Mobile Wireless Technologies Research Articles

CALCULATION OF THE SAFE TIME OF GSM MOBILE PHONES USAGE

A cellular mobile radio technology has become an important part of our everyday life as it provides a convenient communication services during user’s mobility. These facilities result in increasing the user numbers of this technology at an extra ordinary rates. Widespread usage of cellular mobile communication systems has generated public concern about the possible environmental, and health effects of human exposure to electromagnetic energy emitted by base stations and cellular phones as an amount of this energy is absorbed by the human body which works as an efficient receiving antenna.This paper discusses the probable health effects of cellular mobile system emissions, and presents two proposed methods to calculate the time of the safe usage of the mobile phones that operate under the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM).

Scalable Video Streaming Relay for Smart Mobile Devices in Wireless Networks.

Recently, smart mobile devices and wireless communication technologies such as WiFi, third generation (3G), and long-term evolution (LTE) have been rapidly deployed. Many smart mobile device users can access the Internet wirelessly, which has increased mobile traffic. In 2014, more than half of the mobile traffic around the world was devoted to satisfying the increased demand for the video streaming. In this paper, we propose a scalable video streaming relay scheme. Because many collisions degrade the scalability of video streaming, we first separate networks to prevent excessive contention between devices. In addition, the member device controls the video download rate in order to adapt to video playback. If the data are sufficiently buffered, the member device stops the download. If not, it requests additional video data. We implemented apps to evaluate the proposed scheme and conducted experiments with smart mobile devices. The results showed that our scheme improves the scalability of video streaming in a wireless local area network (WLAN).

5G Technology : A Survey of Architecture and Emerging Technologies

Research on 5G mobile wireless technologies has been very active in both academia and industry in the past few years. While there has been certain consensus on the overall requirements of 5G wireless systems (e.g., in data rate, network capacity, delay), various enabling wireless technologies have been considered and studied to achieve these performance targets. It has been quite clear, however, that there would be no single enabling technology that can achieve all diverse and even conflicting 5G requirements. In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service. To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper presents the results of a detailed survey on the fifth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and fulfil the demands. In this detailed survey, the prime focus is on the 5G cellular network architecture, massive multiple input multiple output technology, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Along with this, some of the emerging technologies that are addressed in this paper include interference management, spectrum sharing with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology association, full duplex radios, milli-meter wave solutions for 5G cellular networks, and cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks and software defined networks. In this paper, a general probable 5G cellular network architecture is proposed, which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of5G cellular network architecture. A detailed survey is included regarding current research projects being conducted in different countries by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies.

Mobile Wireless Technology is Boon or Curse?

A revolution has been evolved in the wireless technology by the initiation of radio communication and cellular technology. The cellular wireless communication starts from 0G and today it moves towards higher generations like 4G and 5G. The ­cellularwireless technology uses theRF signals in communication andRF signals very much affects the life of a human ­being. Now days the life of a human being is connected with the wireless devices such as remotes, smart phones, TV signals etc. To provide service to their customers, many service providers are developing the innovative hardware, software and mobile gadgets. Beside they don’t care much about the power radiation related issues from the antennas and sensors using in wireless communication. The generation of mobile wireless technology moves to a new generation automatically indicates a new RF frequency is allocated for the new generation. Present paper is a wide discussion of the risky electromagnetic radiations and their effect on the human body by mobile phone and base station. The Specific absorption rate (SAR) value is being calculated for different parts of the body at 900MHZ, 1.8GHZ, 2.1GHZ and 2.6GHZ frequency range. A survey was conducted on 100 people (53 female and 47 male) of 25 different houses on 13 different symptoms in the radius of 70m near to base station. Safety tips for mobile users are mentioned.Keywords: Base Station, Depth of Penetration, Power Density, Radiation Effect, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)

A crowd enabled approach for processing nearest neighbor and range queries in incomplete databases with accuracy guarantee

With the proliferation of mobile devices and wireless technologies, location based services (LBSs) are becoming popular in smart cities. Two important classes of LBSs are Nearest Neighbor (NN) queries and range queries that provide user information about the locations of point of interests (POIs) such as hospitals or restaurants. Answers of these queries are more reliable and satisfiable if they come from trustworthy crowd instead of traditional location service providers (LSPs). We introduce an approach to evaluate NN and range queries with crowdsourced data and computation that eliminates the role of an LSP. In our crowdsourced approach, a user evaluates LBSs in a group. It may happen that group members do not have knowledge of all POIs in a certain area. We present efficient algorithms to evaluate queries with accuracy guarantee in incomplete databases. Experiments show that our approach is scalable and incurs less computational overhead.

Mobile Phones, Wireless Technologies and Cognitive and Behavioural Outcomes in the SCAMP Adolescent Cohort

Introduction: Scientists remain uncertain as to whether children’s developing brains are more vulnerable than those of adults to radiofrequency (RF) waves emitted from mobile phones and other wireless devices. The Study of Cognition, Adolescents and Mobile Phones (SCAMP) is a three-year prospective cohort study of adolescents across London, UK which aims to investigate whether children’s use of mobile phones and other wireless devices influences their neurocognitive/behavioural development. Methods: Data on cognitive function, wireless device use and lifestyle are collected at baseline and follow-up via school-based computerised assessments and optional parent/pupil home-based questionnaires. Parents are invited to consent to linkage of their child’s assessment data with routine records (e.g. health and educational records, mobile traffic data), thus allowing for comparisons between self-reported and objective mobile phone use. Biological samples (e.g. urine, saliva) are being collected to provide additional information about potential confounders such as puberty. A RF personal monitoring study is also being conducted in a subset of the cohort to gain an in-depth understanding of children’s personal RF exposure and the relative contribution of each RF source. Pupils are asked to carry a personal exposimeter with integrated GPS tracking for 48 hours, complete a smartphone activity diary and a paper questionnaire, and provide a urine and saliva sample. Results: Baseline data have been collected from 5,504 pupils (53.2% female, mean age 12.0 (SD 0.4); 42.3% White, 20.3% South Asian, 15.9% Black, 11.5% Mixed, 9.9% Other). Preliminary analysis shows that over 80% of participants own a mobile phone. To date, personal monitoring study data have been collected from 40 pupils. Conclusions: SCAMP will improve our understanding of children’s RF exposures and cognitive function and will provide an evidence base to inform public health policy in this area.

A Novel Human Body Area Network for Brain Diseases Analysis.

Development of wireless sensor and mobile communication technology provide an unprecedented opportunity for realizing smart and interactive healthcare systems. Designing such systems aims to remotely monitor the health and diagnose the diseases for users. In this paper, we design a novel human body area network for brain diseases analysis, which is named BABDA. Considering the brain is one of the most complex organs in the human body, the BABDA system provides four function modules to ensure the high quality of the analysis result, which includes initial data collection, data correction, data transmission and comprehensive data analysis. The performance evaluation conducted in a realistic environment with several criteria shows the availability and practicability of the BABDA system.

5G radio access above 6 GHz

AbstractDesigning and developing a millimetre‐wave (mmWave)‐based mobile radio access technology (RAT) in the 6–100 GHz frequency range is a fundamental component in the standardisation of the new 5G radio interface, recently kicked off by 3rd Generation Partnership Project. Such component herein called the new mmWave RAT will not only enable extreme mobile broadband services but also support ultra‐high definition/three‐dimensional streaming, offer immersive applications and ultra‐responsive cloud services to provide an outstanding quality of experience to the mobile users. The main objective of this paper is to develop the network architectural elements and functions that will enable tight integration of mmWave technology into the overall 5G radio access network. A broad range of topics addressing mobile architecture and network functionalities will be covered–starting with the architectural facets of network slicing, multi‐connectivity and cells clustering, to more functional elements of initial access, mobility, radio resource management and self‐backhauling. The intention of the concepts presented here is to lay foundation for future studies towards the first commercial implementation of the mmWave RAT above 6 GHz. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A Game Theoretical Incentive Scheme for Relay Selection Services in Mobile Social Networks

Rapid developments in mobile services and wireless technologies have prompted users to form mobile social networks (MSNs), where bundles can be delivered via opportunistic peer-to-peer links in a store–carry–forward mode. This mode needs all nodes to work in a cooperative way. However, mobile nodes may be selfish and might not be willing to forward data to others due to the limited resources (e.g., buffer and energy), resulting in degraded system performance. To tackle the aforementioned problem, this paper proposes a novel incentive scheme to stimulate selfish nodes to participate in bundle delivery in MSNs. At first, a virtual currency is introduced to pay for the relay service. Then, a bundle carrier selects a relay node from its friends or other strangers based on its status. Next, a bargain game is employed to model the transaction pricing for relay service. In addition, the simulation results show that the proposal can improve the performance of the existing schemes significantly.

Connecting Food Courts in Mall using Mobile App

This paper represents a system to improve the performance of restaurants at the food courts in mall. The idea represented in the paper focuses on efficient design of system to save customer‟s time and avoid the situation of long queues and billing hassle. The system explained in this paper uses wireless communication and mobile application technology to enable communication between restaurants and their target customers for order management and billing that will ensure good customer relation management and improve overall performance of restaurants.

Exploring the use of technology pathways to access health information by Australian university students: a multi-dimensional approach.

Mobile wireless communication technologies (MWCT) and social media (SM) networks create pathways for accessing widely available information that are favoured particularly by younger generations. The purpose of this study was to explore the way university students use these communication technologies to access health information. Participants ( n = 696), who were recruited via an email invitation, completed an online self-reported survey that collected multi-dimensional data consisting of quantitative, qualitative and spatial statistics. The results indicate that technology was used extensively to search for health information and resulted in positive changes in participants' behaviours; however they perceived lack of reliability of the information as a pressing issue. The results suggest that appealing, persuasive and reliable MWCT and SM can be used extensively to promote health amongst Australian youth.

Spectrum Issues Faced by Active Remote Sensing: Radio frequency interference and operational restrictions Technical Committees

The scientific users of radio frequencies must contend with the fact that the spectrum is becoming increasingly crowded, which is in large measure due to the advent of advanced affordable electronics and mobile wireless technology. The growing demand for bandwidth has sparked increased discussions in the microwave remote sensing community of how to respond to this crowded spectrum environment and how to deal with the consequent issues of radio frequency interference (RFI). The National Research Council (NRC) published a study in 2010, "Spectrum Management for Science in the 21st Century" [1], that examined the increasing difficulties encountered by passive microwave measurements in the presence of the expanding worldwide commercial and governmental occupancy of the radio spectrum. The challenges faced by passive sensors also have been summarized in a 2014 IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine article [2]. Recognizing that active microwave sensors also face spectrum-related issues, NASA later commissioned the NRC to perform a similar study, "A Strategy for Active Remote Sensing Amid Increased Demand for Radio Spectrum," which was recently published in July 2015 [3]. (In this article, the report will be abbreviated as the NRC Active Sensing Report.) This report addresses the spectrum issues faced by active science sensors, primarily radars, and makes recommendations to government, industry, and the remote sensing community going forward. The report considers multiple types of active sensors including ground-based operational weather radars, ionospheric sensing radar, and radar astronomy. This article focuses on spectrum topics related primarily to Earth remote sensing from aircraft and spacecraft.

User Participatory Sensing for Disaster Detection and Mitigation

Rapid growth in communication bandwidth has enabled novel uses of mobile wireless technologies in areas such as smartphone-based user participatory sensing for disaster detection and mitigation. In this manuscript, we discuss novel approaches to resolve fundamental problems that currently hamper the effective utilization of user participatory sensing in this critical application domain. Our approaches to address major challenges related to energy efficiency, collaboration, privacy, ease of deployment, and robustness of communication can be integrated with external systems in a complementary manner to overcome the limitations of current disaster detection and mitigation systems that rely on expensive stationary devices.

An Empirical Study of Factors Affecting Mobile Wireless Technology Adoption for Promoting Interactive Lectures in Higher Education

<p>Use of mobile technology are widespread, particularly among the younger generation. There is a huge potential for utilizing such technology, particularly in lecture sessions with large number of students, serving as an interaction tool between the students and lecturer. The challenge is to identify adoption factors to ensure effective adoption of the technology to promote interactivity between students and lecturer in the classroom. This paper aims to examine factors supporting use of mobile wireless technology during lectures to promote interactivity between students and lecturers in Malaysia’s higher education institutions. Survey involving higher education students in Malaysia was conducted with a sample size of 302. Factor analysis results identified five factors: independent variables System Usefulness (SU), User System Perception (USP), User Uncertainty Avoidance (UUA), System and Information Quality (SIQ), and dependent variable Mobile Wireless Technology Adoption for Interactive Lectures (MWT_AIL). All independent variables are positively associated to MWT_AIL, with UUA and SIQ having higher level of significance compared to SU and USP. Respondents were selected from higher learning institutions from urban areas in Malaysia. Therefore results obtained are not representative of the entire higher education landscape in Malaysia and future studies are warranted to include higher learning institutions located in rural areas. It is hoped that findings from this study will serve as a catalyst for future researches to be conducted in this area, particularly among higher education researchers seeking ways to utilize technology effectively to enhance the learning experiences of the students in the classroom.</p>

Journey of various Generations of Mobile Technology

Mobile wireless technology is developing extremely fast in Present times. It is emerging in all the fields of mobile communication such as internet access, location based services, video conferencing system, mobile financial services, mobile entertainment services etc. Mobile networking refers to technology that can support voice and/or data network connectivity using wireless, via a radio transmission solution. In the past, wireless communications predominantly used circuit switching to carry voice over a network; however, more recently both voice and data are being transmitted over both circuit-switched and packet-switched networks. This paper will through the light on evolution of mobile Wireless Communication Technologies along with their significance and to compare the advantages of one over the other. Keywords: Wireless Technologies, 1G to 5G, Cellular Architecture, Mobile Radiation

Beyond the novelty effect: The role of in-game challenges, rewards and choices for long-term motivation to improve obesity-related health behaviours in adolescents

Background: The prevalence of adolescent obesity is high in the UK. Engaging adolescent boys and girls in health behaviour related to the prevention of obesity proves to be challenging. Mobile and wireless technology shows promise for increasing knowledge and motivation to increase physical activity and healthy eating by capturing the interest of many adolescents. However, solutions for overcoming the novelty effect to enable habit formation and thus long-lasting behaviour change needs to be explored. Aim: This study aimed to explore Scottish adolescents’ perception of the usability and acceptability of a serious mobile game, wearable activity sensors and a smart phone eDiary application (app) for promoting physical activity and healthy eating. Methods: The game, sensors and app are being developed following the COM-B model of the Behaviour Change Wheel. The technology is interlinked in that physical activity tracked by the wearable activity sensors and healthy eating captured by using the eDiary app are central to recover the player’s energy levels in the serious game. The player replenishes their in-game energy to progress in the game and to boost abilities. Applying a user-centred approach for developing the technology, 11 adolescents aged 13-16 years (6 boys, 5 girls) participated in semi-structured focus groups. This was the first of three pre-pilot study iterations. Mock-up versions of the serious mobile game, wearable activity sensors and the prototype of the eDiary app were presented. Focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed. Results: All adolescents responded positively to the general idea of the game and all were keen to play the actual game once developed. Adolescents understood the importance and novelty of the link between player’s real-life health behaviours and in-game activities for improving obesity-related health behaviour. It became evident that the adolescents would only be motivated to be more physically active and eat healthily for the benefits of the game and not for improving their health and wellbeing. To increase their interest in the game, adolescents reported that they wanted to receive in-game rewards for engaging in health behaviour. A recurrent topic was the desire for more challenges in the game via introduction of new characters and environments. Another dominant topic was to have options of varying story lines, to reset the game and to unlock secret levels. The adolescents believed that being sufficiently challenged and having choices would increase their interest in the game, keep them interested for longer and so this would encourage them longer to be physically active and eat healthily. Conclusion: Mobile game and wireless technology connecting in-game and real-life activities were perceived to increase physical activity and healthy eating in adolescents. To allow exposure to mechanisms of behaviour change for an adequate amount of time, the novelty effect of new technology needs to be sustained. Age-appropriate in-game challenges, rewards and choices might trigger adolescents’ interests in the technology for longer. This in turn might result in long-lasting behaviour changes independently of playing the game.

Building health behavior models to guide the development of just-in-time adaptive interventions: A pragmatic framework.

Advances in wireless devices and mobile technology offer many opportunities for delivering just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs)-suites of interventions that adapt over time to an individual's changing status and circumstances with the goal to address the individual's need for support, whenever this need arises. A major challenge confronting behavioral scientists aiming to develop a JITAI concerns the selection and integration of existing empirical, theoretical and practical evidence into a scientific model that can inform the construction of a JITAI and help identify scientific gaps. The purpose of this paper is to establish a pragmatic framework that can be used to organize existing evidence into a useful model for JITAI construction. This framework involves clarifying the conceptual purpose of a JITAI, namely, the provision of just-in-time support via adaptation, as well as describing the components of a JITAI and articulating a list of concrete questions to guide the establishment of a useful model for JITAI construction. The proposed framework includes an organizing scheme for translating the relatively static scientific models underlying many health behavior interventions into a more dynamic model that better incorporates the element of time. This framework will help to guide the next generation of empirical work to support the creation of effective JITAIs.

SME2EM: Smart mobile end-to-end monitoring architecture for life-long diseases

Monitoring life-long diseases requires continuous measurements and recording of physical vital signs. Most of these diseases are manifested through unexpected and non-uniform occurrences and behaviors. It is impractical to keep patients in hospitals, health-care institutions, or even at home for long periods of time. Monitoring solutions based on smartphones combined with mobile sensors and wireless communication technologies are a potential candidate to support complete mobility-freedom, not only for patients, but also for physicians. However, existing monitoring architectures based on smartphones and modern communication technologies are not suitable to address some challenging issues, such as intensive and big data, resource constraints, data integration, and context awareness in an integrated framework. This manuscript provides a novel mobile-based end-to-end architecture for live monitoring and visualization of life-long diseases. The proposed architecture provides smartness features to cope with continuous monitoring, data explosion, dynamic adaptation, unlimited mobility, and constrained devices resources. The integration of the architecture׳s components provides information about diseases׳ recurrences as soon as they occur to expedite taking necessary actions, and thus prevent severe consequences. Our architecture system is formally model-checked to automatically verify its correctness against designers׳ desirable properties at design time. Its components are fully implemented as Web services with respect to the SOA architecture to be easy to deploy and integrate, and supported by Cloud infrastructure and services to allow high scalability, availability of processes and data being stored and exchanged. The architecture׳s applicability is evaluated through concrete experimental scenarios on monitoring and visualizing states of epileptic diseases. The obtained theoretical and experimental results are very promising and efficiently satisfy the proposed architecture׳s objectives, including resource awareness, smart data integration and visualization, cost reduction, and performance guarantee.

Mining community and inferring friendship in mobile social networks

Along with the rapidly growth of mobile terminals and wireless technologies, mobile social networking services are very popular with peoples. Recently many mobile social platforms based on location-based service are developed to allow users to share their check-ins and events with friends. Check-ins data in location-based mobile social networks as well as call detail records (CDR) in mobile communication network may provide insight into community structure, relationships and members in the network. In this paper, we study the problem of community detection and friendship prediction in mobile social networks. We have presented a method to find community structure built on combination entropy, and evaluate modularity of a virtual campus mobile network (V-Net). The outcomes demonstrate that the proposed algorithm mine meaningful communities according to users׳ registration. We investigate the potential friendship among users by taking into account both users׳ links with friends and their check-ins at various positions in Gowalla. This work describes the probability distributions of friendships per number of friends, number of check-ins and number of visited places. The findings confirm that our approaches achieve well performance with aggregated features of user similarity and place entropy than other methods. Moreover, members reveal different social properties in the two networks, in the V-Net influence users tend to hold community together, while in Gowalla community members are likely to visit the common positions.

Enabling 5G mobile wireless technologies

Research on 5G mobile wireless technologies has been very active in both academia and industry in the past few years. While there has been certain consensus on the overall requirements of 5G wireless systems (e.g., in data rate, network capacity, delay), various enabling wireless technologies have been considered and studied to achieve these performance targets. It has been quite clear, however, that there would be no single enabling technology that can achieve all diverse and even conflicting 5G requirements. In general, many fundamental changes and innovations to re-engineer the overall network architecture and algorithms in different layers and to exploit new system degrees of freedom would be needed for the future 5G wireless system. In particular, we may need to consider other potential waveform candidates that can overcome limitations of the orthogonal frequency multiple access (OFDM) waveform employed in the current 4G system, develop disruptive technologies to fulfill 5G rate and capacity requirements including network densification, employment of large-scale (massive) multiple input multiple output (MIMO), and exploitation of the millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum to attain Gigabit communications. In addition, design tools from the computer networking domain including software defined networking, virtualization, and cloud computing are expected to play important roles in defining the more flexible, intelligent, and efficient 5G network architecture. This paper aims at describing key 5G enabling wireless mobile technologies and discussing their potentials and open research challenges. We also present how papers published in our special issue contribute to the developments of these disruptive 5G technologies.