Mobile Ad Hoc Network In Terms Research Articles

An Effective Intrusion Detection in Mobile Ad-hoc Network Using Deep Belief Networks and Long Short-Term Memory

A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a self-organizing collection of mobile devices communicating in a distributed fashion across numerous hops. MANETs are an appealing technology for many applications, including rescue operations, environmental monitoring, tactical operations, and so on, because they let people communicate without the usage of permanent infrastructure. This flexibility, however, creates additional security vulnerabilities. Because of its benefits and expanding demand, MANETs have attracted a lot of interest from the scientific community. They do, however, seem to be more vulnerable to numerous attacks that wreak havoc on their performance than any network. Traditional cryptography techniques cannot entirely defend MANETs in terms of fresh attacks and vulnerabilities due to the distributed architecture of MANETs; however, these issues can be overcome by using machine learning approaches-based intrusion detection systems (IDS). IDS, typically screening system processes and identifying intrusions, are commonly employed to supplement existing security methods because preventative techniques are never enough. Because MANETs are continually evolving, their highly limited nodes, and the lack of central observation stations, intrusion detection is a complex and tough process. Conventional IDSs are difficult to apply to them. Existing methodologies must be updated for MANETs or new approaches must be created. This paper aims to present a novel concept founded on deep belief networks (DBN) and long shortterm memory (LSTM) for MANET attack detection. The experimental analysis was performed on the probe, root to local, user to root, and denial of service (DoS) attacks. In the first phase of this paper, particle swarm optimization was used for feature selection, and subsequently, the DBN and LSTM were used for the classification of attacks in the MANET. The experimental results gave an accuracy reaching 99.46%, a sensitivity of 99.52%, and a recall of 99.52% for DBN and LSTM accuracy reaching 99.75%, a sensitivity of 99.79%, and a recall of 99.79%.

‘Power-as-a-Service’ – A Hierarchical On-Demand Charging Model for Recharging the Mobile Nodes of MANETs

Battery energy is a crucial issue that limits battery-powered mobile devices’ operational efficiency in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Failure of a node affects both the lifetime and connectivity of a MANET, which has to initiate finding a new route from source to destination. This initiation causes more energy consumption in nodes. Failure of a node also causes network partitions, thereby resulting in sparse networks being formed. Existing energy-efficient strategies only defer the end of a node’s battery lifetime; they could not guarantee the MANET’s nonstop functioning. To address the issues caused by battery depletion, this paper proposes a “Cloud” oriented approach called Power-as-a-Service (PaaS), a hierarchical on-demand charging model for recharging the mobile nodes of the MANET. In PaaS, the MANET is alienated into non-overlapping disjoint zones, and for each zone, one Zone Charging Cloud Node (ZccN) is deployed to recharge the mobile nodes of that particular zone wirelessly. A High-power Charging Cloud Node (HccN) is deployed to wirelessly recharge the ZccNs in the MANET for the entire network. In PaaS, the ZccN recharges both the selected node for recharge and other nodes around the selected node that requested recharge and has higher power transfer efficiency. This strategy of PaaS improves the charging efficiency of cloud chargers by minimizing the urgent charging requests in the future, and thus the operational efficiency of the MANET improves. Extensive simulations indicate that the proposed PaaS model with a hierarchy of cloud chargers improves the operational efficiency of MANETs in terms of reducing the death rate of mobile nodes, thereby improving the lifetime and connectivity probability of MANETs.

Optimum Neighbors for Resource-Constrained Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

This paper presents an investigation on the optimum number of neighbors for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The MANETs are self-configuring and self-organizing networks. In such a network, energyconstrained mobile nodes share limited bandwidth to send their packets to the destinations. The mobile nodes have a limited transmission range and they rely on their neighbors to deliver their packets. Hence, the mobile nodes must be associated with the required (i.e., optimum) number of neighbors. As the number of neighbors is varied, a trade-off exists between the network connectivity and available bandwidth per mobile node. To investigate this issue, we consider Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) as the routing protocol and IEEE 802.11 as the MAC layer protocol in this work. We consider both static and dynamic scenarios in this work. We simulated the ad hoc networks via network simulator (NS-2) and the simulation results show that there exists an optimum number of neighbors for the static case. We also show that mobility has a grave impact on the performance of the MANETs in terms of network throughput, end-to-end delay, energy consumption, and packet loss. Hence, we need to increase the number of neighbors under mobility conditions. However, there is no global optimum number of neighbors for the mobility case.

Quantitative Study on the Impact of Energy Consumption Based Dynamic Selfishness in MANETs.

Cooperative communication and resource limitation are two main characteristics of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). On one hand, communication among the nodes in MANETs highly depends on the cooperation among nodes because of the limited transmission range of the nodes, and multi-hop communications are needed in most cases. On the other hand, every node in MANETs has stringent resource constraints on computations, communications, memory, and energy. These two characteristics lead to the existence of selfish nodes in MANETs, which affects the network performance in various aspects. In this paper, we quantitatively investigate the impacts of node selfishness caused by energy depletion in MANETs in terms of packet loss rate, round-trip delay, and throughput. We conducted extensive measurements on a proper simulation platform incorporating an OMNeT++ and INET Framework. Our experimental results quantitatively indicate the impact of node selfishness on the network performance in MANETs. The results also imply that it is important to evaluate the impact of node selfishness by jointly considering selfish nodes’ mobility models, densities, proportions, and combinations.

Optimization Driven-Based Secure Routing in MANET Using Atom Whale Optimization Algorithm

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) routing is a very challenging task because of the dynamic nature of the network. The linking of provisional communication assures based on the infrastructure of MANET, however, there is no centralised monitoring process for making the routing in MANETs in terms of trust and security. Therefore, the stability routing is not considered, which may break easily in dynamic MANETs. Thus, this paper introduces a trust-based secure routing protocol using the proposed atom whale optimisation algorithm (AWOA), which is the trust-aware routing protocol. The developed atom whale optimisation is utilised to select the optimal route with respect to the trust factors, like average encounter rate (AER), and successful cooperation frequency (SCF), integrity factor, and the forwarding rate. Moreover, secure routing is performed between the nodes using the proposed AWOA. The AWOA is the integration of atom search optimisation (ASO), and whale optimisation algorithm (WOA) that inherits the faster global convergence. The fitness function is newly modelled considering mobility, and trust factors. The proposed AWOA outperformed other methods with a minimal end-to-end delay of 0.0083 sec, maximal packet delivery ratio (PDR) of 97.73%, and the maximal throughput of 85.05% respectively.

Optimisation driven-based secure routing in MANET using atom whale optimisation algorithm

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) routing is a very challenging task because of the dynamic nature of the network. The linking of provisional communication assures based on the infrastructure of MANET, however, there is no centralised monitoring process for making the routing in MANETs in terms of trust and security. Therefore, the stability routing is not considered, which may break easily in dynamic MANETs. Thus, this paper introduces a trust-based secure routing protocol using the proposed atom whale optimisation algorithm (AWOA), which is the trust-aware routing protocol. The developed atom whale optimisation is utilised to select the optimal route with respect to the trust factors, like average encounter rate (AER), and successful cooperation frequency (SCF), integrity factor, and the forwarding rate. Moreover, secure routing is performed between the nodes using the proposed AWOA. The AWOA is the integration of atom search optimisation (ASO), and whale optimisation algorithm (WOA) that inherits the faster global convergence. The fitness function is newly modelled considering mobility, and trust factors. The proposed AWOA outperformed other methods with a minimal end-to-end delay of 0.0083 sec, maximal packet delivery ratio (PDR) of 97.73%, and the maximal throughput of 85.05% respectively.

NETWORK LIFETIME AND ENERGY MAXIMIZATION USING CMAC PROTOCOL DESIGN.

By using the relay based hand off schemes a new protocol design is introduced called Cooperative Medium Access Control (CMAC), which helps the entire network schema to improve its performance and lifetime. This protocol helps the relay nodes to move from one region to another region to provide the details for communication between two nodes from one region into another. This type of complicated medium access interactions induced by relaying and leverages the benefits of such cooperation we need this mentioned CMAC protocol design. In this system a novel cross-layer distributed energy-adaptive location-based CMAC protocol is proposed, namely DEL-CMAC, for Mobile Ad-hoc NETworks (MANETs), which helps the network to improve the performance of the MANETs in terms of network lifetime and energy efficiency. Efficient relay based methodology amplifies the transceiver's (acts as source as well as destination) energy while communicating with destination, because the relay easily traverse between each regions and gets the shortest transmission range between one another and finds the destination node ability to receive the packets from source. A distributed utility-based best relay selection strategy is incorporated, which selects the best relay based on location information and residual energy. In the simulation, the proposed work shows that the proposed DEL-CMAC significantly prolongs the network lifetime under various circumstances even for high circuitry energy consumption.

Impact of Varying Node Velocity and HELLO Interval Duration on Position-based Stable Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Wireless networks have evolved considerably in the recent years thanks to the advancement of technology that has made devices more portable, smarter, and more energy efficient. In particular, Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), that are formed without any centralized infrastructure, have received a lot of attention as they can be used in many real life applications. Yet, compared to static wireless networks, less academic research has been done on MANETs, especially when all the nodes are in continuous movement. In particular, we consider MANETs that broadcast HELLO messages at regular time intervals in order to maintain dynamic neigh- borhood information. The range of velocities of the nodes and the HELLO message interval duration can significantly affect the performance of routing protocols in MANETs. In this work, we study the effect of varying these two main characteristics on the performance of MANETs in terms of delivered packets and packets delivery ratio that reflect routing paths stability. We present a comprehensive experimental analysis of the effect of such variations on three position-based stability-oriented routing protocols, namely, Greedy-based Backup Routing (GBR), LEARN-based Backup Routing (LBR), and GBR combined with a Conservative Neighborhood Range (GBR-CNR).

Improving the Network Lifetime of MANETs through Cooperative MAC Protocol Design

Cooperative communication, which utilizes nearby terminals to relay the overhearing information to achieve the diversity gains, has a great potential to improve the transmitting efficiency in wireless networks. To deal with the complicated medium access interactions induced by relaying and leverage the benefits of such cooperation, an efficient Cooperative Medium Access Control (CMAC) protocol is needed. In this paper, we propose a novel cross-layer distributed energy-adaptive location-based CMAC protocol, namely DEL-CMAC, for Mobile Ad-hoc NETworks (MANETs). The design objective of DEL-CMAC is to improve the performance of the MANETs in terms of network lifetime and energy efficiency. A practical energy consumption model is utilized in this paper, which takes the energy consumption on both transceiver circuitry and transmit amplifier into account. A distributed utility-based best relay selection strategy is incorporated, which selects the best relay based on location information and residual energy. Furthermore, with the purpose of enhancing the spatial reuse, an innovative network allocation vector setting is provided to deal with the varying transmitting power of the source and relay terminals. We show that the proposed DEL-CMAC significantly prolongs the network lifetime under various circumstances even for high circuitry energy consumption cases by comprehensive simulation study.

SECURE QoS-BASED ROUTING USING HIERARCHICAL KEY RANKING MODEL IN MANET

Quality of service (QoS) and security have been considered as two competent units to govern and administer end-to-end traffic across network. A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a type of wireless communication, every node can act as a router or base station. Secure QoS-based routing is an important problem in MANET. A hierarchical key ranking (HKR) model is presented here for secure group communications in MANETs. To enhance the security, one-to-one random mapping is performed using hash-based message authentication code (HashMAC). Due to the dynamic nature and topological changes in MANET, group safeguarding is efficiently accomplished. For secure group communication and efficient QoS routing in MANET, a sector key (SK) is shared among group members to encrypt group messages which is obtained using secured message authenticated code (SMAC). The primary design is to include the group members in sector to vigorously contribute to the security of the multicast group, as a result dropping the communication and calculating load on the source. Experimental evaluation is done to estimate the performance of the proposed secure QoS routing and communication using hierarchical key ranking [SRHKR] in MANET in terms of delivery rate, security level, delay.

Performance Evaluation of Reactive and Proactive Routing Protocols over MANET

Mobile devices are the fundamental requirement of communication network where user wants to freely move without breaking the signal. The Mobile devices today are capable enough to communicate independently. A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a group of wireless mobile nodes which can communicate without any pre-existing infrastructure by creating dynamic network. This paper discuss Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) environment with the varying number of nodes. The research presents the three reactive routing protocols i.e. Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Destination Sequence Distance Vector and Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) with their results to the MANET in terms of packet delivery ratio, delay, routing load and throughput. Simulation is carried out by NS2 (Network Simulation). The experiment results reflect that AODV performance it better than DSR DSDV.

Foreword to special issue on wireless ad hoc, sensor and mesh networks

The last few years have experienced a steep growth in research in the area of infrastructure-less networks such as wireless ad hoc, sensor and mesh networks. Even though these networks hold great promises for our future, there are several challenges that need to be addressed. This special issue focuses on research relating to different experimental, simulation, algorithmic and theoretical aspects of mobile ad hoc networks, sensor networks, mesh networks, and other related areas. Limited lifetime is one of the most prevalent concerns in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In the paper “Modeling the Energy Cost of a Fully Operational Wireless Sensor Network”, W. Dargie, C. Xiaojuan, and M. K. Denko analyze the cost associated with self-organization in WSNs, and present a realistic analytic model to determine where the bulk of the energy budget is consumed in WSNs. Efficient routing and QoS provisioning mechanisms to support the diverse applications are part of the Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) requirements. To that effect, N. Zhang and A. Anpalagan in their paper “Sensitivity of SWAN QoS Model in MANETs with Proactive and Reactive Routing: A Simulation Study” confirm that a QoS model referred to as Stateless wireless ad hoc networks (SWAN) model can improve the performance of the MANET in terms of end-to-end delay when there is large traffic in the network. In Mobile WiMAX networks based on IEEE 802.16e standard, efficient schemes of scheduling and resource allocation that could improve the system performance and ca-

Voice transmission over ad hoc network adapting optimum approaches to maximize the performance

Although a lot of research and implementations have been performed for voice transmission over regular network and internet, a little is done for mobile ad hoc network (MANET). Like other computer networks, in MANET voice transmission is also very much demanding and necessary. Since the wireless links in an ad hoc network are highly error prone and may go down frequently because of node mobility, interference, channel fading, and the lack of infrastructure, it is very difficult and challenging to implement voice transmission over MANET. In this research, to maximize the performance of MANET during voice transmission we choose some parameters and methodological approaches e.g. Method of media access, selection of audio codec, selection of routing protocol etc in efficient and optimum way. Since voice applications consume more energy than typical applications, we use an energy aware routing protocol known as WEAC for the study. During the selection process of routing protocol we have a performance comparison study between Improved DSR and WEAC, where WEAC performs better consuming less energy in case of larger network. We also have a comparative study among several audio codecs (G.711, G.729 and G.723.1) where by simulation we show that the G.729 codec is more suitable to use for voice transmission over MANET in terms of latency. Finally, we show that it is possible to launch voice transmission with acceptable quality and throughput over MANET using G.729 and WEAC protocol.