of acute coronary syndrome (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.72-0.95), and no difference in risk of heart failure (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.94-1.16). HHD was associated with 22% lower adjusted risk of cardiovascular death (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.71-0.86) and 8% lower adjusted risk of all-cause death (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.87-0.97) as compared to PD. Conclusion Relative to PD, HHD is associated with decreased risk of stroke, acute coronary syndrome, cardiovascular death, and all-cause death. Further studies are needed to better understand the factors associated with differences in cardiovascular outcomes by type of home dialysis modality in patients with kidney failure.

Evaluation of stenoses using AI video models applied to coronary angiography

The coronary angiogram is the gold standard for evaluating the severity of coronary artery disease stenoses. Presently, the assessment is conducted visually by cardiologists, a method that lacks standardization. This study introduces DeepCoro, a ground-breaking AI-driven pipeline that integrates advanced vessel tracking and a video-based Swin3D model that was trained and validated on a dataset comprised of 182,418 coronary angiography videos spanning 5 years. DeepCoro achieved a notable precision of 71.89% in identifying coronary artery segments and demonstrated a mean absolute error of 20.15% (95% CI: 19.88–20.40) and a classification AUROC of 0.8294 (95% CI: 0.8215–0.8373) in stenosis percentage prediction compared to traditional cardiologist assessments. When compared to two expert interventional cardiologists, DeepCoro achieved lower variability than the clinical reports (19.09%; 95% CI: 18.55–19.58 vs 21.00%; 95% CI: 20.20–21.76, respectively). In addition, DeepCoro can be fine-tuned to a different modality type. When fine-tuned on quantitative coronary angiography assessments, DeepCoro attained an even lower mean absolute error of 7.75% (95% CI: 7.37–8.07), underscoring the reduced variability inherent to this method. This study establishes DeepCoro as an innovative video-based, adaptable tool in coronary artery disease analysis, significantly enhancing the precision and reliability of stenosis assessment.

Emerging and Re-emerging Warheads for Targeted Covalent Inhibitors: An Update.

Covalent inhibitors and other types of covalent modalities have seen a revival in the past two decades, with a variety of new targeted covalent drugs having been approved in recent years. A key feature of such molecules is an intrinsically reactive group, typically a weak electrophile, which enables the irreversible or reversible formation of a covalent bond with a specific amino acid of the target protein. This reactive group, often called the "warhead", is a critical determinant of the ligand's activity, selectivity, and general biological properties. In 2019, we summarized emerging and re-emerging warhead chemistries to target cysteine and other amino acids (Gehringer, M.; Laufer, S. A. J. Med. Chem. 2019, 62, 5673-5724; DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01153). Since then, the field has rapidly evolved. Here we discuss the progress on covalent warheads made since our last Perspective and their application in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology.

Speckle-enabled in vivo demixing of neural activity in the mouse brain.

Functional imaging of neuronal activity in awake animals, using a combination of fluorescent reporters of neuronal activity and various types of microscopy modalities, has become an indispensable tool in neuroscience. While various imaging modalities based on one-photon (1P) excitation and parallel (camera-based) acquisition have been successfully used for imaging more transparent samples, when imaging mammalian brain tissue, due to their scattering properties, two-photon (2P) microscopy systems are necessary. In 2P microscopy, the longer excitation wavelengths reduce the amount of scattering while the diffraction-limited 3D localization of excitation largely eliminates out-of-focus fluorescence. However, this comes at the cost of time-consuming serial scanning of the excitation spot and more complex and expensive instrumentation. Thus, functional 1P imaging modalities that can be used beyond the most transparent specimen are highly desirable. Here, we transform light scattering from an obstacle into a tool. We use speckles with their unique patterns and contrast, formed when fluorescence from individual neurons propagates through rodent cortical tissue, to encode neuronal activity. Spatiotemporal demixing of these patterns then enables functional recording of neuronal activity from a group of discriminable sources. For the first time, we provide an experimental, in vivo characterization of speckle generation, speckle imaging and speckle-assisted demixing of neuronal activity signals in the scattering mammalian brain tissue. We found that despite an initial fast speckle decorrelation, substantial correlation was maintained over minute-long timescales that contributed to our ability to demix temporal activity traces in the mouse brain in vivo. Informed by in vivo quantifications of speckle patterns from single and multiple neurons excited using 2P scanning excitation, we recorded and demixed activity from several sources excited using 1P oblique illumination. In our proof-of-principle experiments, we demonstrate in vivo speckle-assisted demixing of functional signals from groups of sources in a depth range of 220-320 µm in mouse cortex, limited by available speckle contrast. Our results serve as a basis for designing an in vivo functional speckle imaging modality and for maximizing the key resource in any such modality, the speckle contrast. We anticipate that our results will provide critical quantitative guidance to the community for designing techniques that overcome light scattering as a fundamental limitation in bioimaging.

Epidemiology and Management Trends of Neuro-Oncology in Nigeria: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis

Access to neuro-oncologic care in Nigeria has grown exponentially since the first reported cases in the mid-1960s. In this systematic review and pooled analysis, we characterize the growth of neurosurgical oncology in Nigeria and build a reference paper to direct efforts to expand this field. We performed an initial literature search of several article databases and gray literature sources. We included and subsequently screened articles published between 1962 and 2021. Several variables were extracted from each study, including the affiliated hospital, the number of patients treated, patient sex, tumor pathology, the types of imaging modalities used for diagnosis, and the interventions used for each individual. Change in these variables was assessed using Chi-squared independence tests and univariate linear regression when appropriate. A total of 147 studies were identified, corresponding to 5,760 patients. Over 4000 cases were reported in the past 2decades from 21 different Nigerian institutions. The types of tumors reported have increased over time, with increasingly more patients being evaluated via computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). There is also a prevalent use of radiotherapy, though chemotherapy remains an underreported treatment modality. This study highlights key trends regarding the prevalence and management of neuro-oncologic pathologies within Nigeria. Further studies are needed to continue to learn and guide the future growth of this field in Nigeria.

Perioperative management and neuraxial analgesia in women with factor XI deficiency (

BackgroundFactor (F)XI deficiency is a rare bleeding disorder with a poor correlation between bleeding tendency and FXI level. Management of pregnant women with FXI deficiency is not clearly established, especially regarding neuraxial analgesia (NA). ObjectivesA retrospective multicenter observational study was conducted in French hemostasis centers on pregnant women with FXI of <60 IU/dL. MethodsData to report were (i) FXI levels before pregnancy and at time of delivery, (ii) type of NA and delivery management modalities, and (iii) possible complications related to NA and bleeding complications. ResultsThree hundred fourteen pregnancies in patients with FXI deficiency of <60 IU/dL were reported (from 20 centers); among them, 199 NA procedures have been completed (137 epidurals and 61 spinals, 1 had both). The period of childbirth was mostly from 2014 to 2020 (281/314; 89.5%). Congenital FXI deficiency was established with certainty by investigators in 32.8% patients (n = 103). Previous bleedings were described in 20.4% of the patients (64/314; 45.3% cutaneous, 31.3% gynecologic, and 15.6% postsurgical). Thirteen deliveries had an NA procedure with FXI of <30 IU/dL, 42 with FXI of 30-40 IU/dL, and 118 with FXI of 40-60 IU/dL. Median FXI levels at delivery in the epidural and spinal groups were not significantly different but were significantly lower in the group without NA by medical staff contraindications. There were no complications related to NA. A 17.5% postpartum hemorrhage or excessive postpartum bleeding incidence was reported, which is consistent with previous data. ConclusionOur data support the use of a 30 IU/dL FXI threshold for NA, as suggested by the French proposals published in August 2023.

Category of learning modality in English texts

In the literature of linguistics, modality is a semantic category that expresses the attitude of the speaker to the content of his expression, the target designation of the speech, the relationship of the content of the expression with reality. The category of modality is a linguistic universal and stands out as one of the main categories of language. This article examines the category of modality, one of the most popular and interesting areas in modern English grammar. Different types of modality are defined, examples and features of working of modal words in English texts are given, detailed explanation is given to the presented usage examples. The relevance of the research is related to the necessity of a comprehensive review of the category of modality from the point of view of the theoretical grammar of the modern English language, the importance of systematizing modal words, and determining their status in linguistics.

DeepSeq2Drug: An expandable ensemble end-to-end anti-viral drug repurposing benchmark framework by multi-modal embeddings and transfer learning

Drug repurposing is promising in multiple scenarios, such as emerging viral outbreak controls and cost reductions of drug discovery. Traditional graph-based drug repurposing methods are limited to fast, large-scale virtual screens, as they constrain the counts for drugs and targets and fail to predict novel viruses or drugs. Moreover, though deep learning has been proposed for drug repurposing, only a few methods have been used, including a group of pre-trained deep learning models for embedding generation and transfer learning. Hence, we propose DeepSeq2Drug to tackle the shortcomings of previous methods. We leverage multi-modal embeddings and an ensemble strategy to complement the numbers of drugs and viruses and to guarantee the novel prediction. This framework (including the expanded version) involves four modal types: six NLP models, four CV models, four graph models, and two sequence models. In detail, we first make a pipeline and calculate the predictive performance of each pair of viral and drug embeddings. Then, we select the best embedding pairs and apply an ensemble strategy to conduct anti-viral drug repurposing. To validate the effect of the proposed ensemble model, a monkeypox virus (MPV) case study is conducted to reflect the potential predictive capability. This framework could be a benchmark method for further pre-trained deep learning optimization and anti-viral drug repurposing tasks. We also build software further to make the proposed model easier to reuse. The code and software are freely available at http://deepseq2drug.cs.cityu.edu.hk.

A Digital Communication Intervention to Support Older Adults and Their Care Partners Transitioning Home After Major Surgery: Protocol for a Qualitative Research Study.

Older adults (aged ≥65 years) account for approximately 30% of inpatient procedures in the United States. After major surgery, they are at high risk of a slow return to their previous functional status, loss of independence, and complications like delirium. With the development and refinement of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocols, older patients often return home much earlier than historically anticipated. This put a larger burden on care partners, close family or friends who partner with the patient and guide them through recovery. Without adequate preparation, both patients and their care partners may experience poor long-term outcomes. This study aimed to improve and streamline recovery for patients aged ≥65 years by exploring the communication needs of patients and their care partners. Information from this study will be used to inform an intervention developed to address these needs and define processes for its implementation across surgical clinics. This qualitative research protocol has two aims. First, we will define patient and care partner needs and perspectives related to digital health innovation. To achieve this aim, we will recruit dyads of patients (aged ≥65 years) who underwent elective major surgery 30-90 days prior and their respective care partners (aged ≥18 years). Participants will complete individual interviews and surveys to obtain demographic data, characterize their perceptions of the surgical experience, identify intervention targets, and assess for the type of intervention modality that would be most useful. Next, we will explore clinician perspectives, tools, and strategies to develop a blueprint for a digital intervention. To achieve this aim, clinicians (eg, geriatricians, surgeons, and nurses) will be recruited for focus groups to identify current obstacles affecting surgical outcomes for older patients, and we will review current assessments and tools used in their clinical practice. A hybrid deductive-inductive approach will be undertaken to identify relevant themes. Insights from both clinicians and patient-care partners will guide the development of a digital intervention strategy to support older patients and their care partners after surgery. This study has been approved by the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Institutional Review Boards. Recruitment began in December 2023 for the patient and care partner interviews. As of August 2024, over half of the interviews have been performed, deidentified, and transcribed. Clinician recruitment is ongoing, with no focus groups conducted yet. The study is expected to be completed by fall 2024. This study will help create a scalable digital health option for older patients undergoing major surgery and their care partners. We aim to enhance our understanding of patient recovery needs; improve communication with surgical teams; and ultimately, reduce the overall burden on patients, their care partners, and health care providers through real-time assessment. DERR1-10.2196/59067.

Online Employment Services for Immigrant Professionals: An Environmental Scan

This environmental scan assesses the current landscape of online employment services for immigrant professionals in Canada. The data collection method involved web scanning of twelve urban centers and two rural census areas with high per capita immigrant populations. The study analyzed 80 online services for immigrants in Canada based on geographical variation, the type of digital modality, clientele, and needs addressed. The findings reveal disparities in access to online employment programs tailored for skilled immigrants across different geographic locations. In addition, e-learning and self-paced online courses were identified as the most prevalent digital modalities. In terms of targeted clientele, findings show that the services primarily targeted immigrants as a homogenous group, with a notable emphasis on supporting skilled immigrants in high-demand fields such as IT and healthcare. Finally, access to job search resources emerged as the highest priority among the needs addressed, while areas such as financial assistance have the potential for further growth.

Estimating cost of prostate cancer management: an experience from Tanzania

BackgroundProstate cancer (PC) is a significant public health problem affecting men worldwide and ranks third in incidence and mortality in East Africa. Cost of prostate cancer management is high in low-income countries because majority of patients presents with advanced (metastatic) PC. The cost related to management of PC including castrate resistant cancer in Tanzania has remained unknown; hence, policy makers do not have enough information for planning and resource allocation. This study therefore aimed to document costs related to the management of patients with prostate cancer including castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) at Muhimbili National Hospital in Tanzania.MethodsThis was a retrospective descriptive hospital-based study which was conducted at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH). Case notes of patients who were treated for prostate cancer were retrieved from medical records for review. A structured checklist was used to extract information regarding age, clinical presentation, investigations, stage of disease, type of treatment, payment modality and reimbursement. We considered data on the direct costs of prostate cancer management (diagnosis, treatment and follow-up) based on hospital price list of different categories. Costs reported were based on payment category in total and unit cost but also source of funding. Descriptive statistics were prepared and summarized as tables and figures.ResultsA total of 292 case notes of patients with prostate cancer were reviewed of which 189 patients received androgen deprivation therapy. Ninety-six (50.8%) met the criteria for the diagnoses of CRPC, and their mean age was 71.23 ± 4.2. Most of the patients had a poorly differentiated histology with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) over 100 ng/l. Bilateral orchiectomy was the most common treatment modality offered for advanced prostate cancer. Total cost for all PC patients was $148,136.4, equivalent to a unit cost per patient of $507.3. However, patients were in different categories of payment, 53% were public patients with an average cost of $471.3 per patient; 36.6% were cost sharing patients with an average cost of $441.8 per patient; 8.2% were National Health Insurance (NHIF) patients with an average cost of $893.8 per patient; and only 2.2% were private patients with an average cost of $1060.9 per patient.ConclusionCosts related to prostate cancer management need harmonization to accommodate different categories of patients in need.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Diagnostic Radiology Among Clinical Year Medical Students.

Background Nowadays, radiology is considered one of the most important disciplines of medicine as it guides physicians to reach the proper diagnosis by using many types of medical imaging modalities, such as x-ray radiography, computed tomography (CT), ultrasonography (US), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These modalities are used to create dynamic images of different parts of the human body, which are being used to accurately diagnose and follow up on a variety of medical conditions.Moreover, in recent decades, radiology has experienced substantial growth and transformation, establishing itself not just in diagnostics but also in the domain of medical interventions, which includes the increasingly recognized discipline of interventional radiology. Methodology A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Umm Al-Qura University (UQU) in Makkah from October 2022 to April 2023. The population size of medical students from the fourth to sixth year at Umm Al-Qura University is about 820 students. Results The total number of participants was 359, but two did not fill out properly. Hence, data was analyzed for (n=357), whereas more than half of them were female, 195 (54.6%). About 133 (37%) of the students were in their sixth year, while 106 (29%) were in their fourth year. Regarding their grade point average (GPA), 209 (58%) had >3.5, and 119 (33%) had 3.0-3.5. The maximum number of females 77 (57.9%) students were in the sixth year. Regarding knowledge, 291 (81.5%) had heard about interventional radiology before, while 66 (18.5%) had never heard about interventional radiology before. Moreover, 270 (75.6%) believe that the years in radiology residency are the same as other specialties. Regarding perceived knowledge about radiology, 183 (51.3%) said it is adequate. Conclusion This study showed that medical students at Umm Al-Qura University have a positive attitude towards radiology. However, the majority of the students do not have adequate knowledge regarding radiology as well as radiation hazards. We can improve this by increasing radiology experience in our institutions. Also, courses should be designed and incorporated into the curriculum to increase the knowledge of medical students about ionizing radiation.

Augmenting pharmacotherapy with physical exercise: review of the principles

Introduction Observed structural and functional changes in the central nervous system as a result of physical exercise are beneficial from biological, psychological and social standpoint. The studies published so far confirm that physical exercise, understood as planned, ordered and repetitive activity, can improve severity of symptoms, general functioning, and quality of life in patients with mood disorders, schizophrenia/psychotic disorders, anxiety, PTSD or addictions. This seems to be particularly important in relation to the growing number of patients facing resistance to classical pharmacological treatment as well as its side effects (e.g. metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular complications).ObjectivesReview of effective implementation of treatment programs based on physical exercise within mental health services.MethodsScoping review was performed by identifying relevant studies available in the PubMed and Scopus databases that were 1) peer-reviewed 2) in English language 3) focused on physical exercises 4) published within the last 10 years. Selection of the studies from the initial group of search results was performed manually.ResultsMajority of studies present programs covering relatively small, diverse groups of patients with mixed types of physical exercise modalities and intensity introduced, which makes generalization to basic principles very difficult. Needs assessment of patients from various diagnostic categories is vital in the process of implementation and evaluation. Barriers indicated by service users include lack of psychoeducation on perceived benefits, limitations within healthcare system (e.g., time limits, cost, access), side effects of medication, and psychosocial factors such as isolation. The assessment of factors engaging and motivating to maintain physical activity seems particularly important.ConclusionsIdentification of patients that may especially benefit from the inclusion of physical exercise, and recognition of therapeutic programs’ elements that ensure the maintenance of the physical activity require further research.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONS OF THE ENGLISH QUOTES OF MOTIVATION AND THEIR INDONESIAN TRANSLATIONS

This study aims to identify and analyze the mood and modality as the parts of interpersonal metafunction in translation of the English quotes of motivation into Indonesian. The documentation method was applied to collect the source and target language quotes in the forms of clauses, simple or complex sentences. Close reading technique is applied while collecting the quotes to understand the context of the motivational expressions. The collected data were qualitatively analyzed. In order to identify the translation of English quotes of motivation into Indonesian, the parts of sentence structures in the source and target languages were compared. Contrastive linguistics is relevant for this study in order to identify the difference between both languages. The mood and modality as the interpersonal function of the Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) developed by Halliday were applied in analyzing the quotes of motivation. The quotes of motivation in English show the indicative mood, and so do their translations. There are 27 quotes of motivations found. All the quotes belong to the indicative mood, but there is only one quote that has the combination between indicative mood and imperative mood. Indicative mood consists of two sub-categories, they are declarative and interrogative. There is one quote started by a declarative statement, and then followed by the interrogative form, and the rest are declarative sentences. From the modality macro-function, there are eleven quotes in the forms of modal verbs. The quotes of motivation as the modality type show probability since it is given for a specific situation, and it is not used regularly. As the modulation type, it shows the obligation. In terms of the modality values, the high value is used more often than the median value. Most of the translations show similar modality types and modality values, however, there are only two quotes that show different modality types but the same modality values. The change is from the modalization type of probability ‘should’ to the modulation type of obligation ‘must’. The modality type shift does impact the reader’s understanding.

Frustratives in St’át’imcets vs. Kimaragang: parameters of variation

Markers of the FRUSTRATIVE (non-realization of an expected outcome) often have a variety of uses. The Kimaragang frustrative dara also marks various related functions such as “discontinuous past”, “action narrowly averted”, frustrated intention or desire, and counterfactual conditionals. Davis &amp;amp; Matthewson (2022) describe a similar but not identical range of uses for the frustrative marker séna7 in St’át’imcets, and propose that the core meaning of this marker involves a type of epistemic modality. They further propose that their analysis can be extended to Kimaragang dara, suggesting that observed differences of usage may be due to differences in the tense-aspect systems of the two languages.This paper argues that the Kimaragang frustrative is different from séna7 in two respects: (1) the nature of the “frustrated expectation” inference, and (2) type of modality (epistemic vs. circumstantial). Frustrated expectation is lexically entailed in St’át’imcets, but Kimaragang dara entails only that the expected outcome cannot be asserted to be true at the time of speaking, with frustrated expectation arising as a pragmatic inference in contexts where it is reasonable to expect the speaker to know the actual outcome. Davis &amp;amp; Matthewson&amp;nbsp;show that séna7 is purely epistemic in nature: it marks an unexpected correlation between two propositions, which need not belong to a single chain of events. Kimaragang dara is circumstantial in nature: it marks an initial situation whose expected outcome within the normal course of events is so far unrealized. It can be used to describe counterfactual situations, which are not epistemically accessible.