Mobility Events Research Articles

P0054 / #845: PHYSICAL REHABILITATION IN BRAZILIAN PEDIATRIC ICUS: A MULTICENTER POINT PREVALENCE STUDY

Aims & Objectives: Technological and scientific advances have decreased mortality rates for critically ill children. Along with extended survival, rates of morbidity have risen, and delayed rehabilitation have been involved as contributing factor. Early mobilization (EM) may have a positive impact on prevention of morbidity in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of physical rehabilitation provided by physical and occupational therapists in Brazilian PICUs. Methods: We conducted a two-day point prevalence study of physical rehabilitation practices in 27 Brazil PICUs in April and June 2019. The primary outcome was therapist-provided mobility, defined as the number of patient-days with mobility provided by either a physical or occupational therapist. We also characterized barriers to mobility and potential safety events associated with mobility. Results: Data was collected for 375 patients admitted to the PICU for ≥72 hours; 60% were male and 68% were ≤ 2 years old. Two-thirds of patients days included physical-therapist provided mobility, while 4% received mobility from an occupational therapist. Nurses and family were involved in patient mobility on 58% and 42%. Mechanical ventilation was not associated with decreased therapist-provided mobility. Most common barriers to mobility were no physician order, deep sedation and cardiovascular instability. Of 1,462 documented mobilization activities, 11% were associated with a potential safety event, usually a transient change in vital signs. Conclusions: PICUs in Brazil have a high prevalence of physical-therapist provided mobility and nurse and family engagement, with a low prevalance of occupational therapy involvement in mobility.

Analyzing cooperative monitoring and dissemination of critical mobile events by VANETs

The treatment of mobile and simultaneous critical urban events requires effective actions by the appropriate authorities. Additionally it implies communication challenges in the speed and accuracy of their occurrence by the entities, as well as dealing with the dynamics and speed in these environments. Cooperative solutions with shared resources that address these challenges become a real option in helping to handle these events. This paper presents an evaluation of dynamic monitoring and collaborative dissemination supported by vehicular groups. It aims to analyze the impact of multiple mobile and fixed events in an urban environment on information propagation, considering barriers imposed by the events and the environment. Differently from other studies in the literature, this work takes into account both fixed and mobile events, as well as simultaneous events. NS3 results show that the evaluated system monitored at least 87% and 51.5% of the time for mobile and fixed events respectively, and delivered information over 77% and 50% of the time for those events, with average delay remains close to 0.3s in most scenarios. The results also reveal that a more continuous monitoring of the mobile events is highly dependent on the orientation of the vehicles. The main contribution of this work consists of the performance analysis of both fixed and mobile simultaneous events to support studies on how moving events impact on the dissemination and delivery of real-time data, and thus encouraging the development of new data dissemination protocols for VANETs.

Factors affecting attendees continued use of mobile event applications

论影响参会人员继续使用移动会展App的因素研究目的本论文基于UTAUT2模型, 旨在检验用户继续使用移动会展App（MEA）的影响因子。研究设计/方法/途径本论文采用网上问卷的形式, 样本数据为407为MEA用户, 使用SEM来验证研究假设。研究结果研究结果表明, 用户继续使用行为受到以下因子的正向影响：努力预期、效果预期、习惯、辅助条件、以及感知安全。本论文结果进一步表明个人创新对努力预期和效果预期有着积极影响。研究实际启示本论文结果为会展组织者和会展科技商指出了影响MEA用户继续使用意图的影响因子, 提供了有价值的启示。研究原创性/价值本论文拓展了UTAUT2模型, 是首批验证用户继续使用MEA科技的文章之一。

A Novel Hybrid Optimization for Cluster‐Based Routing Protocol in Information-Centric Wireless Sensor Networks for IoT Based Mobile Edge Computing

In present days, the utilization of mobile edge computing (MEC) and Internet of Things (IoT) in mobile networks offers a bottleneck in the evolving technological requirements. Wireless Sensors Network (WSN) become an important component of the IoT and is the major source of big data. In IoT enabled WSN, a massive amount of data collection generated from a resource-limited network is a tedious process, posing several challenging issues. Traditional networking protocols offer unfeasible mechanisms for large-scaled networks and might be applied to IoT platform without any modifications. Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is a revolutionary archetype which that can resolve those big data gathering challenges. Employing the ICN architecture for resource-limited WSN enabled IoT networks may additionally enhance the data access mechanism, reliability challenges in case of a mobility event, and maximum delay under multihop communication. In this view, this paper proposes an IoT enabled cluster based routing (CBR) protocol for information centric wireless sensor networks (ICWSN), named CBR-ICWSN. The proposed model undergoes a black widow optimization (BWO) based clustering technique to select the optimal set of cluster heads (CHs) effectively. Besides, the CBR-ICWSN technique involves an oppositional artificial bee colony (OABC) based routing process for optimal selection of paths. A series of simulations take place to verify the performance of the CBR-ICWSN technique and the results are examined under several aspects. The experimental outcome of the CBR-ICWSN technique has outperformed the compared methods interms of network lifetime and energy efficiency.

Contracting Beyond the Market

Despite growing engagements between firms and nonmarket stakeholders—such as local communities and nongovernmental organizations —research has yet to examine the emergence of formal contracts between them. Given that a very large number of such contracts are theoretically possible but only a small number exist, we seek to understand what factors explain the use of contracts to govern some relationships between firms and nonmarket stakeholders but not others. We draw on transaction cost economics to study transactions wherein a nonmarket stakeholder provides a firm access to a valuable resource and to understand when these transactions are governed by formal contracts. We propose that, when a firm makes site-specific investments, a stakeholder’s use rights to the resource sought by the firm, the negative externalities generated by its use, and the stakeholder’s capacity for collective mobilization increase holdup risk for the firm and therefore the probability of a contract. We collect novel data on the location of indigenous communities and mines in Canada to identify a plausible exhaustive set of indigenous communities “at risk” of signing a contract with a mining firm. We test our hypotheses by relying, respectively, on historically assigned property rights over lands, the mine-community colocation in a watershed and proximity on transportation routes, and archival records of community mobilization events. We find support for our propositions by examining which of the 5,342 dyads formed by 459 indigenous communities and 98 firms signed 259 contracts between 1999 and 2013.

Contracting Beyond the Market

Despite growing engagements between firms and non-market stakeholders — such as local communities and nongovernmental organizations — research has yet to examine the emergence of formal contracts between them. Given that a very large number of such contracts are theoretically possible but only a small number exist, we seek to understand what factors explain the use of contracts to govern some relationships between firms and non-market stakeholders but not others. We draw on transaction cost economics (TCE) to study transactions wherein a non-market stakeholder provides a firm access to a valuable resource and to understand when these transactions are governed by formal contracts. We propose that, when a firm makes site-specific investments, a stakeholder’s use rights to the resource sought by the firm, the negative externalities generated by its use, and the stakeholder’s capacity for collective mobilization, increase holdup risk for the firm and therefore the probability of a contract. We collect novel data on the location of indigenous communities and mines in Canada to identify a plausible exhaustive set of indigenous communities “at risk” of signing a contract with a mining firm. We test our hypotheses by relying, respectively, on historically assigned property rights over lands, the mine-community co location in a watershed and proximity on transportation routes, and archival records of community mobilization events. We find support for our propositions by examining which of the 5,342 dyads formed by 459 indigenous communities and 98 firms signed 259 contracts between 1999 and 2013.

Venue-Popularity Prediction Using Social Data Participatory Sensing Systems and RNNs

Analyzing social data as a participatory sensing system (PSS) provides a deep understanding of city dynamics, such as people's mobility patterns, social patterns, and events detection. In a PSS, individuals with mobile devices sense their environment, collect, and share data. For smart cities, intelligent city dynamics analysis has many applications such as for urban planning, transportation systems, city environment, energy consumption, public safety, and city economy. This study aimed to develop an intelligent application to predict the potential number of visitors for specific venues based on the analysis of mobility patterns of individuals. The ability to accurately predict the number of visitors to a venue allows authorities to better understand the behavior of the people and allocate recourses accordingly. We formulated the venue-popularity problem as a sequence-based regression and classification problem. We employed three recurrent neural network (RNN)-based models to predict the locations of popular venues on a city map. The proposed models include basic RNN, long short-term memory (LSTM), and gated recurrent unit (GRU). We constructed several social datasets for Riyadh city using Twitter and Foursquare as the PSS. Our results revealed that modeling venue-popularity prediction as a sequence regression problem yields better results than modeling it as a sequence classification problem. For the city-popularity map prediction problem, the vector autoregression baseline model achieved better performance than the RNN-family models.

Event-driven tool condition monitoring methodology considering tool life prediction based on industrial internet

Tool condition monitoring (TCM) and remaining useful life (RUL) prediction is of great practical significance for any machining process to ensure machining quality and reduce the machine tool downtime. At the standpoint of workshop management, the current TCM has two drawbacks. (i) Continuously acquiring data without distinguishing the working states of the machine tool and the machining tasks will inevitably bring a large volume of unwanted signals, making difficulty for tool RUL prediction. (ii) The tool condition is independent of machining task, thus cannot provide further decision-making support for workshop scheduling and machining parameters optimization. Therefore, it is an important issue to consider various random events under the right machining tasks to trigger “monitoring” and RUL prediction just in time. This paper proposes an event-driven tool condition monitoring (EDTCM) methodology. The structure of EDTCM is designed based on the architecture of the Industrial Internet. Multi-source events are collected under the architecture, including MES events, machine tool events based on the OPC-UA (OPC Unified Architecture) standard, smart mobile terminal events, etc. The event-driven mode is designed to process these events such that the “monitoring” is triggered just in time. Then the Tool RUL is predicted online with the monitored sensor data based on the Bayesian method. A prototype system of EDTCM is developed and a case study is implemented to verify the feasibility of the proposed methodology. Our work promotes that the theories of TCM and tool RUL prediction deeply integrate with the real industrial practical applications.

An Abrupt Aging of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Large Arctic Rivers.

Permafrost thaw in Arctic watersheds threatens to mobilize hitherto sequestered carbon. We examine the radiocarbon activity (F14C) of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the northern Mackenzie River basin. From 2003–2017, DOC‐F14C signatures (1.00 ± 0.04; n = 39) tracked atmospheric 14CO2, indicating export of “modern” carbon. This trend was interrupted in June 2018 by the widespread release of aged DOC (0.85 ± 0.16, n = 28) measured across three separate catchment areas. Increased nitrate concentrations in June 2018 lead us to attribute this pulse of 14C‐depleted DOC to mobilization of previously frozen soil organic matter. We propose export through lateral perennial thaw zones that occurred at the base of the active layer weakened by preceding warm summer and winter seasons. Although we are not yet able to ascertain the broader significance of this “anomalous” mobilization event, it highlights the potential for rapid and large‐scale release of aged carbon from permafrost.

City Branding in Malaysian Higher Education Institutions:A Conceptual Review

Higher Education Institutions (HEI) have been gaining political power and proximity in cities all around the world since the industrial revolution initiated in the 19th century. Due to high demand in a very competitive globalized knowledge economic sector, HEI sector has transformed into a commodity and is interdependent with the global market. The vast economic outburst has also resulted HEI to be associated with a myriad of business sector including tourism industry through an array of knowledge-based enterprises such as academic conferences, arts and sport festivals and other multitudes of academic mobility events. HEI has also spurted a local economic catalyst contributing to job creations both directly and indirectly. HEI have been represented by education-marketers as a place for the amalgamation of intellectual development and sensorial experiences through various visual consumptions. This trend also signifies the convergence and depolarisation of work and leisure whereby prospective students intends to study at a place that would also provide some recreational values. Hence, this study aims to contribute to a conceptual understanding of the field HEI and City Branding by evaluating previous works on Edu-tourism and branding. Secondary data are gathered from various sources and it is concluded that despite Malaysia being one of the most known and visited countries in South East Asia with a vast number of international students enrolled in the country, there are still many domains and areas that have yet to be tapped to its fullest potential to create a more robust and cohesive city branding efforts in line with HEI growth.

Optimizing Active Tuberculosis Case Finding: Evaluating the Impact of Community Referral for Chest X-ray Screening and Xpert Testing on Case Notifications in Two Cities in Viet Nam.

To accelerate the reduction in tuberculosis (TB) incidence, it is necessary to optimize the use of innovative tools and approaches available within a local context. This study evaluated the use of an existing network of community health workers (CHW) for active case finding, in combination with mobile chest X-ray (CXR) screening events and the expansion of Xpert MTB/RIF testing eligibility, in order to reach people with TB who had been missed by the current system. A controlled intervention study was conducted from January 2018 to March 2019 in five intervention and four control districts of two low to medium TB burden cities in Viet Nam. CHWs screened and referred eligible persons for CXR to TB care facilities or mobile screening events in the community. The initial diagnostic test was Xpert MTB/RIF for persons with parenchymal abnormalities suggestive of TB on CXR or otherwise on smear microscopy. We analyzed the TB care cascade by calculating the yield and number needed to screen (NNS), estimated the impact on TB notifications and conducted a pre-/postintervention comparison of TB notification rates using controlled, interrupted time series (ITS) analyses. We screened 30,336 individuals in both cities to detect and treat 243 individuals with TB, 88.9% of whom completed treatment successfully. All forms of TB notifications rose by +18.3% (95% CI: +15.8%, +20.8%). The ITS detected a significant postintervention step-increase in the intervention area for all-form TB notification rates (IRR(β6) = 1.221 (95% CI: 1.011, 1.475); p = 0.038). The combined use of CHWs for active case findings and mobile CXR screening expanded the access to and uptake of Xpert MTB/RIF testing and resulted in a significant increase in TB notifications. This model could serve as a blueprint for expansion throughout Vietnam. Moreover, the results demonstrate the need to optimize the use of the best available tools and approaches in order to end TB.

Toward Translating Raw Indoor Positioning Data into Mobility Semantics

Indoor mobility analyses are increasingly interesting due to the rapid growth of raw indoor positioning data obtained from IoT infrastructure. However, high-level analyses are still in urgent need of a concise but semantics-oriented representation of the mobility implied by the raw data. This work studies the problem of translating raw indoor positioning data into mobility semantics that describe a moving object’s mobility event (What) someplace (Where) at some time (When). The problem is non-trivial mainly because of the inherent errors in the uncertain, discrete raw data. We propose a three-layer framework to tackle the problem. In the cleaning layer, we design a cleaning method that eliminates positioning data errors by considering indoor mobility constraints. In the annotation layer, we propose a split-and-match approach to annotate mobility semantics on the cleaned data. The approach first employs a density-based splitting method to divide positioning sequences into split snippets according to underlying mobility events, followed by a semantic matching method that makes proper annotations for split snippets. In the complementing layer, we devise an inference method that makes use of the indoor topology and the mobility semantics already obtained to recover the missing mobility semantics. The extensive experiments demonstrate that our solution is efficient and effective on both real and synthetic data. For typical queries, our solution’s resultant mobility semantics lead to more precise answers but incur less execution time than alternatives.

Prevalence of Acute Rehabilitation for Kids in the PICU: A Canadian Multicenter Point Prevalence Study.

To evaluate mobilization practices, barriers, and mobility-related adverse events in Canadian PICUs. National 2-day point prevalence study. Thirteen PICUs across Canada. Children with a minimum 72-hour PICU length of stay on the allocated study day. None. Outcomes of interest were the prevalence and nature of mobilization activities, rehabilitation resources, adverse events, and factors associated with out-of-bed mobility and therapist-provided mobility. Two PICUs (15%) had early mobilization practice guidelines, and one PICU (8%) reported a formal process for engaging families in the mobilization of patients. The prevalence of mobilization was 110 of 137 patient-days (80%). The commonest activity was out-of-bed mobility (87/137; 64% patient-days); there was no active mobilization on 46 patient-days (34%). Therapists provided mobility on 33% of patient-days. Mobility was most commonly facilitated by nurses (74% events) and family (49% events). Family participation was strongly associated with out-of-bed mobility (odds ratio 6.4; p = 0.001). Intubated, mechanically ventilated patients were mobilized out-of-bed on 18 of 50 patient-days (36%). However, the presence of an endotracheal tube, vasoactive infusions, and age greater than or equal to 3 years were independently associated with not being mobilized out-of-bed. Barriers were reported on 58 of 137 patient-days (42%), and adverse events occurred in 22 of 387 mobility events (6%). Mobilization is common and safe, and the majority of children in Canadian PICUs are being mobilized out-of-bed, even when mechanically ventilated. Family engagement in PICU-based rehabilitation is increasing. This study provides encouraging evidence that common barriers can be overcome in order to safely mobilize children in PICUs.

Moved by fire: Green criminology in flux

The destructive bushfires in Australia 2019–2020 resonate with similar trends around the world as bushfire seasons are becoming longer and more pervasive. Yet, criminological analyses of bushfires are limited and tend to focus on the individual criminal subject and the act of arson, the crime of intentional fire starting. Encouragingly, green criminology, the criminological perspective dealing with environmental crimes and harms, is expanding the categories of offenders and victims of harm by, for example, highlighting non-human victims and harms perpetrated by the capitalist system. Nonetheless, even this perspective is inadequate to deal with the complex and ultimately mobile events of fire and their far-reaching consequences. This article brings green criminology in flux by drawing from the ‘new mobilities paradigm’, emphasising motion, temporality and the mobility of contemporary life. The new mobilities paradigm, or the ‘mobility turn’, has a lot to offer green criminology as is demonstrated here by way of scrutinising the mobility of fire. A mobile green criminology will help trace fire beyond static categories of offenders and victims and open up for more flexible and mobile categories of environmental harms as constructed, complex and unstable processes. Finally, a mobile analysis allows for a more complex and meaningful reading of criminological space, demonstrated by the relationship between social, aesthetic and cultural values of land, politics, power and fire-related behaviours, such as fire suppression or Aboriginal peoples’ cultural burning practices. It is argued here that in order to understand the complex nature of fire, green criminology must attune to the intersections between fire, space, mobility and meaning.

Exploration into the origins and mobilization of di-hydrofolate reductase genes and the emergence of clinical resistance to trimethoprim.

Trimethoprim is a synthetic antibacterial agent that targets folate biosynthesis by competitively binding to the di-hydrofolate reductase enzyme (DHFR). Trimethoprim is often administered synergistically with sulfonamide, another chemotherapeutic agent targeting the di-hydropteroate synthase (DHPS) enzyme in the same pathway. Clinical resistance to both drugs is widespread and mediated by enzyme variants capable of performing their biological function without binding to these drugs. These mutant enzymes were assumed to have arisen after the discovery of these synthetic drugs, but recent work has shown that genes conferring resistance to sulfonamide were present in the bacterial pangenome millions of years ago. Here, we apply phylogenetics and comparative genomics methods to study the largest family of mobile trimethoprim-resistance genes (dfrA). We show that most of the dfrA genes identified to date map to two large clades that likely arose from independent mobilization events. In contrast to sulfonamide resistance (sul) genes, we find evidence of recurrent mobilization in dfrA genes. Phylogenetic evidence allows us to identify novel dfrA genes in the emerging pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii , and we confirm their resistance phenotype in vitro. We also identify a cluster of dfrA homologues in cryptic plasmid and phage genomes, but we show that these enzymes do not confer resistance to trimethoprim. Our methods also allow us to pinpoint the chromosomal origin of previously reported dfrA genes, and we show that many of these ancient chromosomal genes also confer resistance to trimethoprim. Our work reveals that trimethoprim resistance predated the clinical use of this chemotherapeutic agent, but that novel mutations have likely also arisen and become mobilized following its widespread use within and outside the clinic. Hence, this work confirms that resistance to novel drugs may already be present in the bacterial pangenome, and stresses the importance of rapid mobilization as a fundamental element in the emergence and global spread of resistance determinants.

Titanium diffusion profiles and melt inclusion chemistry and morphology in quartz from the Tshirege Member of the Bandelier Tuff

AbstractMany rhyolites contain quartz crystals with relatively Ti-rich rims and Ti-poor cores, with a sharp interface between zones, attributed to partial dissolution followed by overgrowth following a heating event due to mafic recharge of the system. Quartz crystals in the compositionally zoned, high-silica rhyolite Tshirege Member of the Bandelier Tuff erupted at 1.26 Ma from the Valles caldera, New Mexico, show a range in zoning styles with Ti-rich rims becoming more abundant upward in the ignimbrite sheet among progressively less evolved magma compositions. Here we compare times between quartz overgrowth and eruption obtained by applying Ti diffusion coefficients to Ti concentration profiles in Tshirege Member quartz crystals with those from cathodoluminescence (CL) brightness profiles and show that panchromatic CL provides only a crude proxy for Ti in quartz in this unit. Titanium concentrations are measured to detection limits of ~1.2 ppm with small analytical errors (<5%) using MAN backgrounds, blank corrections, and oblique corrected transects to resolve diffusion-relaxed zone boundaries as thin as ~10 μm. Timescales derived from Ti profiles using the widely applied Tiin-quartz diffusion coefficients of Cherniak et al. (2007) range from 60 to 10 000 years, suggesting heating and mobilization events at different times prior to the eruption. However, the use of the newer Ti diffusivities reported by Jollands et al. (2020) yields timescales up to three orders of magnitude longer, including results that are geologically unreasonable for the Bandelier system. We suggest that assumptions commonly made in diffusion modeling, specifically about the form of the Ti zoning profile prior to diffusive relaxation, may be invalid.Melt inclusions in the Ti-poor cores of late-erupted quartz are chemically akin to early erupted melt compositions, while adhering and groundmass glasses more closely reflect the composition of the host pumice. Heating and mobilization events identified from quartz Ti zoning are thus linked to overall compositional zoning of the tuff, which may have been produced by repeated episodes of melting of a crystal cumulate cognate to the early-erupted, evolved rhyolite. Quartz-hosted melt inclusion faceting suggests the development of a crystal mush over a minimum time frame of 1000–10 000 years prior to the recharge events that produced the erupted Tshirege magma at 1.26 Ma.

Cases Inquiry as Critical Praxis: Supporting Intersectionality Within Inclusive Leadership Practices

This article illuminates the significance of exploring intersectionalities within inclusive leadership practices through case inquiry as a critical praxis. Five educational institutions engaged in a partnership focused on exploring the lived practices and professional knowledge of school leaders as they worked towards supporting a vision of inclusive education within their individual school communities. These lived experiences were represented in written cases that have been captured in a provincial resource, Exploring Inclusive Leadership Practices through Case Inquiry (Sider, Maich, Morvan, Specht, & Smith, 2018). Mobilizing the knowledge and practices within this resource and supporting exploration of this knowledge and associated practices through a lens of critical praxis has been one of the key knowledge mobilization components of the June 1, 2019 conference, Exploring Intersectionalities for Leadership and School Inclusion, held at the University of British Columbia. This knowledge mobilization event, along with other initiatives, such as the case resource, helped to foster critical dialogue and interrogation related to leadership practices that can support or hinder a vision and enactment of inclusive education within school communities.

Preferred HIV Testing Modalities Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Kenya

PurposeTo improve testing coverage, it is imperative to determine adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) preferences about HIV testing modality and where they prefer receiving services. MethodsParticipants were enrolled between May 2017 and April 2018 from three sites in Homa Bay County, Nyanza region, western Kenya. We explored two recruitment approaches (home-based vs. mobile-event based) and three HIV testing options (oral self-test, staff-administered, or referral to health facility). Exact logistic regression compared yield of newly diagnosed HIV and high-risk HIV-negatives from the recruitment and testing option strategies. ResultsA total of 1,198 participants were enrolled, 1,046 (87.3%) at home and 152 (12.7%) at mobile events. Most participants (928, 77.5%) chose staff-aided testing either at home or at a mobile event; 268 (22.4%) chose self-testing; and only 2 (.2%) chose facility referral. Prevalence of newly diagnosed HIV-positives was 2.7% (32/1,198) and 36.8% (429/1,166) of HIV-negative AGYW were identified as high risk. We identified more newly diagnosed HIV infection among AGYW recruited at mobile events than at home (OR = 3.11; 95% CI: 1.33–6.74; p = .02). High-risk status was related to neither recruitment strategy nor testing modality. Older age was associated with increased odds of selecting an oral self-test (OR = 1.85; 95% CI: 1.06–3.22). ConclusionsMore than one-third of AGYW were at elevated risk of HIV infection, and those unaware of their HIV infection were more likely to be identified at a mobile outreach. Though self-testing was not the dominant preferred strategy, self-tests were performed accurately and with high confidence. These findings can help inform efficient identification of undiagnosed HIV infection and high risk for seroconversion among AGYW in similar settings.

Fine particle transport dynamics in response to wood additions in a small agricultural stream

AbstractWood additions to streams can slow water velocities and provide depositional areas for bacteria and fine particles (e.g., particulate organic carbon and nutrients sorbed to fine sediment), therefore increasing solute and particle residence times. Thus, wood additions are thought to create biogeochemical hotspots in streams. Added wood is expected to enhance in‐stream heterogeneity, result in more complex flow paths, increase natural retention of fine particles and alter the geomorphic characteristics of the stream reach. Our aim was to directly measure the impact of wood additions on fine particle transport and retention processes. We conducted conservative solute and fluorescent fine particle tracer injection studies in a small agricultural stream in the Whatawhata catchment, North Island of New Zealand in two reaches—a control reach and a reach restored 1‐year earlier by means of wood additions. Fine particles were quantified in surface water to assess reach‐scale (channel thalweg) and habitat‐scale (near wood) transport and retention. Following the injection, habitat‐scale measurements were taken in biofilms on cobbles and by stirring streambed sediment to measure fine particles available for resuspension. Tracer injection results showed that fine particle retention was greater in the restored compared to the control reach, with increased habitat‐scale particle counts and reach‐scale particle retention. Particle deposition was positively correlated with cobble biofilm biomass. We also found that the addition of wood enhanced hydraulic complexity and increased the retention of solute and fine particles near the wood, especially near a channel spanning log. Furthermore, particles were more easily remobilized from the control reach. The mean particle size remobilized after stirring the sediments was ~5 μm, a similar size to both fine particulate organic matter and many microorganisms. These results demonstrate that particles in this size range are dynamic and more likely to remobilize and transport further downstream during bed mobilization events.

Getting the best of both worlds: a framework for combining disaggregate travel survey data and aggregate mobile phone data for trip generation modelling

Traditional approaches to travel behaviour modelling primarily rely on household travel survey data, which is expensive to collect, resulting in small sample sizes and infrequent updates. Furthermore, such data is prone to reporting errors which can lead to biased parameter estimates and subsequently incorrect predictions. On the other hand, mobile phone call detail records (CDRs), which report the timestamped locations of mobile communication events, have been successfully used in the context of generating travel patterns. However, due to their anonymous nature, such records have not been widely used in developing mathematical models establishing the relationship between the observed travel behaviour and influencing factors such as the attributes of the alternatives and the decision makers. In this paper, we propose a joint modelling framework that utilises the advantages offered by both travel survey data and low-cost CDR data to optimise the prediction capacity of traditional trip generation models. In this regard, we develop a model that jointly explains the reported trips for each individual in the household survey data and ensures that the aggregated zonal trip productions are close to those derived from CDR data. This framework is tested using data from Dhaka. Bangladesh consisting of household survey data (65,419 persons in 16,750 households), mobile phone CDR data (over 600 million records generated by 6.9 million users), and aggregate census data. The model results show that the proposed framework improves the spatial and temporal transferability of the joint models over the base model which relies on household travel survey data alone. This serves as a proof-of-concept that augmenting travel survey data with mobile phone data holds significant promise for the travel behaviour modelling community, not only by saving the cost of data collection, but also improving the prediction capability of the models.