Abstract
Battery energy is a crucial issue that limits battery-powered mobile devices’ operational efficiency in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Failure of a node affects both the lifetime and connectivity of a MANET, which has to initiate finding a new route from source to destination. This initiation causes more energy consumption in nodes. Failure of a node also causes network partitions, thereby resulting in sparse networks being formed. Existing energy-efficient strategies only defer the end of a node’s battery lifetime; they could not guarantee the MANET’s nonstop functioning. To address the issues caused by battery depletion, this paper proposes a “Cloud” oriented approach called Power-as-a-Service (PaaS), a hierarchical on-demand charging model for recharging the mobile nodes of the MANET. In PaaS, the MANET is alienated into non-overlapping disjoint zones, and for each zone, one Zone Charging Cloud Node (ZccN) is deployed to recharge the mobile nodes of that particular zone wirelessly. A High-power Charging Cloud Node (HccN) is deployed to wirelessly recharge the ZccNs in the MANET for the entire network. In PaaS, the ZccN recharges both the selected node for recharge and other nodes around the selected node that requested recharge and has higher power transfer efficiency. This strategy of PaaS improves the charging efficiency of cloud chargers by minimizing the urgent charging requests in the future, and thus the operational efficiency of the MANET improves. Extensive simulations indicate that the proposed PaaS model with a hierarchy of cloud chargers improves the operational efficiency of MANETs in terms of reducing the death rate of mobile nodes, thereby improving the lifetime and connectivity probability of MANETs.
Highlights
A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) comprises a group of mobile nodes without any fixed infrastructure in which nodes communicate over multi-hop links
To improve the operational efficiency of MANETS as regards the battery power limitations of mobile nodes, this paper applies a “Cloud” oriented approach known as Power-as-a-Service (PaaS) to MANETs to overcome the limitations of battery-operated mobile nodes and to improve the operational efficiency by wirelessly recharging the batteries of the mobile nodes
There is very little work done in the literature on recharging the batteries of mobile nodes of MANETs; as MANET is a general concept that can be implemented in sensors, laptops, and PC and its attachments [9] and most Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) use the MANET model, here we review some of the state-of-the-art efficient on-demand wireless charging techniques of sensor nodes in WSNs
Summary
A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) comprises a group of mobile nodes without any fixed infrastructure in which nodes communicate over multi-hop links. Because the MANET nodes are battery dependent, battery exhaustion is the primary reason for a node’s failure This problem has two solutions, either use energy-efficient strategies or wirelessly recharge the network nodes [2]. To improve the operational efficiency of MANETS (i.e., the network lifetime and connectivity) as regards the battery power limitations of mobile nodes, this paper applies a “Cloud” oriented approach known as Power-as-a-Service (PaaS) to MANETs to overcome the limitations of battery-operated mobile nodes and to improve the operational efficiency by wirelessly recharging the batteries of the mobile nodes. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to implement a “Cloud” oriented approach and a hierarchical charging model for improving the operational efficiency of MANETs.
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