Mobility Issues Research Articles

Highway Navigation System Using Li-Fi

Light is present everywhere as street lamp and traffic light. Imagine that all these light bulbs are high speed wireless transmitter that connects either human to human or systems with systems. In recent times the using of internet is rapidly increase which leads to radio waves being widely used. Long distance data transmission makes use of this spectrum. It has become difficult to keep up with the demand for the high speed connectivity as the number of users is increasing. An alternative and advantageous replacement can be visible light communication (VLC).In this paper, Li-Fi technology is used to build the highway navigation system. The Li-Fi technology based on the visible light communication and it is one of the applications of VLC. Frequently we have to navigating one place to another place. The major issues faced by drivers are navigating at night. Low battery of mobile phone or network connectivity issues are the major problems to use the Gmap. This paper proposes a system which aims to provide efficient and secure communication between vehicles and the street light .To improve safety and reduce accidents in roads at night we are using this system .In this system, LED lights embedded in the highway street light that act as a data transmitter and the receiver are installed on vehicles like car, truck to receive and process the data without using internet. The received information is then displayed on a display screen in the vehicle, such as current location and future diversions. This system is alternate solution for the road navigation board system. In this system the Arduino UNO is used in the transmitter and receiver portions, and it is programmed using the Arduino IDE. The overall the highway navigation system using Li-Fi technology to improve traffic safety and efficiency while reducing the environmental impact of transportation.

The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Population Mobility in the Czech Republic and Slovakia

Abstract In this scientific paper, the authors address the issue of mobility and the spread of COVID-19, as well as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and changes in the mobility of the population of the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 2020. The goal of the study is to determine whether the increase in the number of positive cases of COVID-19 and the associated increase in deaths influences changes in various categories of population mobility at the regional level in selected countries. The aim of the work is to empirically assess the impact of the first year of the pandemic on the mobility of the population. To achieve this, data on population mobility obtained from Google Statistics, together with information on the increase in the number of positive cases and the number of deaths caused by COVID-19 from both countries, were combined. The paper interprets and evaluates the results achieved, providing a picture of the course of the pandemic in the territories of the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

Rationale and design of STAMINA: Senolytics to alleviate mobility issues and neurological impairments in aging, a geroscience feasibility study

The process of cellular senescence is hypothesized to play a critical role in the development of age-related mobility and cognitive impairments, both of which precede the development of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, senolytic compounds that eliminate senescent cells represent an alternative strategy that may help improve mobility and cognition in older adults; however, clinical trials are lacking. The goal of this paper is to describe the rationale and study design of a 12-week single arm, open label, pre-post pilot study that administers intermittent doses of two senolytic compounds, Dasatinib and quercetin (DQ), in 12 older adults ≥65 years with slow gait speed (<1.0 m/s) and mild cognitive impairment. Eligible participants are asked to take 1250 mg of quercetin and 100 mg of Dasatinib orally once a day for 2 days every 2 weeks, for 6 cycles over 12 consecutive weeks. Both physical and cognitive functional assessments are administered before treatment, as well as 6- and 12- weeks after treatment. Blood and urine samples are taken pre- and post-treatment to assess biomarkers of cellular senescence. The primary outcomes of this trial are feasibility and safety of the intervention, as well as preliminary efficacy on several clinical outcomes (e.g., cerebral blood flow velocity, gait speed, and biomarkers of cellular senescence). The study is approved by the Advarra IRB (#Pro00053594) and a Data Safety Monitoring Board. It is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier: NCT05422885).The future results of this study may identify a novel approach for improving mobility and cognition in older adults, thereby preventing progression to Alzheimer's disease.

The Sustainability of Transport Mode Choice among B40 Groups in Urban Areas: A Case Study of Penang Island, Malaysia

The proliferation of privately owned vehicles contributes to various urban mobility issues, including traffic congestion. This study was conducted in Penang Island, Malaysia with the aim of examining the dominant transport mode choice among B40 groups, articulating the urban mobility issues they encountered and capturing their expectations regarding transport, particularly for commuting to their workplaces. In order to achieve that objective, this study employed a mixed-method technique. For the quantitative component, a total of 306 respondents from households classified as B40 were selected from Penang's eKasih Programme in the 2016 list, using a stratified random sampling upon ratio. Meanwhile, the qualitative component was conducted with a subset of 10 automobile-dependent respondents selected from 306 respondents who commute a distance exceeding 15 kilometres to their workplaces. The findings of the study reveal that specifically 29.08% of the northeast district and 42.81% of the southwest district on Penang Island, are motorcycle-dependent. It is imperative to enhance transportation policy by implementing strategies that focus on enhancing the appeal of public transportation through refurbishment efforts and diversification of transport modes. This approach aims to ensure the provision of affordable, sufficient, and efficient public transport options that can effectively cater to varying levels of demand.

Live Virtual Machine Migration in Fog Computing: State of the Art

Fog computing is an emerging paradigm which extends the functionality of the cloud near to the end users. Its introduction helped in running different real-time applications where latency is a critical factor. This paradigm is motivated by the fast growth of Internet of Things (IoT) applications in different fields. By running Virtual Machines (VMs) on fog devices, different users will be able to offload their computational tasks to fog devices to get them done in a smooth, transparent, and faster manner. Nevertheless, the performance of real-time applications might suffer if no proper live virtual machine migration mechanism is adopted. Live VM migration aims to move the running VM from one physical fog node to another with minimal or zero downtime due to mobility issues. Many efforts have been made in this field to solve the challenges facing live VM migration in fog computing. However, there are remaining issues that require solutions and improvements. In this paper, the following presents the research outcomes: An extensive survey of existing literature on live VM migration mechanisms in fog computing. Also, a new novel classification approach for categorizing live VM migration mechanisms based on conventional and Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches to address live VM migration challenges is presented. Moreover, an identification of research gaps and in the existing literature and highlighting the areas where further investigation is required is done and finally a conclusion with a discussion of potential future research directions is drawn

Older adult Cubans moving to the Canary Islands (Spain): Migrants' strategies in later life

The research on migration to Spain of Cuban citizens in later life proposes to overcome the lack of academic knowledge from these analytical perspectives: migrations of older adult people beyond the issue of lifestyle mobility; the transnational diasporic nexus favoring migrations; and the Cuban community residing abroad, outside the United States of America. The combination of these elements in this case study shows the agency of older adult Cuban citizens who move to the Canary Islands, trying to achieve a greater level of material well-being and taking advantage of the diasporic ties between the Canary Islands and Cuba; but this is a process that brings out, simultaneously, feelings of dislocation and nostalgia in the stage of old age. The development of a mixed methodology and the focus on the life course of migrants offer an opportunity to reflect on the cultural and social construction of ageing in migration studies. Consequently, this research allows a deepening of knowledge on human mobility from the perspective of ageing in a counter-diasporic migration, showing the relationship between emigration and life cycle and demonstrating the strength and spirit of achievement of those individuals who decide to emigrate despite their advanced age.

Classical versus reinforcement learning algorithms for unmanned aerial vehicle network communication and coverage path planning: A systematic literature review

SummaryThe unmanned aerial vehicle network communication includes all points of interest during the coverage path planning. Coverage path planning in such networks is crucial for many applications, such as surveying, monitoring, and disaster management. Since the coverage path planning belongs to NP‐hard issues, researchers in this domain are constantly looking for optimal solutions for this task. The speed, direction, altitude, environmental variations, and obstacles make coverage path planning more difficult. Researchers have proposed numerous algorithms regarding coverage path planning. In this study, we examined and discussed existing state‐of‐the‐art coverage path planning algorithms. We divided the existing techniques into two core categories: Classical and reinforcement learning. The classical algorithms are further divided into subcategories due to the availability of considerable variations in this category. For each algorithm in both types, we examined the issues of mobility, altitude, and characteristics of known and unknown environments. We also discuss the optimality of different algorithms. At the end of each section, we discuss the existing research gaps and provide future insights to overcome those gaps.

Exploring Uncharted Territories: A Study of Bengali Women’s Travelogues in the Colonial Period

This paper situates pioneering travel narratives of women in colonial Bengal and explores their multi-layered experiences and problematics of identity in relation to the centre-periphery dyad. It also unravels how translated accounts of Krishnabhabini Das and Durgabati Ghose in A Bengali Lady in England (2015) and The Westward Traveller (2010), respectively, explicate the development of their identities by juxtaposing an expanding consciousness resulting from their accumulated observations. Locating the nascent stages of women’s writing in colonial Bengal, it brings to the fore complex issues of gender and mobility as well as the public/private dichotomy while navigating foreign shores, especially England. The paper also highlights how the power of the gaze lies with the colonised women who drew thorough comparisons between English society and contemporaneous Bengal. A critical investigation of the travelogues by adopting a postcolonial lens opens up the underlying intricacies of interactions, reflections, and dilemmas that the authors encapsulate in the narratives and thus help in contextualising their accounts in the larger sociocultural and political backdrop.

Predictors of unwillingness or inaccessibility to receive the COVID-19 vaccination among persons with disabilities in Bangladesh

Introduction Persons with disabilities (PWDs) are among the most vulnerable communities to suffer the serious consequences of COVID-19, and accepting COVID-19 vaccination is one of the recommended health advisories for them. Unwillingness to receive vaccines is a concerning issue, especially in the countries of Southeast Asia. The study aims to find out the COVID-19 vaccination rate of persons with disabilities (PWDs) in Bangladesh, the rate of unwillingness or inaccessibility of vaccination for PWDs, and predict the possible reasons for unwillingness. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional survey of PWDs aged 12 years or more was conducted in 12 rehabilitation centers in Bangladesh between February 2022 and May 2022. A self-developed structured questionnaire on socio-demographic, disability, and health indicators, acceptance and accessibility of COVID-19 vaccines, and knowledge and attitude towards vaccination was used for the survey. The study has been conducted according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines for a cross-sectional survey. Results With a 69% response rate, 241 PWDs participated in the study. PWDs with a spinal cord injury were the major respondents (62.7%). A total of 186 (77.2%) PWDs had taken one or more doses of COVID-19 vaccines of three doses supplied, and 55 (22.8%) were unwilling to have a vaccination. All vaccine recipients reported good accessibility to vaccination booths. The predictive factors of unwillingness were spinal cord injury type of disability (OR .36, P&lt;.01), people coming to the rehabilitation center from rural areas (OR .44, P&lt;.01), poor knowledge of COVID-19 vaccination (OR .78, P&lt;.01), and dependency on mobility (OR.24, P&lt;.001). Conclusion More than one-fifth of the persons with disabilities aged between 12 and 80 years were unwilling to receive the COVID-19 vaccination despite the accessibility of information and availability of the COVID-19 vaccine, mainly due to poor knowledge and mobility issues.

Comparing the Reliability of Virtual and In-Person Post-Stroke Neuropsychological Assessment with Language Tasks.

Neuropsychological testing is essential for both clinical and basic stroke research; however, the in-person nature of this testing is a limitation. Virtual testing overcomes the hurdles of geographic location, mobility issues and permits social distancing, yet its validity has received relatively little investigation, particularly in comparison with in-person testing. We expand on our prior findings of virtual testing feasibility by assessing virtual versus in-person administration of language and communication tasks with 48 left-hemisphere stroke patients (21 F, 27 M; mean age = 63.4 ± 12; mean years of education = 15.3 ± 3.5) in a quasi-test-retest paradigm. Each participant completed two testing sessions: one in their home and one in the research lab. Participants were assigned to one of the eight groups, with the testing condition (fully in-person, partially virtual), order of home session (first, second) and technology (iPad, Windows tablet) varied across groups. Across six speech-language tasks that utilized varying response modalities and interfaces, we found no significant difference in performance between virtual and in-person testing. However, our results reveal key considerations for successful virtual administration of neuropsychological tests, including technology complications and disparities in internet access. Virtual administration of neuropsychological assessments demonstrates comparable reliability with in-person data collection involving stroke survivors, though technology issues must be taken into account.

Territories of migrancy and meaning: The emotional politics of borderscapes in the lives of deported Mexican men in Tijuana

This article discusses how Mexican deportees find meaning and negotiate their agency in the borderscape and borderland of Tijuana, Mexico. Established through vice tourism, Tijuana has figured prominently as a site for expressions of migrancy. Within the expressions of migrancy, deported migrants find themselves in constant states of in-betweenness in systems of mediation. Through in-depth interviews with deported Mexican men living in temporary male-centric shelters, I identify and examine the issues of mobility ‘through the body’ of deported migrants, highlighting the politics of emotions, of being, and of seeing. Through analysis of the phenomenology of migration through Tijuana, I highlight the overreaching situated positions of permanent temporality mediating the lives of deported Mexican men. This perspective, therefore, sheds a necessary light on an often overlooked and marginalized condition of the migrant population.

High Fragmented Physical Activity as an Early Risk Indicator of Frailty and Mortality in Adults Aged 50 Years and Over

Introduction: This study aimed to explore the associations of activity fragmentation with frailty status and all-cause mortality in a representative US sample of people 50 years and over. Methods: This prospective study used data from the 2003–2006 waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Participants 50 years or over were included in the study (n = 2,586). Frailty status was assessed using a valid modification of the Fried criteria. Linked data from the National Death Index registry were used to ascertain mortality. Physical activity fragmentation was measured by accelerometry. To calculate activity fragmentation, an active-to-sedentary transition probability was calculated as the number of physical activity bouts divided by the total sum of minutes spent in physical activity. Age, gender, ethnicity, education, mobility issues, drinking status, smoking status, BMI, and self-reported chronic diseases were reported in the NHANES study. Results: An increment of 1 SD in activity fragmentation was associated with an increased likelihood of frailty (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 1.36 [1.13–1.664]). Compared with participants in the high activity fragmentation/low physical activity category, participants in the low activity fragmentation/low physical activity and low activity fragmentation/high physical activity categories were associated with a lower likelihood of frailty. We found a nonlinear association between activity fragmentation and all-cause mortality. Compared with participants in the high activity fragmentation/low physical activity category, participants in the low activity fragmentation/low physical activity, low activity fragmentation/high physical activity, and high activity fragmentation/high physical activity categories were associated with a lower mortality risk. Participants with a low fragmented activity pattern may also overcome some of the detrimental effects associated with sedentary behavior. Conclusions: Our results suggest that a high fragmented physical activity pattern is associated with frailty and risk of mortality in adults and older adults. This association was independent of total volume of physical activity and time spent sedentary.

Attitude towards tele rehabilitation-based therapy services and its associated factors among health professional working in specialized teaching hospitals in Amhara region, Northwest Ethiopia

BackgroundTele-rehabilitation is part of Tele-health (TH) which provides a rehabilitation service at a distance through using telecommunication technology. The lack of skilled staff, accessibility concerns, high transportation costs, lengthy waiting times, and mobility issues make face-to-face rehabilitation treatment difficult. Therefore, this study aimed to assess attitudes and its associated factors of health professionals towards TR services. MethodAn institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 408 health professionals from March to April 2021. A simple random sampling technique was applied to select study participants. Epi-data 3.1 versions software was used for data entry, and SPSS version 20 was used for the analysis. A bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with the attitude of health professionals towards tele-rehabilitation. ResultA total of 408 participants enrolled in the study, with a response rate of 95.5%. The majority 285(69.9%) of health professionals had good attitude towards tele rehabilitation-based treatment services. Good knowledge of tele rehabilitation [AOR = 1.76, 95%, CI: 1.078, 2.879], digitally literate [AOR = 1.74, 95%, CI: 1.028, 2.954], perception on security and privacy [AOR = 0.56, 95%,CI: 0.333, 0.944], and owns smart mobile phone [AOR = 1.9,95%,CI: 1.007, 3.781] were significantly associated with attitude towards tele rehabilitation service. ConclusionIn this study the majority of the respondents had a good attitude towards tele rehabilitation services. Having own mobile, knowledge towards tele rehabilitation, digital literacy, perception on security and privacy to rehabilitation were found to be factors associated with attitude towards tele rehabilitation service. Therefore, the government and other responsible entities should consider enacting systems and strategies to encourage the use of mobile technologies for the management of disability, chronic diseases and for rural patients.

Exploring the Youth's Social Mobility towards Socio-economic Development: A Case Study of Bagan Datuk, Perak, Malaysia

The news and government report on Malaysian youths' reluctance to sit for their high school examinations and further their studies have become a significant problem for Malaysia's social capital, socioeconomic development, and future outlook. It was reported that, 25,000 SPM (Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia) candidates did not want to sit for the 2022 examination, while 72.1% of SPM leavers do not want to pursue for tertiary education. It is troubling when the young generation's contribution to the national growth is crucial in achieving the Shared Prosperity Vision 2030 (WKB2030) and the 12th National Plan (RMK12). The endemic phase aggravated the youth unemployment rate, thus slowing the domestic economy for the local population, especially in suburban and rural areas. Tasked with the challenges of seeking employment and family economics had limited other development opportunities such as tertiary education and entrepreneurship. This study explored the issues of the youths' social mobility in the state of Perak, Malaysia. The countries' national agenda and the dynamics of youth mobility strategies formed the conceptual framework for exploring the challenges through a qualitative design research project. The findings evoked youths' input on entrepreneurial interests and feedback for policymakers and other relevant stakeholders to circumvent and resolve the dwindling number of youths' socioeconomic mobility. The implications from the bottom-up findings provide realistic insights from the current young generation on their wants for the change champions and the government to adjust the national and state strategies to create a society where there is youth fidelity by having realistic opportunities for empowerment towards their potential, contribute to the community and self-advance socioeconomically.

Determinants of Self-Perceived Health: The Importance of Physical Well-Being but Also of Mental Health and Cognitive Functioning.

With life expectancy increasing for the general population, public health promotion activities should be a priority to aim at a reduction of the burden and costs of hospitalization, disability, and lifelong treatment. This study aimed to explore the influence of parameters pertaining to different aspects of well-being, including physical and mental health and cognitive functioning, on self-perceived health, a predictor of chronic disease prevalence and mortality. We used data from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) project gathered between 2013 and 2017, obtaining a sample of 96,902 participants (63.23 ± 6.77 years). We found a strong association between the self-perceived health rating and not only physical health aspects but also mental health and cognitive functioning. In particular, BMI, chronic diseases and medications, muscle strength, and mobility issues had a strong effect on self-perceived health, as also did the quality of life, depression, and verbal fluency, while other aspects, such as individual characteristics, limitations in daily activities, and pain, among others only had a small effect. These results show that public health and prevention interventions should prioritize the targeting of all aspects of well-being and not only of physical health, acknowledging self-perceived health rating as a simple tool that could help provide a complete overview of psycho-physical well-being and functional status.

‘The future of migration, multiculturalism and diversity in Australia's post-COVID-19 social recovery’

This paper considers the future of multiculturalism, migration, and mobility post-pandemic. Taking Australia as a case study, the paper examines how the pandemic is affecting the multicultural agenda and contemplates its multiple cultural, social and political impacts. That is; the ways it is shaping intercultural relations, particularly how it is exacerbating racism and other forms of discrimination; its effects on the equity of social and health service provisions; and how mobility and border issues are being managed within Australia and internationally, specifically in relation to Australian citizens with culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. Secondly, the paper examines the extent to which the pandemic has already revealed new ways of understanding, representing, and characterising multiculturalism in Australia. This analysis considers the significant gaps in data collection on ethnically and religiously minoritised peoples and the ways in which this has hindered public health initiatives. Thirdly, the paper offers insights for how Australia could approach new drivers and patterns of (im)mobility in the post-COVID-19 social recovery, and in subsequent decades, to sustain the country's multicultural social fabric and its economic prosperity.

Autonomous vehicle transportation service for people with disabilities: Policy recommendations based on the evidence from hybrid choice model

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are expected to have a tremendous impact on travel behavior of people with disabilities because driving skills will be unnecessary. However, there has been little empirical research on their travel behavior, perceptions, and needs regarding AVs. This study explores their potential mode choice when assuming the autonomous vehicle transportation services (AVTS) are available in the future. The main objective is to understand what factors affect their mode-choice decision when considering AVTS compared to conventional modes of transportation, including bus, paratransit, and personal vehicles. To explain not only the impacts of the observed variables such as individual characteristics and mode attributes but also the impacts of their attitudes and perceptions of current mobility issues and AV technology on their mode choice, this study employs a hybrid choice model. This study focuses on individuals with physical disabilities and individuals with visual impairments. The model results show that individuals with disabilities who have a negative attitude toward the current public transit services and neighborhood built environments were more likely to choose AVTS. Furthermore, the presence of an onboard human attendant increased the probability of AVTS being chosen. The findings corroborate that more targeted strategies should be prepared to make AVTS a viable mode of transportation among people with disabilities. For example, it is worth noting that human attendants might be needed to relieve the anxiety of people with disabilities over traveling without anyone who can help them use AVTS. Based on the findings, this paper suggests some policy recommendations for providing viable AVTS for people with disabilities.

Local Policy Choice: Theory and Empirics

This paper critically surveys the growing literature on the policy choices of local governments. First, we identify various reasons for local government policy interactions, including fiscal competition, bidding for firms, yardstick competition, expenditure spillovers, and Tiebout sorting. We discuss theoretically what parameters should be estimated to determine the reason for competition among local governments. We emphasize how the policy outcomes emerging from this competition are affected by the presence of constraints imposed by higher-level governments. Second, we integrate theoretical and empirical analyses on the effects of fiscal decentralization on mobility, spillovers, fiscal externalities, economic outcomes, and distributional issues. Third, we identify key issues that arise in the empirical estimation of strategic interactions among local governments and highlight recent quasi-experimental evidence that has attempted to identify the mechanism at work. Finally, a synthesis model, containing multiple mechanisms and fiscal instruments, resolves some puzzles and provides guidance for future research. (JEL D72,H20, H71, H72, H73, H77, R51)

An efficient producer mobility management technique for real-time communication in NDN-based Remote Health Monitoring systems

The remote Health Monitoring (RHM) system is a remote healthcare platform that provides real-time monitoring services and brings convenience and safety for doctors as well as patients. Named Data Network (NDN) is a future network architecture, which is a kind of Information-Centric Network. NDN’s advantages in data security and performance can make the health system more reliable and efficient. However, in the existing NDN network architecture, there exist some producer mobility issues that can impede the proceeding towards real-time and seamless communication. To solve the problem, a Neighborhood Registration Scheme (NRS) is proposed here. When the mobile producer moves from one AP to another, it has not registered into the new AP and thus cannot receive the Interest Packet (IntP) from the consumer in time, which can cause data losses. Meanwhile, the updating process in the NDN map also takes a considerable time, which can also cause delay, referred to as updating delay. This is due to some consumers having got the new location of the mobile producer while others have not. The scheme proposes in this paper is to register the mobile producer not only into the nearest Access Point (AP) but also multiple neighbor APs. In this way, the delay caused by AP switching and package loss rate can be effectively reduced, which allows mobile producers to move across the cells with low latency and Packet Loss (PL) rate. NRS is a comprehensive routing algorithm that designs the modified packet transmission strategy. Compare to the Anchor-less strategy, the proposed NRS decreases about 80% PL rate and saves 16% delay time, whereas, NRS reduces more than 90% PL rate and saves 40% delay time than Hop-count strategy in high-speed producer mobility scenarios. These improvements are necessary for RHM because low delay and PL are the most important requirements of the RHM that can strengthen the real-time monitoring for patients, information interaction between doctors and patients, and safety assurance. By setting the proper parameters, NRS can promise to have no PL and acceptable network cost.

Railway Stations Redevelopment Programme under PPP model in India: a Study of Consumer Perception towards Proposed Facilities

Public sector transport, especially Railways, solves an important mobility issue for people in India due to its long stretched network and potential to cater to every individual. Funding constraints, however, make it difficult to achieve service level and offerings at par with private players. Potential of Indian Railways has been underutilized for ages due to a lack of initiatives and a tight budget. PPP worldwide has set examples towards progressiveness of public assets. India has now proceeded on similar lines by launching world’s biggest transit-oriented development in public transport sector through Indian Railways. Railway Station Redevelopment program incorporating PPP model is believed to keep customer value at center. Main purpose of this study aims at analyzing which factors under this new Government initiative will play an important role in enhancing satisfaction level and experience of consumers after transformation and an attempt to fill research gap on perception of existing customers of Indian Railways on new offerings against what they are used to experiencing has been made. Exploratory factor analysis using a survey method on 250 respondents has been used to achieve results.