Mobilization Campaigns Research Articles

Will The Firm Value Increase As A Result Of Disclosing Carbon Emissions?

The purpose of this study is to investigate and gather empirical data supporting the hypothesis that a company's value that discloses its carbon emissions is connected with its exposure to the media. This makes sense when considering the media's contributions to social mobilization campaigns like those of US environmental organizations. The public's access to information is greatly aided by the media. This study focused on manufacturing companies listed in the Consumer Goods Sub-Sector of the Indonesia Stock Exchange, using data from 2017 to 2021. Data from www.idx.co.id were used in this study, which ran from May 2023 to October 2023. The critical Descriptive analysis with the structural equation model statistical technique is the approach taken. For data analysis, the SmartPLS 3 application was utilized. Three factors were employed in this investigation. The variables that are used as moderators in the model are media exposure (Z), carbon emissions (X), and firm value (Y), which employs Tobin's Q table US as the dependent variable. In this examination, specifics of the variables employed by the researchers will be covered. Media exposure to carbon emissions has little effect on business value, despite the fact that the distribution of carbon emissions demonstrates a positive and substantial impact on firm value.

Male involvement in antenatal care and associated factors among married men with wives who recently gave birth in Debre Tabor town, North West Ethiopia

BackgroundGlobally, maternal mortality remains a critical issue, with male involvement during antenatal care (ANC) recognized as pivotal in reducing maternal deaths. Limited evidence on male involvement exists in low and middle-income countries, including Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess male involvement during antenatal care and associated factors among married men whose wives gave birth within the last 6 months in Debretabor town, North West Ethiopia in 2023.ObjectiveEvaluate the level of male involvement during antenatal care and identify associated factors in the specified study area.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study involved 404 married men, whose wives had given birth within the past 6 months in Debretabor town. Data were collected using face-to-face interviews, entered into EpiData version 4.6, and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Logistic regression analyses determined associations.ResultsMale involvement during antenatal care in the study area was 46.8% (CI: 41.6, 51.5). Factors influencing involvement included men's attitude (AOR = 2.365), lack of male invitation to the examination room (AOR = 0.370), couples' living status (AOR = 4.461), men with secondary education (AOR = 4.052), men with diploma and above (AOR = 4.276), and complications during pregnancy (AOR = 6.976).Conclusion and recommendationThe observed low level of male involvement underscores the need for targeted interventions. Stakeholders should promote male participation through counseling, community mobilization, and awareness campaigns.

P043 PREACH IMPLEMENTATION PROJECT A SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR HYPERTENSION IN PAKISTAN

Background: Worldwide hypertension prevalence is projected to reach 1.56 billion by 2025, affecting 29% of the global population according to the WHO1. It contributes to 7.5 million deaths, 3.7% of total disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and is responsible for causing stroke in 54% of hypertensives2,3. Pakistan has a prevalence of 43% hypertension with merely 12.5% of controlled hypertensives4,5. There is a pressing need for a national level intervention through uniform clinical approaches for optimum hypertension prevention, treatment and control6, 7. Through PREACH project, we prioritize primary care physicians as first-line responders and are training them on standardized hypertension guidelines to alleviate the burden from tertiary care hospitals. To detect new onset hypertension the project also incorporates early surveillance and community level screenings. Objectives: • To build capacity of practitioners on standardized guidelines endorsed by health ministry, PCS (Pakistan Cardiac Society) & PHL (Pakistan Hypertension League) • To raise community awareness, to screen and develop self-referral pathways to specialty care • To develop a robust national hypertension registry • To include hypertension in essential primary healthcare packages Methodology: Hypertension guidelines are developed. Accredited national certified workforce of more than 14,000 general practitioners (GPs) will be built through guidelines trainings via train the trainer model. Impact assessment studies will be done to assess training effectiveness and implementation at clinics. Community mobilization and awareness campaigns will be run to identify and direct self-referral pathway to an accredited GP. Development of national hypertension registry as a centralized system for data collection to report actual disease burden. Ministry of health will be advocated to prioritize hypertension management via multi-sectoral collaboration i.e. medical societies, academic, non-profit and private-sector for incorporations into annual development programs. Results \Conclusion: We aim to create an impact in the lives of 4.3 million beneficiaries (anti-hypertensive naïve hypertensive patients of Pakistan) by increasing self-referral of hypertensive cases to specialists through PREACH implementation project at all healthcare service delivery levels.

Red gold: Copper and the U.S. mobilization campaign, 1950–3

AbstractThis paper examines U.S. planners’ persistent efforts to secure an adequate supply of a vital metal, copper, during the Korean War, and the numerous obstacles that plagued them. Their initial efforts to mobilize without imposing a disruptive, draconian control scheme quickly proved inadequate, all but forcing planners to adopt a much more regimented Controlled Materials Plan (CMP). The inability of U.S. planners to secure a strong supranational control regime through the International Materials Conference undercut efforts to coordinate international mineral allocation, exacerbated U.S. shortages, and spawned ill‐conceived compromises that eroded the effectiveness of the CMP. Finally, Truman's domestic opponents, never entirely reconciled to a rigid control regime, used the copper shortage to further weaken mobilization planning. In the end, the preparedness campaign, despite some remarkable successes, failed to achieve many of its goals due, in part, to a global copper shortage that Senator Burnet Maybank's Joint Committee on Defense Production called ‘perhaps the most serious material limiting factor on fulfillment of defense goals’.

Making Global Climate Action work for nature and people: Priorities for Race to Zero and Race to Resilience

There is increasing recognition in science and policy that the current nature and climate change crises are highly intertwined, and that these need to be jointly addressed. Within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Race to Zero (R2Z) and the Race to Resilience (R2R) campaigns foster climate action by cities, regions, businesses, investors, and civil society organizations for mitigation and adaptation. The campaigns are part of UNFCCC-backed institutional arrangements linking intergovernmental climate governance with actions beyond national commitments to support the implementation of the Paris Agreement, also referred to as the Global Climate Action Agenda (GCAA). Both mobilization campaigns highlight and promote the contribution of nature to climate mitigation, adaptation, and resilience. Yet, the integration of nature in climate ambition is more complex than indicated in the calls to action. We here identify key areas of concern in the alignment of climate and biodiversity goals, discussing the biophysical and socio-ecological considerations relative to (i) practices for enhancing land-based and marine sinks to limit warming; (ii) the unpredictability of biodiversity dynamics under climate change; (iii) the spatial scale at which actions can be implemented; and (iv) the types of metrics that can be used for tracking progress. We provide recommendations for the two mobilization campaigns to integrate in their criteria and metrics frameworks to support effective and equitable actions that deliver for climate, but also for nature and people. We then make a call to action for transdisciplinary knowledge production and dissemination that strengthens science-policy interactions.

PATRONAGE OF ANTENATAL CARE SERVICES IN ZAMFARA STATE, NIGERIA

Utilisation of antenatal care (ANC) services by women during pregnancy plays a pivotal role in averting pregnancy related morbidity and mortality. However, utilisation of the services remains low over the years in Nigeria and Zamfara State, in particular. This study examined the patronage of ANC services in urban, semi-urban and rural areas of Zamfara State, Nigeria. Quantitative data were used for the study. A total of 384 copies of questionnaire were administered to women of child-bearing age that had children under-five, using the Multistage Cluster Sampling technique. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 was used for the data analysis. The Health-Seeking Behavior model developed by Ronald Max Anderson was adopted as the theoretical framework for the study. The study discovered that majority of mothers received ANC services from skilled healthcare providers at least, once, but the utilisation of the specific components of the services was low. Majority of the respondents did not comply with the current 8 ANC Visits, did not take folic acid and iron tablets daily and had not HIV test during pregnancy. Some women did not use the services at all due to reasons including lack of husband/ mother in-law’s permission, patronage of traditional birth attendants, lack of interest, not experiencing any pregnancy related illness, distance to healthcare facility, transportation problems, insecurity and poverty. The study recommends that the Zamfara State government should ensure availability, affordability and accessibility of ANC drugs at all government health facilities. The policy of compelling pregnant women to patronize ANC services as well as carrying out mobilization and enlightenment campaigns throughout the State at regular intervals, should be encouraged.

Evaluation of the Coverage of Iron Requirements in Young Children Aged 6 to 59 Months from Basic Foods in Two Localities in North Togo: Awandjelo and Lama (Kara)

Iron deficiency is one of the most widespread nutritional disorders in the world. It affects almost 60% of the population in developing countries, i.e. 3.5 billion people. Women of childbearing age and young children are the most vulnerable. Iron deficiency occurs when the intake and absorption of iron cannot compensate physiological needs, which are particularly high in young children because of their growth. Due to its impact on children's health, iron deficiency remains a major public health problem in Togo, with 70% of children aged between 6 and 59 months suffering from anaemia. In the face of this problem, the present study aims to establish the adequacy between dietary iron intake and physiological needs in order to contribute to strategies for handling this nutritional deficiency. To achieve this, 479 children (243 urban and 236 rural) aged 6-59 months from 447 households were the subject of this study. Food consumption was assessed using the 24-hour recall method; the nutritional value of the rations was assessed using the food composition table available in Africa. The results showed that 62% of the children studied had dietary iron intakes below the recommended levels and only 38% were able to cover their iron requirements. In fact, the mother's level of school education and the mother's economic activity were found to be strongly correlated with iron status in children. In the light of these data, it would seem wise to consider better nutritional intervention strategies, including nutritional education for women of childbearing age. The introduction of nutritional counselling through Information, Education and Communication (IEC), mobilisation and social marketing campaigns should therefore be promoted.

Martyrial Memory: Imagining the Fascist Afterlife of Giovanni Berta

Abstract: Giovanni Berta, who died in Florence, in February 1921, was almost immediately declared a Fascist martyr and his memory was preserved and embellished through a variety of cultural means. This article will specifically consider how artistic representations of Berta's death contributed to reinforcing the legend of his murder and with what aims. Legitimizing and rationalizing Florentine Fascism's campaign of violence against its socialist and communist enemies, his memory also played an important and emotive role in the national party's mass mobilization campaign.

Initiative Diplomacy: China’s New Rules for Global Governance, Security and Development

Since 2022, Chinese officials have embarked on an international mobilisation campaign to promote China’s new Global Security Initiative (GSI), Global Development Initiative (GDI) and Global Civilisation Initiative (GCI). The three new initiatives espouse China’s principles of global governance, security and development in order to reinforce the domestic legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party, reform the global governance system, expand China’s international influence, especially in the developing world, and compete with the United States’ conception of the liberal rules-based international order.

BabyWASH and diarrhea prevention practices following multimedia educational intervention in hard-to-reach areas of the Afar and Somali regions of Ethiopia: a mixed-method endline evaluation

BackgroundWater, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions, which are specifically targeted towards young children—known as “BabyWASH”—reduce exposure to environmental contamination and prevent microbial burden in their play and feeding environments. The purpose of this endline study was to evaluate the effectiveness and potential sustainability of a multimedia educational intervention in influencing key BabyWASH and diarrhea prevention practices in four hard-to-reach woredas (i.e. administrative districts) of the Afar and Somali regions of Ethiopia.MethodsA mixed-method, comparative cross-sectional study was conducted, which included 457 household surveys, 16 key informant interviews, and 8 focus group discussions. The multimedia educational intervention comprised: broadcasting radio talk shows and radio spot messages, capacity-building training for community health workers and community leaders, community mobilization campaigns, and the distribution of promotional print media materials. Propensity score matching analysis was used to estimate the effect of the multimedia educational intervention on key BabyWASH and diarrhea prevention attitudes and practices, which was then triangulated with qualitative findings.ResultsThe multimedia intervention had a significant positive impact on good BabyWASH and diarrhea prevention practices, including appropriate practices of child feces disposal (t-test = 5.17; p < 0.001), handwashing with soap or ash (t-test = 8.85; p < 0.001), maintaining separate playgrounds for young children (t-test = 2.83; p < 0.001), washing of child’s body, hands, and faces (t-test = 15.78; p < 0.001), and food hygiene practices (t-test = 2.74; p < 0.05). The findings of the qualitative assessment also revealed that the multimedia intervention packages and the approaches used were successful in influencing key BabyWASH and diarrhea prevention behaviors in the intervention implementation woredas. In addition, providing capacity building training to local actors and community leaders and recording radio talk shows and sharing them with community members were recognized as effective intervention implementation strategies.ConclusionThe endline evaluation found that the multimedia educational intervention improved awareness, perception, and practice of BabyWASH and diarrhea prevention behaviors in intervention woredas compared to control woredas. Sanitation and hygiene promotion interventions in pastoralist settings can be effective when using locally and contextually appropriate intervention strategies. However, considerations for integrating both behavioral and structural components in WASH interventions is essential.

Assessment of Factors Influencing Utilization of Reproductive Health Services for Adolescents and Youth in Samburu County, Kenya

Background: Globally, around 16 million teenagers give birth each year, with 95% of them coming from upcoming nations in developing nations like Kenya, youths deal with a variety of sexual and reproductive health issues. Youth in Kenya frequently experience serious health issues like unintended pregnancy, unsafe abortions, and sexually transmitted infections.&#x0D; Objective: The study aimed to assess factors influencing the use of youth-friendly reproductive health services among youths and adolescents in Samburu County, Kenya.&#x0D; Methods: The study employed an analytical cross-sectional study design. The Chi-square test for independence and binary logistic regression were employed to establish a relationship between independent and dependent variables.&#x0D; Results: From this study, the presence of a reproductive health facility (OR=2.4,95%CI=0.220-0.801) and community mobilization campaigns (OR=4.7,95%CI=0.093-0.485) increased the odds of utilizing youth-friendly reproductive health services. The presence of peer pressure (OR=2,95%CI=0.266-0.971), healthcare providers' poor attitude (OR=2.1,95%CI=0.276-0.881), and lack of privacy (OR=2,95%CI=0.290-0.974) reduced the odds of utilizing youth-friendly reproductive health services.&#x0D; Conclusion: In this study, the utilization of youth-friendly reproductive health services was 40.6%. The presence of a reproductive health facility, having visited a reproductive health facility, the presence of religious influence, and community mobilization campaigns increased the odds of utilizing youth-friendly reproductive health services. The presence of peer pressure, being male and single in the marital status category, healthcare providers' poor attitude, and lack of privacy reduced the odds of utilizing youth-friendly reproductive health services.

Time at Home: The October Revolution and Soviet Temporalities

AbstractThe October Revolution ushered in a radical, future‐orientated political agenda. Almost immediately, through the press, advice literature, activism and avant‐garde planning, a lively discourse on domestic life presented the home as a central site for building this ‘new epoch’. The home became the hub of a new and burgeoning Soviet temporality – a professed modern vision of time, which pitched the past against the future, embraced rational time discipline, pictured the world through a progress‐orientated teleology, and stressed mankind's ability to master time itself. While Marx famously refrained from outlining what communism would actually look like, the home and visions of the home provided a very immediate means of picturing the communist future – and how people would occupy it. As historians have started to note, the home became a temporal marker of difference between the self‐identified scourge of ‘Russian backwardness’ and the future‐orientated promise of Soviet communism. This was the difference between the fatalism and rigidity of old Russia and the intentionally disruptive mobilisation campaigns of the Soviet project. This article examines how visions of a ‘new way of life’ and modern utopian thinking on the home grounded a future‐orientated revolutionary ideology, making the promise of communism and new temporal understandings of the world tangible in the wake of 1917. But, crucially, drawing on the latest debates about time and temporalities, the article examines how different temporal modes can exist side by side in dynamic form – even in creative tension. Past and future temporalities, it posits, together formed radical Russia's vision of revolutionary time.

Role of Voter Education and Performance of Electoral Management Body: A Case of Independent Electoral and Boundary Commission Kenya

This paper focuses on the role of voter education on performance of electoral management body. The study is undertaken at Independent Electoral and Boundary Commission (IEBC) Kenya. The study was grounded on civic engagement theory. The study was a descriptive research design investigation. The target population involved 772 commission officers with a sample size of 264 based on the Cochran formula. The IEBC officers were selected through use of stratified random sampling technique. The data collection tools were the questionnaire and interview schedule. Data collected from the field was analysed using qualitative and inferential statistics. Qualitative data analysis involved categorising responses from interviews and open-ended questions into themes and sub themes while inferential statistics was analysed using the Regression Model to test the hypothesis. The study found out that one of the pre-electoral strategies that IEBC focused on was voter education to the members of the public on regular occasion. The respondents indicated that the EMB conducted regular mobilisation campaigns jointly with other stakeholders to inform members of the public on matters relating to commission mandate in elections and boundary delimitations. Correlation statistics revealed existence of significant positive effect of pre-electoral voter education strategy and IEBC Kenya performance. It was concluded that voter education strategy played a significant role in predicting IEBC performance in Kenya. The study recommends that voter education needs to be done on continuous basis rather than waiting one year to the general election by regularly seeking funds support from government and non-government sources to support voter education

The cultural policies of schistosomiasis control in China: a historical analysis.

China has a history of using cultural policies to control infectious diseases, including schistosomiasis, which was once hyperendemic in the country. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, significant achievements have been made in schistosomiasis control, with a decrease in the number of cases and infection rates. This study provides a historical analysis of cultural policies in schistosomiasis control in China. During the Mao era (1949-1976), socialist ideology shaped cultural policies that included mass mobilization campaigns, propaganda, and cultural education to promote health practices, and community participation and empowerment. During the Reform era (1978-2012), there was a shift towards market-oriented policies and individual responsibility, and cultural policies promoted behavioral change, but there were challenges in implementing them in a rapidly changing society. In the "New Era" of socialism (2012-now), cultural policies are focused on promoting comprehensive schistosomiasis control strategies, technological advancements and innovation, and international cooperation. The Chinese experience in schistosomiasis control provides valuable lessons for other countries facing similar challenges and underscores the importance of cultural policies in promoting health and well-being.

Cultural Heritage and Legal Mobilisation After Terror: July 22 and the Battle for Y

ABSTRACT This article investigates the growing recognition of cultural heritage as a contentious human rights issue. After the bombing of the Norwegian government buildings in Oslo on 22 July 2011, the YBlock, emerged as a cultural heritage object of high symbolic value. The government's megaproject of constructing a new government complex was contested due to its impact on the human right to public space and human rights in public space. Following a lengthy civil society and legal mobilisation campaign to save the Y-Block, it was demolished in 2020. By unpacking three legal arguments put forward to preserve the building, this article contributes to the sociolegal study of legal mobilisation in the Nordic countries and casts light on disputes over cultural heritage, the right to culture, and reconstruction after urban terror. These arguments included the suggestion that a cultural heritage protection process, which had been (illegitimately) halted by the attack, had never formally ended; reference to international human rights norms and transnational policy support; and contestations over process legitimacy, where early ‘hidden' political decisions precluded the YBlock’s preservation. The article concludes that the struggle for the Y-Block was an iconic democratic exercise that reinforced cultural heritage as a collective human rights issue.

Evaluation of a Knowledge Mobilization Campaign to Promote Support for Working Caregivers in Canada: Quantitative Evaluation.

As population demographics continue to shift, many employees will also be tasked with providing informal care to a friend or family member. The balance between working and caregiving can greatly strain carer-employees. Caregiver-friendly work environments can help reduce this burden. However, there is little awareness of the benefits of these workplace practices, and they have not been widely adopted in Canada. An awareness-generating campaign with the core message "supporting caregivers at work makes good business sense" was created leading up to Canada's National Caregivers Day on April 5, 2022. Our primary objective is to describe the campaign's reach and engagement, including social media, email, and website activity, and our secondary objective is to compare engagement metrics across social media platforms. An awareness-generating campaign was launched on September 22, 2021, with goals to (1) build awareness about the need for caregiver-friendly workplaces and (2) direct employees and employers to relevant resources on a campaign website. Content was primarily delivered through 4 social media platforms (Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, and Instagram), and supplemented by direct emails through a campaign partner, and through webinars. Total reach, defined as the number of impressions, and quality of engagement, defined per social media platform as the engagement rate per post, average site duration, and page depth, were captured and compared through site-specific analytics on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and LinkedIn throughout the awareness-generating campaign. The number of views, downloads, bounce rate, and time on the page for the website were counted using Google Analytics. Open and click-through rates were measured using email analytics, and webinar registrants and attendees were also tracked. Data were collected from September 22, 2021, to April 12, 2022. During this time, 30 key messages were developed and disseminated through 74 social media tiles. While Facebook posts generated the most extensive reach (137,098 impressions), the quality of the engagement was low (0.561 engagement per post). Twitter resulted in the highest percentage of impressions that resulted in engagement (24%), and those who viewed resources through Twitter spent a substantial amount of time on the page (3 minute 5 second). Website users who visited the website through Instagram spent the most time on the website (5 minute 44 second) and had the greatest page depth (2.20 pages), and the overall reach was low (3783). Recipients' engagement with email content met industry standards. Webinar participation ranged from 57 to 78 attendees. This knowledge mobilization campaign reached a large audience and generated engagement in content. Twitter is most helpful for this type of knowledge mobilization. Further work is needed to evaluate the characteristics of individuals engaging in this content and to work more closely with employers and employees to move from engagement and awareness to adopt caregiver-friendly workplace practices.

Effectiveness of the Swachh Bharat Mission and barriers to ending open defecation in India: a systematic review

In 2016, nearly 60% of the population of India practiced open defecation (OD), which was 4 times the global rate, and reducing OD in India will be essential in meeting Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.2 and improving global public health. The government of India launched the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) in 2014 with one key goal for all Indian states to achieve OD-free (ODF) status by 2019. Despite reports from the Government of India on the success of SBM, the true ODF status of Indian states is still unknown. A systematic review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted to assess the impact of SBM on OD in India, evaluate the barriers to reducing OD, and provide recommendations for future interventions to reduce or eliminate OD in India. A total of 237 publications were screened, and 22 were selected for inclusion. While the Prime Minister declared India ODF in 2019, studies suggest that the government monitoring system overestimates numbers of ODF villages and toilet coverage. Reasons for households’ continued OD practice include financial constraints, lack of water supply, governmental mistrust, cultural beliefs, and personal preference. Community incentives and penalties have been used to encourage proper sanitation practices with varying success. Overarching strategies and approaches that have worked well across study districts to reduce OD include high involvement of district leadership and innovative behavior-change and local community mobilization campaigns.

Control of Dengue Epidemic in Lahore: A fortuitous application of One Health Approach

Abstract Pakistan, a developing country in South-east Asia, is experiencing disease outbreaks caused by human, animal, and environmental interactions. The One Health approach relies on intersectoral collaboration. This is now recognized as the key to controlling epidemics. Although Pakistan is still in the process of adopting the One Health approach, this case study highlights the effective control of the 2010–2011 dengue outbreak in Lahore and other cities of the Punjab province, This was the greatest achievement of the Punjab health sector. For the first time, administrative departments under the control of political government formed partnerships among human, animal, environmental, entomology, and microbiology experts to develop strategies. Other departments, such as transportation, solid waste management, fisheries, police, and education also participated in anti-dengue activities. This included the surveillance of larvicidal measures, elimination of potential breeding sites, and community mobilization campaigns. The general public was motivated to participate by volunteers, and the level of communication, coordination, and collaboration was at par with an ideal One Health project. The outcome was the effective control of the dengue epidemic, disproving projections, and bringing vector-borne menace to endemic levels. This case study demonstrates that the One Health approach is still possible even in developing countries with overburdened health systems and conventionally siloed departments. It serves as a cornerstone for advocating that the One Health approach, once tested in one of Pakistan’s largest provinces, should be adopted nationally in letter and spirit. Information © The Authors 2023

THE INTERACTION OF THE UKRAINIAN MILITARY FORMS WITH THE TOWN COMMUNITIES OF VOLYN AND KYIV REGIONS DURING THE UPR DIRECTORATE

The purpose of the article is to show, on the basis of the available scientific literature, archival sources, and materials of the periodical press of the time, the difficult relations (changed from fruitful cooperation to conflicts and sometimes even to brutal pogroms) between the Ukrainian People's Army and UHA, on the one hand, and the Ukrainian and Jewish communities of the towns of Volyn and Kyiv provinces, on the other. The methodological basis of the research is the principles of historicism, comprehensiveness, objectivity, multifactoriality, and systematicity. An essential component of the methodology has become the use of various methods of material analysis – historical, problem-chronological, historical-genetic, and historical-typological. The scientific novelty of the publication lies in the systematic coverage of important areas of cooperation between the UPR army and residents of Volyn and Kyiv towns during mobilization campaigns and the organization of material and moral support for Ukrainian soldiers. Conclusions. The relations between the Ukrainian People’s Army, UHA, on the one hand, and the national communities of the towns of Volyn and Kyiv provinces during the days of the UPR Directory, on the other, were ambiguous. First, the townspeople, mostly Ukrainians, were mostly the object and, to a lesser extent, the subject of the mobilization measures of the Ukrainian authorities, replenishing military formations, taking an active part in the protection of the state interests of the Ukrainian People's Republic, providing tangible material support to the Ukrainian People’s Army, supported the army in many ways when it conducted offensive or defensive operations against the Red Army. To a lesser extent, this applied to UHA. Secondly, in a number of urban settlements, there were facts that prevented the normal cooperation of communities and Ukrainian units (illegal military requisitions, contributions, looting, interference in the work of local self-government bodies, etc., conflicts between Jewish communities and the Ukrainian military, which ended in shameful pogroms).

Activists in international courts: Backlash, funding, and strategy in international legal mobilization

Activists in international courts: Backlash, funding, and strategy in international legal mobilization