Mobile Communication Users Research Articles

The Integrated Development of Wireless Networks and AI

This paper combines the current research status of wireless networks and artificial intelligence, delving into the state of wireless network research and its impacts, and highlights the importance and necessity of the integrated development of wireless networks and AI. The aim is to provide readers with an understanding of the current situation and challenges of wireless networks. With the increasing number of mobile communication users, spectrum resources are becoming increasingly scarce, network security issues are more prominent, and the complexity of network architecture and business processes has significantly increased, making it difficult for traditional operations and maintenance methods to meet these demands. Therefore, leveraging AI to build a new mode of communication network operation has become an inevitable choice. The intelligent evolution of wireless networks is an unstoppable trend. In the future, full intelligence will be achieved through digital infrastructure, knowledge introduction, and digital twins, driving the efficient development of wireless networks.

Электромагнитные поля сотовой связи как факторы риска негативного воздействия на центральную нервную систему детей и подростков (обзор). Часть 1. Моделирование. параметры электроэнцефалографии и сенсомоторных реакций

It is quite relevant to investigate possible outcomes of exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) since contemporary children and adolescents have become active users of the most advanced technologies. They are especially susceptible to electromagnetic factors; therefore, it is necessary to have a proper insight into outcomes of such exposures for the body. The central nervous system (CNS) is one of the main targets under exposure to RF EMF. In most cases, users hold mobile phones close to their heads thereby directly exposing their brains to RF EMF. As the analysis of literature data has shown, there are few studies in this area; however, proposed options for assessing the impact of RF EMF on children and adolescents are very diverse. This part of the review focuses on various types of modeling. These are not only phantom, voxel models or the finite difference method but also new approaches such as distribution matrices, Monte Carlo simulations and an integrated radio frequency model based on the results of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and other methods. The review provides the results obtained by investigating encephalography under exposure to RF EMF created by mobile communication devices. They are rather contradictory; however, changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain are detected in most cases, in particular, a decrease in the alpha rhyme. Since the characteristics of sensorimotor reactions quite clearly reflect the power relations in the cerebral cortex, we analyzed changes in the parameters of simple auditory-motor and visual-motor reactions in children and adolescents who were mobile communication users. In addition, the review covers the results of changes in working capacity, fatigue, the duration of an individual minute and the reproduction of a given rhythm.

Electromagnetic fields of cellular communication as risk factors able to produce negative effects on the central nervous system of children and adolescents (review). Part 1. Modeling. parameters of electroencephalography and sensorimotor reactions

It is quite relevant to investigate possible outcomes of exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) since contemporary children and adolescents have become active users of the most advanced technologies. They are especially susceptible to electromagnetic factors; therefore, it is necessary to have a proper insight into outcomes of such exposures for the body. The central nervous system (CNS) is one of the main targets under exposure to RF EMF. In most cases, users hold mobile phones close to their heads thereby directly exposing their brains to RF EMF. As the analysis of literature data has shown, there are few studies in this area; however, proposed options for assessing the impact of RF EMF on children and adolescents are very diverse. This part of the review focuses on various types of modeling. These are not only phantom, voxel models or the finite difference method but also new approaches such as distribution matrices, Monte Carlo simulations and an integrated radio frequency model based on the results of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and other methods. The review provides the results obtained by investigating encephalography under exposure to RF EMF created by mobile communication devices. They are rather contradictory; however, changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain are detected in most cases, in particular, a decrease in the alpha rhyme. Since the characteristics of sensorimotor reactions quite clearly reflect the power relations in the cerebral cortex, we analyzed changes in the parameters of simple auditory-motor and visual-motor reactions in children and adolescents who were mobile communication users. In addition, the review covers the results of changes in working capacity, fatigue, the duration of an individual minute and the reproduction of a given rhythm.

Research on Innovative Teaching Reform of Mobile Communication Course in Applied Undergraduate Education

Currently, with the rapid construction of 5G base stations and the rapid growth of 5G terminal connections in China, mobile communication users have surged. This has prompted applied undergraduate students majoring in communication engineering to face more urgent needs. As an important course in the field of communication engineering, mobile communication plays an important role in the development of students' abilities. Therefore, this study focuses on the problems in the teaching of the mobile communication course for applied undergraduate students. Through optimizing teaching content, adopting diversified teaching methods, and practicing with dual teachers, mobile communication content is integrated throughout the entire teaching process. This can stimulate students' interest in learning and promote the development of their comprehensive abilities.

Эвристическая оценка качества услуг на примере операторов мобильной связи

A heuristic approach is proposed and considered in assessing the quality of information services on the example of mobile operators. The characteristics of the services of mobile operators can be divided into positive and negative. The former characteristics are directly proportional to the preferred choice of mobile communication users, and the latter are inversely proportional. For example, ceteris paribus, preference is given to a lower cost for the use 
 of mobile communications. The existing characteristics of the services of telecom operators are displayed in the tables in numerical terms of the corresponding dimension. Every mobile operator has such reporting spreadsheets, which are usually available in the Internet. In this regard, there arises a problem of determining a more preferable operator by given numerical values of the characteristics of services. In the proposed work, there has been made an attempt to determine the quality of mobile communications based on statistical indicators and input quality markers determined on the basis of heuristic assumptions. Bringing the numerical values of the characteristics of communication services to relative units determines the arithmetic average level of each of the characteristics of mobile communication services. According to this average level, generalized markers are assigned that characterize the quality of the services provided by the corresponding mobile operators. Packing the generated numeric markers into a container makes it possible to rank mobile operators by the values of quality markers. It helps to determine which of the telecom operators will be more preferable for the user.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Personalized service recommendation for mobile voice communication users based on improved k-means algorithm

At present, the clustering analysis ability of personalized service recommendation method for mobile voice communication users is low, which leads to low accuracy of service recommendation. Therefore, a personalized service recommendation method for mobile communication users based on improved k-means algorithm is designed. The improved k-means algorithm is used to complete the clustering analysis of mobile voice communication subscriber data. The architecture of personalized recommendation service is set to Hadoop, which realizes personalized recommendation for mobile users. Simulation results show that this method is superior to the existing methods. In the future research, this method can be used to complete personalized service recommendation for mobile communication users.

ЩИТОВИДНАЯ ЖЕЛЕЗА – НОВЫЙ КРИТИЧЕСКИЙ ОРГАН ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНЫХ ПОЛЕЙ МОБИЛЬНОЙ СВЯЗИ: ОЦЕНКА ВОЗМОЖНЫХ ПОСЛЕДСТВИЙ ДЛЯ ДЕТЕЙ И ПОДРОСТКОВ

This publication provides an analysis of the studies of Russian and foreign scientists dealing with the problem of studying the effect of electromagnetic fields on the state of the thyroid gland as a new critical organ directly experiencing this type of exposure when using a new generation of mobile communications – smartphones. The review includes an introduction, five sections, and a conclusion.
 In the section “Distribution of absorbed doses when using mobile phones” studies of the distribution and level of absorption of electromagnetic fields when using mobile communications, including the thyroid gland, are presented. The issues of modelling taking into account the size of the head and the properties of the tissues of children are discussed. “Epidemiological and statistical assessments of thyroid dysfunction” – this section summarizes the data on the incidence of the thyroid gland among the child population in Russia for the period 1990 – 2019. The section “Experimental studies” presents the experimental data of domestic and foreign scientists on morphological and hormonal changes in the thyroid gland of experimental animals when exposed to electromagnetic fields of cellular communication. Biomedical studies of the effects of their impact are described in the section “Changes in the functioning of the thyroid gland in mobile users”. The review is completed by the section “Possible long-term consequences of prolonged exposure to electromagnetic fields on the thyroid gland in mobile communication users”.

Joint User Pairing and Subcarrier Allocation for NOMA-based Hybrid Power Line and Visible Light Communication Systems

With the rapid growth of the number of mobile communication users, the radio frequency bands occupied by traditional radio frequency (RF) communication are becoming more and more crowded, and visible light communication (VLC) based on light emitting diode (LED) has become a powerful candidate. However, visible light cannot be used directly as an information source, and power line communication (PLC) is needed to provide data to the VLC transmitter. In a hybrid power line and visible light communication (HPV) system, the PLC can transmit data to the VLC transmitter. In order to improve spectrum utilization, we introduce non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technology, but allocating all users to a resource block will result in higher computational complexity and decoding delay. This paper proposes a joint user pairing and subcarrier allocation algorithm based on fairness (IGA-JUPSA). While ensuring the performance of the system, the algorithm can also reduce the complexity of calculation and improve user satisfaction. The simulation results show that the proposed IGA-JUPSA scheme can reduce the computational complexity while ensuring the performance of the HPV system, and can also take into account the fairness of the HPV system and user satisfaction.

A Techno-economic Analysis of Simulation-based 5G Femtocell Implementation at ITERA

In line with the rapid evolution of cellular communication technology, there is a high demand for data traffic required by the mobile users. The 5G technology is considered as the solution that can provide data rates up to 10 GB/s to meet such a high data traffic demand with millimeter wave utilization. Indonesia, with its large amount of mobile users, and Sumatera Institute of Technology (ITERA), as an accelerator of technology enhancement in western Indonesia, necessarily need good preparation in the implementation of commercial 5G technology. In this work, we investigate suitable network dimension scenarios to achieve the targeted data rates according to the 5G standards. By using the projected number of mobile communication users in ITERA and daily data traffic demand, several network dimension scenarios and femtocell network parameters are simulated to attain mobile users’ data rates. The network dimension scenarios are then analyzed in terms of deployment cost. By analyzing the network dimensions from a techno-economic perspective, the most effective and efficient scenario is selected. The results of this research can bring an insight in network planning when deploying 5G mobile communications infrastructure at ITERA.

Analysis of Impacts of Expected RF EMF Exposure Restrictions on Peak EIRP of 5G User Equipment at 28 GHz and 39 GHz Bands

Above 6 GHz, radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure from the mobile communication user equipment (UE) should be assessed in terms of incident power density, rather than specific absorption rate as below 6 GHz. Such regulatory RF EMF restrictions will constrain the transmit power of the UE and its peak equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP). This paper provides an analysis of the peak EIRP levels of UE containing code-book-based beamforming arrays at 28 GHz and 39 GHz. Different types of antenna elements, incremental element spacing, 4- and 8-element array configurations, and realistic housing integration are considered. The analysis and results show that in realistic housing integration, the 3GPP requirements on minimum peak EIRP can be generally met under the expected RF EMF exposure restrictions.

A proactive defense mechanism for mobile communication user data

A proactive defense mechanism for mobile communication user data

Characterization of Outdoor to Indoor Propagation in Urban Area by Using A Combination of COST231 Walfisch-Ikegami and COST231 Multiwall Models in 1800 Mhz and 2100 Mhz

Increasing numbers of the mobile communication users in urban city; especially indoor users cause the radio coverage prediction of outdoor to indoor becoming important. Obstacles are the main problems for outdoor to indoor propagation that weaken signal level and worsen information detection. This paper proposes a combination of COST231 Walfisch-Ikegami and COST231 Multiwall to predict the received signal. By comparing the predicted and the measured signal level in the Antara building, Medan city for both 1800 MHz and 2100 MHz channels, the proposed model outperforms the compared method in predicting signal level. The proposed model is able to suppress the prediction deviation 11.035 dB lower than the compared method for Sector A and 5.98 dB lower at Sector B.

Is mobile jumping more efficient? Evidence from major Asia-Pacific telecommunications firms

This study investigates the efficiency of 17 well-known telecom operators in the Asia-Pacific region from 2007 to 2016, dividing the sample into mobile jumping and non-mobile jumping countries. Mobile jumping countries refer to the phenomenon that people directly become mobile communication users without experiencing the transition stage from using fixed-line telephones to mobile phones. Adopting the slack-based DEA model of Tone (2001) and total factor input efficiency (TFIE) of Hu and Wang (2006), we compute the operating efficiency and disaggregate input efficiency of these Asia-Pacific telecom operators. The results show that the TFIE scores for the total assets among the companies operating in mobile jumping countries significantly differ from those in non-mobile jumping countries, revealing that companies operating in countries with a lower penetration rate for fixed lines are more likely to have higher total asset efficiency. This research is one of the first efforts to investigate differences in efficiency between mobile jumping economies and non-mobile jumping economies in the Asia-Pacific region.

Cost Efficiency in Coordinated Multiple-Point System Based on Multi-Source Power Supply

The rapid increase in the number of mobile communication users and business transformation are continuously increasing the market demand. High data traffic, low power consumption, high network efficiency, and good user experience are the core of 5G mobile networks in the future. Wireless systems have experienced a sharp increase in power consumption with the growth of high-speed data service. Mobile network operators currently face much heavier economic burden than before due to unprecedented increases in the number of mobile users and base stations. To address these challenges, a peak-valley time-of-use tariff strategy and renewable energy are adopted in wireless systems. In this situation, the relation between power consumption and energy cost becomes non-linear. To describe the cost energy for data transmission, we propose a new concept, namely, cost efficiency (CE), which considers more factors than traditional energy efficiency (EE). We prove that the CE function is strictly quasi-concave and features a unique global optimum in a coordinated multiple-point system based on multi-source power consumption. A water-filling algorithm is also adopted to allocate power on the basis of base sleep mechanism. Then, we compare the system performances under EE and CE.

Power Density Measurements at 15 GHz for RF EMF Compliance Assessments of 5G User Equipment

In this paper, different measurement schemes are studied in order to investigate the possibilities and limitations of scalar- and vector-based measurement systems for radio frequency electromagnetic fields compliance assessments of fifth generation mobile communication user equipment (UE). Two UE antenna array designs, transmitting at 15 GHz and employing patch and notch antenna elements, are considered for different phase excitations. Using free space power density as the exposure metric, the maximum permissible transmitted power of UE, compliant with the maximum permissible exposure limits specified by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the basic restrictions of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, is determined. The accuracy of different measurement schemes is assessed using numerical simulation. Verifying measurements is carried out in a semianechoic chamber. The results indicate that, for UE employing array antennas and intended to be used in immediate vicinity of the human body, scalar measurement systems used in combination with straightforward field combination techniques will lead to overly conservative results. A more accurate and less conservative approach for these products is to conduct separate measurements for different excitations in order to span the space of possible excitations. This will result in a more complicated measurement setup and increase the measurement time, which points to a need for very fast measurement systems.

The effect of technology innovation on mobile communication and mobile products

PurposeIn order to understand the influence of technology innovation on market demand diffusion in the ICT service market, the purpose of this paper is to examine technology innovation in the mobile product market, which keeps a complementary relationship with the mobile communication market.Design/methodology/approachThis study collected mobile communication user information of four leading countries in the ICT market – the USA, the UK, Korea, and Japan from 1981 to 2014. This study applies the Bass diffusion model to analyze the form of market demand diffusion and conducts white noise test to verify the hypotheses.FindingsTechnology innovation of mobile communication leads to an increase in innovation effect and a decrease in imitation effect. Thus, technology innovation of mobile communication needs to be promoted continuously for the purpose of increasing adopters in the early stage. Besides, mobile product’s technology innovation leads to an increase in imitation effect and a decrease in innovation effect, because individuals were aware of the usefulness of the products and services. Hence, the increase in the number of imitators caused a higher increase in imitation effect than in the mobile communication’s innovation effect.Originality/valueBased on the results of this study, the role that product and service technology innovation plays in renewing the form of market demand diffusion in the ICT service market was defined. Also, since the strategies and plans to acquire competitive advantage of business were understood, it may help both companies and policy decision makers.

Research on the New Algorithm using Multi-Array Computation Signal Direction

With the rapid development of the social economy, the mobile communication industry has faced new development opportunity and been fully into our life. However, with the development of all communication technologies and the increasing of the mobile communication user, the traditional communication technology is strongly dependent on the frequency. However, the frequency resource has restricted the development of the communication industry.3G communication technology has solved the problem of the frequency limitation. SDMA (Space Division Multiple Address) is one of the critical technologies in the 3G communication, which can reuse the frequency by marking the same frequency of the antenna beam in the different directions. 3G communication has been into our life deeply, requiring the corollary equipment to keep up with the pace and adapt to the more rapid and intellectual development. As the signal transmitting and receiving equipment in the mobile communication system, antenna is very critical for the whole system. The developments of 3G and 4G promote the development of the intellectual antenna. The traditional antenna cannot meet the requirements of the current mobile technology. The application of the intellectual antenna is through a series of the intellectual algorithms. A good algorithm is the sign of the intellectual antenna performance. The paper deals with the signals by researching the multi-array and finds out the signal direction rapidly and accurately, verifying the new algorithm by utilizing the simulating calculation.

Research on mobile communication systems in last-mile logistics to create an end-to-end information flow

The ongoing development in last-mile logistics fuelled by the emergence of e-commerce is paralleled by an upheaval in mobile communication technology and user behaviour in communication. The application of mobile communication systems in last-mile logistics processes provides the opportunity to originate various types of business model and technological innovations in this business field. One opportunity is the implementation of an end-to-end information flow between sender, logistics provider, shipment and recipient in the last-mile delivery process. In this contribution, we focus on the creation of the knowledge basis, which is necessary to build an end-to-end information flow and subsequently, develop mobile applications which aid the last-mile logistics process.

Femtocell Operator Entry Decision with Spectrum Bargaining and Service Competition

This paper analyzes the effect of the entry of a femtocell operator into a mobile communications market where a macrocell operator exists. The analysis is conducted using a game-theory-based model, specifically a three-level multi leader-follower game, where different solution concepts are applied: Shapley value, Nash equilibrium and Wardrop equilibrium. It aims to answer the question of which benefit mobile communication users get from the entry of a femtocell operator into the market. The equilibrium is assessed from the point of view of each agent (e.g. profits and utilities), and of the whole (e.g. social welfare). A case for regulatory intervention is made.

A Vector Perturbation with User Selection for Multiuser MIMO Downlink

Recent works on multiuser MIMO study have shown that the linear growth of capacity in single user MIMO system can be translated to the multiuser MIMO scenario as well. In this paper, we propose a method pursuing performance gain of vector perturbation in multiuser downlink systems. Instead of employing the maximum number of mobile users for communication, we use small part of them as virtual users for improving reliability of users participating communication. By controlling parameters of the virtual users including information and perturbation vector, we obtain considerable improvement in the effective SNR. Simulation results on the realistic multiuser MISO and MIMO downlink systems show that the proposed method brings substantial performance gain over the standard vector perturbation with marginal overhead in computations.