Mobilization Strategies Research Articles

Data driven analysis of social capital in Farmer Producer Companies

The Farmer Producer Company (FPC), a subset of the Farmer Producer Organization (FPO), is an important institutional form designed to organize farmer groups towards better coordinated farming and marketing. In the Indian context, as FPCs have emerged as new forms of members-led agribusiness, their ability to identify prevailing social ties and tap them effectively towards business growth needs to be better understood. Although social capital is studied broadly for its potential to drive organizational performance, it has been poorly researched in farmer collectives such as FPCs. The current work examines the effect of social capital on benefits and business performance at the level of member groups in FPCs. An empirical analysis was conducted in which two FPCs, which differed significantly in their mobilization strategies, farming methods, and supply chain linkages, were surveyed. Data collected from the surveys were visualized and clustering analysis was carried out using Self Organizing Maps (SOM), an unsupervised Artificial Neural Network (ANN) tool. Insights from clustering reveal the importance of pre-existing social ties, leadership, participation in group activities and the geographical affinity of groups in benefits realization and business performance of FPCs. The importance of bottom-up approaches in establishing robust supply chain linkages in emerging FPCs was keyed out through this work. The inferences through SOM, distilled strategies for FPCs' stakeholders in prioritizing interventions for member groups and in generating broader implications for policy makers accounting social capital in new institutional models.

Economic and mobility repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Chile–Bolivia border

This article analyzes how the pandemic caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19) has impacted international migration. In particular, we compare the mobility and economic repercussions faced by Bolivian and Venezuelan migrants. We conducted 16 semi-structured interviews with migrants who requested legal and social support and advice provided by the Open Assembly of Migrants and Pro-Migrants of Tarapacá, Chile (AMPRO), an organisation dedicated to defending migrant rights. The Bolivian interviewees worked in Chile before the pandemic in the city of Iquique (close to the Bolivian border). The Venezuelan interviewees are undocumented people in transit who entered Chile during the pandemic. Through this comparison, we describe the economic repercussions on the everyday life, mobility, and survival strategies of people in transit, transboundary workers, and migrants with transnational families, and reveal a realignment of Chile’s border regime that benefits post-pandemic capitalism. Furthermore, we clarify how the health restrictions implemented due to the pandemic have favoured the reconfiguration of the border regime imposed in Chile, through a racist immigration policy based on the control and management of migration, leading to a greater irregularization of migration.

When they joined: restricted agency and victimhood in Kenyan women’s pathways into Al-Shabaab

It has been claimed, often without evidence, that women have flocked to Al-Shabaab to work as fundraisers, cooks, intelligence officers, suicide bombers and sex slaves, and have even recruited others into the group. After attacks, such as that on Mombasa’s Central Police Station, which have involved women, their motivations have been ascribed to factors including ideological commitment; the desire for financial gain, fame or danger; love; the pursuit of vengeance; curiosity; coercion; and kidnap. Attention paid to women’s motives tends to be informed by the perception that women are automatically victims of violence, but the phenomenon is more complex than that. In this article, the testimonies of Kenyan women who have participated in Al-Shabaab’s activities are used to explore the complex and multifaceted realities and multiple factors that enabled their mobilisation. Three motivational pathways that led Kenyan women into Al-Shabaab are identified, and Al-Shabaab’s mobilisation strategies are also addressed.

Catalytic Climate Litigation: Rights and Statutes

Abstract Rights-based climate litigation has captured the global legal imagination in part because of its aspiration to achieve a certain function: catalysing political and policy processes into more ambitious climate action across the entire government apparatus. But many jurisdictions lack the legal opportunity structure that allows rights to perform this function. Instead, litigants might look to framework statutes as a way to trigger climate catalysis through litigation. Legal and mobilisation strategies drawing on both rights and framework statutes could prove an effective approach in future litigation.

On the pathways. Inter-nodal archaeology in the Atacama desert Pampa (c. 7000 BP-400 BP)

We present a synthesis of our investigation into pre-Hispanic pathways of the Atacama Desert Pampa -one of the driest and harshest environments on our planet- where we have identified a variety of mobility strategies and dynamics deployed by the different communities that inhabited both the Pacific coast and the inland oases of this region. Specifically, we focus on the inter-nodal archaeological and biogeochemical data that provides direct evidence of the presence of individuals from myriad regions traversing this area from the Middle Archaic to Late periods (c. 7000 BP-400 BP). Moreover, we analyze how, beginning in the Formative Period, this multiplicity of peoples employed different mobility systems, circulation, relationships, and social exchanges to integrate this apparent “empty space”. In doing so, we discuss and reformulate the classic highland caravanning model of the Andes, which considered highland caravanning groups as the only agents promoting long-distance mobility and exchange.

Being “Both”: Identifications of Second and Third Generation Brussels Muslim Youths towards the Country of Origin and the Country of Residence

In Belgium, several incidents and public debates have highlighted ethnocentric conceptions of the nation held by public opinion and prominent politicians where immigrants and particularly Muslims are marked as the unwilling “others”. In this framework, immigrants maintaining ethnic identities and transnational ties is classically seen as weakening their integration in the receiving countries. Based on results drawn from 16 focus group discussions and 50 individual semi-structured interviews conducted in Brussels with youth with a foreign background, we show that while a minority of our respondents still identified themselves primarily in reference to the country of origin of their (grand)parents, emphasizing ethnic boundaries and family heritage, most of them have developed a multiple-identity strategy for themselves, which acknowledges both their ethnic background and their belonging to Belgium and Brussels as a multicultural city. Those involved in upward social mobility strategies through higher education or better secondary schools also have more facilities to express the double-presence narrative.

Simulation of the Progress of the Decarbonization Process in Poland’s Road Transport Sector

In the years ahead, the majority of the EU member states will be implementing their energy and climate plans. These plans are aimed at fulfilling obligations related to the strategy for the Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy and the “Fit for 55” package. The European Commission has presented highly challenging proposals for the decarbonization of the transport sector through electrification and support for innovation. The decarbonization of transport will not be possible without cooperation and mutual understanding between manufacturers, suppliers, and customers, or without proper organization of the transport process itself. High-emission means of transport must be replaced with low-emission ones. In the EU, road transport generates 70% of all transport emissions. There are few scalable decarbonization opportunities in the transport sector. Various kinds of solutions should be promoted, yet at the same time, it is imperative to analyze the current situation and forecast desirable potential future outcomes. By employing optimization theory tools, specifically the SOLVER add-in—an Excel-based optimization tool—the optimum structure of the stock of road transport vehicles in Poland’s commercial road transport sector was searched for. Several research hypotheses were formulated, primarily focusing on the potential for electric vehicles to reduce emissions significantly. These findings suggest a promising outlook for this transition, with particular implications for decision-makers in the field of shaping transport policy. As a result of the conducted analyses and simulations, the hypothesis—that the application of selected elements of optimization theory tools allows us to determine the optimum stock structure of the Polish road transport sector in terms of propulsion system type (emission performance) in the context of pollutant emission targets set for the sector resulting from the EU’s climate policy targets, the European Green Deal, and the EU’s transport policy in terms of decarbonization, taking into account determinants and constraints included in the analysis—was confirmed. An important finding and result is the statement that, in its current state, the Polish road transport sector is not ready for the challenges related to the new goals of climate policy, the European Green Deal, and EU transport policy in the context of decarbonization.

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and attitudes in Pakistan: a cross-sectional phone survey of major urban cities

BackgroundCOVID-19 mass vaccination is the only hopeful savior to curb the pandemic. Vaccine distribution to achieve herd immunity is hindered by hesitance and negative attitude of the public against COVID-19 vaccination. This study aims to evaluate the vaccine hesitancy and attitudes in major cities in Pakistan as well as their determinants.MethodsA cross-sectional telephonic survey was conducted in June 2021 in major cities of Pakistan including Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar, and Gilgit, from unvaccinated urban population aged 18 years or older. Random Digit Dialing through multi-stage stratified random sampling was used to ensure representation of each target city and socio-economic classes. Questionnaire collected information on socio-demographics, COVID-19-related experiences, risk perception of infection, and receptivity of COVID-19 vaccination. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify key determinants of vaccine hesitancy and acceptance.ResultsThe prevalence of vaccinated population in this survey was 15%. Of the 2270 respondents, 65% respondents were willing to vaccinate, while only 19% were registered for vaccination. Factors significantly associated with vaccine willingness were older age (aOR: 6.48, 95% CI: 1.94–21.58), tertiary education (aOR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.36, 3.01), being employed (aOR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.78), perceived risk of COVID-19 (aOR: 4.38, 95% CI: 2.70, 7.12), and higher compliance with standard operating procedures (aOR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.26, 2.35). The most common vaccine hesitancy reasons were ‘no need’ (n = 284, 36%) and concerns with ‘vaccine safety and side effects’ (n = 251, 31%), while most reported vaccine motivation reasons were ‘health safety’ (n = 1029, 70%) and ‘to end the pandemic’ (n = 357, 24%).ConclusionsAlthough our study found 35% hesitancy rate of COVID-19 vaccine, there were noticeable demographic differences that suggest tailored communication strategy to address concerns held by most hesitant subpopulation. Use of mobile vaccination facilities particularly for less mobile and disadvantaged, and implementation and evaluation of social mobilization strategy should be considered to increase overall COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and coverage.

Determinants of populist voting in Pakistan: An analysis of PTI first-win constituencies in the 2018 general elections

Populist voting behavior is a relatively new research area with most studies concentrated on European and American voters, despite electoral successes of populist parties in illiberal and hybrid democracies of Asia. The research fills this gap by outlining the determinants of populist voting in Pakistan through constituency-based analysis of electoral data of the 2018 general elections when a Pakistani populist party, Pakistan Tahreek-e-Insaaf, won the elections. The research compares the ideational framework with the strategic framework of populism, examining whether voting for a populist party is determined by the political ideology or attitude of the voters or the mobilization strategy of the party built upon the sociopolitical realities of the region. The focus is on constituencies where PTI was successful for the first time. Based on the analysis of eight such constituencies, both rural and urban, the study concludes that neither the PTI voters’ profile matches the sociodemographic profile of the populist voter mentioned in literature nor their voting decisions seem to be guided by anti-elitist attitude common among European or Latin American populist voters. The research outlines two major factors that can explain the victory of PTI: the politics of electables and the mobilization of non-voters, indicating that the strategic lens of populism better explains voting for PTI.

Environmental justice at the environmental courts? Mining, socioenvironmental conflicts, and environmental litigation in northern Chile

With the judicialization of politics and the creation of new environmental institutions, environmental litigation is now an increasingly common dimension of socioenvironmental conflicts. This study examines this pattern in the context of recently created environmental courts in Chile, focusing on lithium and copper mining litigation in the Atacama salt flats of the Antofagasta Region. I argue that while the courts are formally open to a wide variety of legal complaints, community groups face an uphill battle when using legal mobilization strategies due to the underlying political and economic power of the mining industry in northern Chile. Nevertheless, environmental litigation matters for environmental policy implementation because it reveals conflicts over environmental compliance, highlighting gaps between environmental laws on the books and actual practices. In this sense, environmental litigation activates environmental regulations and can provide communities with greater leverage to demand stronger enforcement, even as the long-term implications of judicial rulings for addressing current and past harms remain to be seen. The paper is based on documents from the Chilean environmental courts database, media sources, and twenty-two semi-structured interviews with activists and community leaders, lawyers, scientists, and government officials to better interpret and contextualize the court archival data.

Follow the shade: detection of optimally shaded pedestrian paths within the historic city center of Thessaloniki

Both the EU Green Deal and the UN SDGs consider the transition to sustainable urban mobility a key priority. Designing cities and public spaces to accommodate pedestrians and not cars has been a core strategy of sustainable urban mobility since the 1990s. Yet, the quality of pedestrian traffic is highly dependent on outdoor meteorological conditions which may encourage or discourage walking. The ongoing global climate change and the local Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect have a combined adverse effect on pedestrian heat stress and associated health risks. Increased heat stress is a significant disincentive to walking and can threaten urban life, especially during summer in hot climates, such as the Mediterranean. Humans have the capacity to adapt to hot weather through physiological responses and changes in clothing, activity and behavior. Pedestrians walking during a hot day will likely pick a comfortable route, i.e. one that it is shaded and easily traversable. This is identified visually at the street level, which makes planning longer comfortable routes in the urban environment a challenging task. The paper presents an easily reproducible methodology for generating optimal pedestrian paths with respect to shading and terrain slope. The methodology is applied on the historic city center of Thessaloniki, Greece. The study utilizes QGIS and the UMEP plugin to generate time series of urban shadow raster data and then calculate the least cost path from any starting point to any destination within the city center. The results are then compared to routes generated by conventional shortest path algorithms.

Developing approaches and strategies to promote increased active mobility in urban city neighbourhood

With the world’s population expanding quickly, cities must deal with problems such as traffic jams, air pollution, car accidents, and urban sprawl. Walking and cycling are non-motorized modes of transport that require little infrastructure and don’t utilize any fossil fuel energy. In comparison to motorized modes, they are easily adaptable and inexpensive to maintain for both users and governments. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to identify strategies for greater active mobility through non-motorized modes of transport. Through a document study, methods that can be utilized as incentives to improve walkability and bikeability in the Elgeseter neighbourhood of the City of Trondheim, Norway have been identified. The analysis addresses following research question: “What may persuade Elgeseter district commuters or travellers to modify their behaviour toward more walking and biking?” This study reveals five topics of interest: Identifying existing difficulties in the district, Evaluation of current pedestrian, bicycle, and vehicle links, as well as meeting places and open spaces, and identification of opportunities to improve them, How to outline planning concepts, Methods and design recommendations for enhancing walking and micro transportation, as well as The importance of accessibility, safety, and comfort in attracting people to active mobility. The main argument is that a multi-dimensional approach is required to persuade more people to choose environmentally friendly, sustainable modes of transportation as a lifestyle choice, and function better than compulsion. The research presented in this paper contributes to our understanding of the factors that influence commuters’ decision to engage in active mobility in their urban city neighbourhood.

A Drone Strategy 2.0 for a Smart and Sustainable Unmanned Aircraft Eco-System in Europe

On 29 November 2022, the European Commission published its long-awaited ‘Drone Strategy 2.0 for a Smart and Sustainable Unmanned Aircraft Eco-System in Europe’. This document builds upon previous European Union (EU) initiatives such as the ‘An Aviation Strategy for Europe’, ‘European Green Deal’, ‘Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy - Putting European Transport on Track for the Future’ and the numerous European Union Aviation Safety Agency drone-related publications. The Drone Strategy 2.0 constitutes the Commission’s vision for developing the drone sector and provides the foundations for the next steps at the EU level to develop a thriving, viable drone ecosystem in the EU. This article gives a clear overview of the Strategy’s main goals, its strengths and weaknesses, and assesses whether it is sufficient. It presents the evolutionary path from the Drone Strategy 1.0 and Drones Leaders’ Group Report, to the Drone Strategy 2.0, with a parallel assessment of the challenges presented in these documents. The article argues the Strategy is a positive political initiative and that more efforts in the legal field should be taken for the goals set to be achieved. Finally, the article underlines the EU’s shift from an initial safety-based approach to geopolitical protectionism, which is evident throughout the Strategy and this shift’s significance for the future of drones in the EU. Aviation Safety, Civil-Military Synergies, Drones, Drone Strategy, European Commission, Funding and Research, Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Performance and Prospects of the Wa Municipal Assembly in Revenue Generation

The Wa Municipality has several developmental challenges such as rapid population growth, high rates of illiteracy, poor environmental sanitation, and poverty. Besidesthe developmental challenges, the Municipality’s average contribution of IGF to its total annual revenue basket is minimal. This has created room for more dependence on external sources for development funds which often fluctuate and are generally on a decline. The study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the prospects of the Wa Municipal Assembly in relation to levels of revenue generation. Primary and secondary data were used for the study. Questionnaires and structured interview schedules were used to collect primary data from 467 respondents within the Municipality. The study shows that the Assembly’s potentials in relation to revenue generation are tourism promotion, investment in agriculture, improving on the database, expanding the revenue base, and taking advantage of the presence of NGOs and CBOs. It is concluded that the Wa Municipal Assembly should properly identify and valuate properties in a timely manner, adopt good resource mobilisation strategies, properly train Revenue Collectors and finally take keen interest in tapping into the prospects identified by the study so as to improve on levels of revenue generation.

Change Management Practices and Performance of Kenya Bureau of Standards

Management of state corporations in Kenya faces quite a number of challenges including corruption, poor management of resources, stringent regulations, political support, and policy gaps among others which influence organizational performance. The study sought to investigate the influence of change management practices on the performance of Kenya Bureau Standards in Nairobi City, Kenya. The specific objectives were to examine the influence of technology adoption, strategic leadership, stakeholder involvement and resource mobilization on the performance. The study was anchored by balanced score card model, diffusion of innovation theory, stakeholder theory and resource-based view theory. The study used a descriptive research design. The study target population was Kenya Bureau of Standards. The respondents were 730 employees working with the organization who were obtained from various departments. The respondents were categorized into departments whereby stratified sampling method was used. Simple random sampling method was used to select the respondents. The sample size was 258. A total of 26 questionnaires were piloted at the same organization but they were not included in the final study. Collection of primary data was done through the use of questionnaires which were administered to all the respondents. Descriptive statistical analysis such as mean and standard deviation was used in analyzing the quantitative data which were presented in terms of tables. Multiple regression analysis was done in establishing the relationship between variables. The study found that technology adoption, strategic leadership, stakeholder involvement and resource mobilization had a positive significant influence on the performance of Kenya Bureau Standards. The study concluded that adoption of technology enhances communication and collaboration which is important in today’s corporate environment where many organizations are still working from home and face to face interaction is nominal. Strategic leadership is ultimate for success of change programs as it directs all organization resources towards a common goal by effectively motivating employees to achieve a desired common change vision Resource mobilization ensures that the company will always have the resources available to meet its requirements, enabling it to continue offering its customers services. The study recommended that the organizational process in adopting technology should first clearly communicate the change and its benefits to employees, ask employees about their needs to help reduce change resistance by demonstrating that you are taking employee needs into account. The organization should develop a good engagement strategy by considering their grasp of the project's-initiated plan, their motivation for the project, and how each stakeholder will be impacted. The organization needs to establish a network of resource providers, use a variety of mobilization strategies, and concentrate on acquiring access to resources other than only financial ones.

ACCOUNTING AND ANALYTICAL SUPPORT OF THE WAR’S IMPACT ON THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS ACHIEVEMENT EVALUATION

Introducing of organizational and methodological tools of accounting and analytical support developing for assessing the impact of war on achieving of the Sustainable Development Goals and working-out of practical recommendations on its use both at the national level and at the level of economic entities is the purpose of the article. The influence of Russian aggression on achieving of the Sustainable Development Goals both by Ukraine and the whole world is analyzed. The main challenges that Ukraine will face in the preparation of a Voluntary National Review during and after the war are identified, namely: the complexity of information collection, including monitoring, evaluation of Russian invasion negative economic effects on the world; the general availability of data, and specific difficulties of disaggregated and alternative data collection on evaluation the impact of Russo-Ukrainian war on Ukrainian and world’s economy; coordination of national strategies of resource mobilization for economic damage overcoming; challenges related to aligning institutions, institutional capacity formation, effective governance, decentralization, ensuring policy coherence etс. It is proven that accounting system produces a significant volume of information flows circulating in the globe. It was determined that a significant place in the process of accounting and analytical support formation at the corporate level is occupied by the development of metric systems and methods of evaluating financial and non-financial indicators, which allow evaluation of a company’s activities results as accurately and reliably as possible from point of view of various aspects. Accounting and analytical systems provide basis for Sustainable Development Goals indicators determining at national level. In order to form reliable accounting and analytical support for determining the impact of war on identified by UN 183 indicators of sustainable development it is proposed to adapt the methodology, which is based on the war economic destruction level simulator methodology, which is based on natural disasters vulnerability evaluation model and involves determination of a number of key indicators, such as: the war damage level rate; the armed attacks intensity rate, the war destruction magnitude rate, the inflation and unemployment levels in war ratio. In order to adapt the proposed methodology, it is recommended to calculate the rate of the war impact on the Sustainable Development Goals achievement over the past ten years, which corresponds to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the period during which Ukraine suffers from the Russian aggression. Implementing the proposed methodology of the war negative economic, social and ecological effects measuring could be used to create an informational basis for the most effective recovery of our country and will be of service for formation of an effective system of evaluation the impact of the war on the SDGs achievement at both national and global levels.

A Review of the Promotion of Sustainable Mobility of Workers by Industries

The evolution and growth of cities present considerable challenges to the promotion of sustainable mobility, namely in commuting trips. In the present and recent past, many industries and companies of the economy’s productive sector have had to move as far as possible from urban areas, to minimize the impact of their activities on people’s health and quality of life. In more dispersed and low-density territories, working and residential areas are very far from each other, and there is typically poor public transport service and a lack of cycling networks for commuting purposes. This scenario encourages the use of private automobiles, not only as a necessity but also often as an obligation, making the mobility system nearly unsustainable. Therefore, it has become clear that companies can play an important role in promoting more sustainable mobility by reducing car use on commuting trips and by offering employees clean and more efficient transport alternatives to promote workers’ well-being and quality of life. Through an extensive literature review, a selection of scientific articles in the last 13 years was analyzed and discussed. The results highlighted that the location of industrial areas, the supply of public transport, the usage of active modes, and shared mobility systems are key factors to reduce car usage in workers’ commuting trips. Therefore, any sustainable mobility strategies that companies adopt will minimize the respective negative externalities, helping promote more environment-friendly ways of transportation, accessibility, social equity, and inclusion in workers’ communities. This justifies the need and urgency for the development of specific sustainable mobility plans oriented for companies/industries, instead of addressing this as just another element of a conventional urban mobility plan. Since this mobility represents a high volume of trips, repeated according to very regular patterns, it must be sustainability-oriented, allowing the improvement of system, trip, and vehicle efficiency.

Mobilization in the Context of Campaign Functions and Citizen Participation

Mobilization strategies are an essential part of political parties’ campaign communication. By mobilizing voters and supporters, parties promote civic participation in politics, the forms of which have multiplied given the possibilities of user activities on social media. To define their online mobilization strategies, parties have to choose which forms of participation (e.g., voting, donating, or liking or sharing a post) they will seek to mobilize. Understanding mobilization as a communicative appeal to engage audiences in participatory actions, in our study we conceptually linked parties’ mobilizing appeals with three campaign functions—information, interaction, and mobilization—to systematize different types of mobilization. We applied that categorization to the social media campaigns of parties and top candidates in Germany and conducted a manual quantitative content analysis of 1,495 Facebook and 1,088 Instagram posts published in the run-up to the 2021 federal election. Results show that parties primarily mobilized their audiences to vote and seek out more information (e.g., on the party’s website). Although user reactions are generally an important factor of performance on social media, parties mostly avoided calls to like, share, or comment on posts. When compared, the strategies of parties and candidates indicate that mobilization is more the task of parties than of candidates. Differences between Facebook and Instagram can be attributed to the different technical affordances of the platforms. Because Facebook, unlike Instagram, supports clickable links in posts, parties are more likely to encourage users on Facebook to seek out more information online.

High-mobility organic semiconducting crystal for direct X-ray detection

Tissue-equivalent pure organic semiconducting crystals (OSCs) have unique advantages in direct X-ray detectors (DXDs), especially for biological tissue fluoroscopy, but their low carrier mobility and inherent weak absorption restrict the limit-of-detection (LoD) and sensitivity of DXDs. High-mobility OSCs theoretically facilitate charge collection and performance leaps, however, they are rare and suffer from poor solubility due to high conjugation, leading to nearly impossible crystal growth from solution and subsequent device applications. Here we report an ingenious solution-processed crystal-growth and high-performance DXD using 2,6-diphenylanthracene (2,6-DPA), a high-mobility OSC we developed recently. In contrast to previous OSCs, high-mobility 2,6-DPA exhibits low dark current density and large photoconductive gain, resulting in record-breaking LoD of <85 nGyair s−1 and sensitivity of >103 μC Gyair−1 cm−2. Compared with semiconductors containing high-Z atoms (Z is atomic number), the accuracy of 2,6-DPA based DXDs is not affected by near-edge absorption effects. Moreover, the non-linear relationship between irradiation current and dose rate is confirmed as a high injection effect. High mobility and ingenious crystal growth strategy make 2,6-DPA an ideal active material for DXDs and also provide the possibility for more optoelectronic applications.

What is a Resource? Representing Eurasia’s Pastoral/nomadic Development History in the IPBES Framework for Reconceptualized Resource Meanings

The purpose of this article is to update the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) framework to reflect resource understandings arising within historically non-sedentary societies. This article examines how Eurasia’s unique development history based on livestock cultivation beget modes of understanding predicated in mobile life strategies and pastoral/nomadic interactions with the Eurasian geography. In contrast, prevailing resource ideas emphasize land relation histories of sedentary peoples. Using the IPBES framework, this article takes a novel approach to show how food and food customs reflect embedded resource understandings relevant to non-sedentary peoples. Empirical findings from sturgeon aquaculture facilities in the Caspian states of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan demonstrates sturgeon meat in customary cuisine connects Eurasian peoples to land knowledge instilled with its own resource meanings. This article updates the IPBES framework to incorporate the livestock element as the integrative mechanism giving the method for land use and Eurasia’s own resource concept. Incorporating the livestock variable within the IPBES framework to express the value accorded to mobility better represents the diversity of resource meaning-making processes. It also makes possible a consideration for how food and food customs enabling narrative transmit land appreciations and knowledges not adequately captured by conventional resource analyses.