MO Dye Research Articles

Synthesis and characterization of nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped TiO2 nanoparticle anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets: Photocatalytic application on dye removal

In this study, nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped titanium dioxide (NP-TiO2) nanoparticles are anchored onto graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (GCN) by the simple sonochemical method. The synthesized NP-TiO2/GCN nanocomposites are characterized by UV–Visible absorbance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Photoluminescence spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy and Transmission electron microscopy. We find that the co-doping of nitrogen and phosphor to TiO2 nanoparticles of size (10–25) nm as well as simultaneous anchoring onto GCN nanosheets. The optimised 2.5 wt% GCN in NP-TiO2/GCN showed complete degradation of MB dye and MO dye at 105 min and 60 min respectively. The photocatalytic degradation performance is 5 times superior to that of individual NP-TiO2 and GCN under visible light. The degradation rate constants of NP-TiO2/GCN is found to be 0.01491 min−1 for MB dye and 0.02153 min−1 for MO dye. The improved photocatalytic performance of NP-TiO2/GCN nanocomposite is due to the synergistic effects of both NP-TiO2 and GCN, which decrease the bandgap as well as charge recombination.

Successful preparation of polyaniline‐modified polystyrene novel composite membrane

AbstractThis work describes the polyaniline (PANI) nanoparticles' impregnation into the polystyrene (PS) membrane and its impact on the different membrane properties for the first time. PANI nanoparticles were synthesized separately using the oxidative polymerization technique and then impregnated into the polystyrene‐DMF matrix solution. Membranes were cast via the Non‐Solvent Induced Phase Separation (NIPS) process. The surface and structural properties of the fabricated membranes were thoroughly characterized using contact angle measurement (CA), x‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and the mechanical characteristics of the membrane were also investigated. According to the CA results, the addition of PANI in the matrix improved the polystyrene membrane's hydrophilicity from 65° to 54.5°. The FTIR spectra revealed that the PANI nanoparticles were successfully impregnated into the PS matrix. SEM images illustrated that the porosity of the PANI‐modified membrane was enhanced by 50% compared to the pristine PS membrane. Furthermore, adding PANI to the PS membrane significantly reduced the average pore size. The filtration experiment showed that PANI modified membrane had 81% rejection of MO dye as compared to the pristine PS membrane which had 60%. Therefore, The PANI added to the PS membrane greatly enhanced the PS membrane's structural properties.

Superior photocatalytic performance of ancillary-oxidant-free novel starch supported nano MFe2O4 (M = Zn, Ni, and Fe) ferrites for degradation of organic dye pollutants

This work presents the effectual degradation of MB and MO dyes in an aqueous solution under UV light irradiation on nano ZnFe2O4, NiFe2O4, and Fe3O4 without using any supplementary oxidants has been reported. Nano ZnFe2O4, NiFe2O4, and Fe3O4 are successfully prepared via a co-precipitation technique utilizing biodegradable starch as a surfactant. XRD patterns reveal a pure spinel phase for all the samples. FTIR spectra confirm the successful embedding of the starch surfactant. SEM micrographs exhibit tiny spherical particles of size 5–8 and 4–6 nm for ZnFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 but spherical particles of 8–10 nm and flake-like particles of ∼14 nm thick for Fe3O4. N2 sorption studies show type-IV isotherms typical of mesoporous structures. The direct bandgap of these ferrite nanoparticles is 2.03–2.15 eV, related to the metal D-d onsite transfers, which are permitted by spin but prohibited by parity. MB decolorization of 99% is achieved in less than 2 h for all the samples; in contrast, MO decolorization takes relatively longer irradiation. The decolorization kinetics suggests that the pseudo-second-order model is more appropriate to explain the decolorization process of MB and MO by the catalysts. The order of photocatalytic activity evaluated from rate constant (k1) per SSA values is Fe3O4 < ZnFe2O4 < NiFe2O4 for both MB and MO decolorization. NiFe2O4 photocatalyst shows the best effect on the decolorization of both dyes due to its low bandgap and high surface area. All the ferrite catalysts demonstrate high stability with no substantial deterioration of photocatalytic activity even after three cycles. The results of this study endorse that the nano ferrites prepared in this work are potential candidates for the photocatalytic degradation of aqueous solutions of MB and MO.

Anchoring SrTiO3 nanoparticles on layered ZnIn2S4 to construct S-scheme heterojunctions as novel photocatalysts for efficient degradation of MO dye

Water pollution can be efficiently treated by semiconductor photocatalysts under sunlight irradiation. In this study, novel S-scheme SrTiO3/ZnIn2S4 composites were successfully fabricated via a facile oil-bath method. And the synthesized samples were then characterized by various characterization techniques together with Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation. The X-Ray Diffraction(XRD)patterns show that SrTiO3/ZnIn2S4 composites are composed of cubic perovskite structure SrTiO3 and hexagonal phase ZnIn2S4. The High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope(HRTEM)and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) images showed the intimate contacts between SrTiO3 and ZnIn2S4 are established to form the heterojunction. The photocatalytic activity of the composite was excellent when degrading organic pollutants, which outperformed that of pristine SrTiO3 and ZnIn2S4. The prepared SrTiO3/ZnIn2S4-33% composite sample was proved to have the best photocatalytic activity, with 98 % degradation of organic pollutants under 32 min. The ·O2– is the main active reaction species for the degradation of organic pollutants, which was demonstrated by free radical trapping experiment. In addition, the mineralization of organic pollutants during the degradation process was analyzed by Total Organic Carbon (TOC) test. According to a series of experimental and theoretical calculations, the S-scheme heterojunction formed in the SrTiO3/ZnIn2S4 composite is put forward for comprehending the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants and the formation of free radicals.

The construction of TiO2 NTs/Ag3PO4–AgBr by SILAR deposition as promising photocatalysts for hydrogen production and pollutant treatment

The construction of ternary TiO2 NTs/Ag3PO4–AgBr photocatalysts was carried out by the SILAR deposition of Ag3PO4 and AgBr on TiO2 nanotube arrays (TiO2 NTs) for enhancing the photocatalytic application in H2 evolution and dyeing wastewater remediation. The adjustment of Ag3PO4/AgBr deposition cycles was used to optimize the optical absorption and photocatalytic property. The TiO2 NTs/Ag3PO4–AgBr (5) prepared with 5 cycle deposition of Ag3PO4 and AgBr exhibited the optimal photoelectric activity and photocatalytic performances. The photocatalytic rate constants for the degradation of MO, RhB and MB dyes achieved 1.35 × 10−2, 3.30 × 10−2 and 4.47 × 10−2 min−1, respectively, and the visible light-driven photocatalytic H2 evolution rate achieves 46.87 μmol cm−2 h−1. •O2− radicals exhibited the key influence on the organic dye degradation, and the as-prepared photocatalysts showed exceedingly high photocatalytic activity and stability. Furthermore, the photocatalytic mechanism was proposed based on the ESR result.

Sunlight-Driven Photocatalytic Active Fabrics through Immobilization of Functionalized Doped Titania Nanoparticles.

Frequent washing of textiles poses a serious hazard to the ecosystem, owing to the discharge of harmful effluents and the release of microfibers. On one side, the harmful effluents from detergents are endangering marine biota, while on the other end, microplastics are observed even in breastfeeding milk. This work proposes the development of sunlight-driven cleaning and antibacterial comfort fabrics by immobilizing functionalized Zn-doped TiO2 nanoparticles. The research was implemented to limit the use of various detergents and chemicals for stain removal. A facile sol-gel method has opted for the fabrication of pristine and Zn-doped TiO2 nanoparticles at three different mole percentages of Zn. The nanoparticles were successfully functionalized and immobilized on cotton fabric using silane coupling agents via pad-dry-cure treatment. As-obtained fabrics were characterized by their surface morphologies, availability of chemical functionalities, and crystallinity. The sunlight-assisted degradation potential of as-functionalized fabrics was evaluated against selected pollutants (eight commercial dyes). The 95-98% degradation of dyes from the functionalized fabric surface was achieved within 3 h of sunlight exposure, estimated by color strength analysis with an equivalent exposition of bactericidal activities. The treated fabrics also preserved their comfort and mechanical properties. The radical trapping experiment was performed to confirm the key radicals responsible for dye degradation, and h+ ions were found to be the most influencing species. The reaction pathway followed the first order kinetic model with rate constant values of 0.0087 min-1 and 0.0131 min-1 for MB and MO dyes, respectively.

Synthesis and characterization of visible-light-driven novel CuTa2O6 as a promising practical photocatalyst.

In this work, the novel CuTa2O6 phase was successfully synthesized by the hydrothermal and followed by the calcination process. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirms the formation of different phases. At a low temperature, CuTa2O6 exhibits the orthorhombic phase, whereas, at a higher temperature, it underwent a phase transition to a cubic crystal structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic results suggest the presence of all the elements (Cu, Ta, and O). The optical studies were carried out using a UV-Vis DRS spectrophotometer. FESEM images confirm the spherical-shaped particles for the sample annealed at a high temperature. The local atomic and electronic structures around Cu and the contribution of the Cu oxidation state in the CuTa2O6 system were determined by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. To investigate the effective usage of CuTa2O6 in treating wastewater, its photocatalytic activity was investigated by evaluating its use in the photodegradation of MO dye under visible light irradiation. Moreover, the prepared CuTa2O6 photocatalyst exhibits significant photocatalytic activity in the degradation of MO dye and shows excellent stability; it is therefore a promising material for potential use in a practical photocatalyst. The CuTa2O6 photocatalyst suggests an alternative avenue of research into effective photo-catalysts for solar hydrogen water splitting.

Unlocking the Potential of N-Doped SnO2 for Sustainable Photocatalytic Degradation of Carcinogenic Dyes

Environmental adulteration is an emerging concern due to the discharge of wastewater effluents from several sources. Several carcinogenic dyes are the major contaminants in these water bodies. These could cause long-lasting and detrimental effects to humans as well as aquatic ecosystems. For efficient degradation of such dyes, the exploration of nanotechnology has demonstrated huge potential. Herein, the degradation of dyes (MB, CV, and MO) has been carried out photocatalytically using N-doped SnO2 nanoparticles (N:SnO2 NPs) as well as in presence of a sacrificial agent, EDTA. These NPs were synthesized at an ambient temperature. Different characterization techniques were used throughout the analysis of the synthesized NPs. The PXRD analysis reveals formation of single-phase rutile structure with tetragonal symmetry. Using the Scherrer formula, the size of the NPs was found to be less than 5 nm, exhibiting increases in size with N doping. Further, morphological analysis through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examined the existence of highly agglomerated, spherical NPs. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results depict the thermal stability of the synthesized NPs up to a temperature of 800 °C. These synthesized N:SnO2 NPs exhibit potent efficiency for the photocatalytic degradation of MB, MO, and CV dyes with an efficiency of 93%, 83%, and 73% degradation, respectively, under UV light irradiation. Additionally, the effect of the sacrificial agent, EDTA, was observed on the degradation process and resulted in a degradation of ~90% MB dye, 88% CV dye, and 86% MO dye within 15 min of UV light irradiation.

Synthesis of binary metal doped CeO2 via the subcritical hydrothermal method for photo-mineralizing methyl orange dye

Herein, we adopted subcritical hydrothermal method to synthesize the copper and bismuth co-doped CeO2 (Ce0.92Cu0.04Bi0.04O2) nanostructure for water remediation application. Copper and Bismuth co-doping synergistically improved the current conductivity and light-harvesting capabilities of the co-doped CeO2 that is respectively confirmed through current-voltage and optical studies. The microstructural, compositional and morphological information of the as-synthesized photocatalyst were accessed through powder XRD, and electronics spectroscopic techniques. In terms of practical application, the as-prepared co-doped CeO2-based photocatalyst mineralized the anionic dye (methyl orange, MO) up to 95.79%, at the rate of 0.0314 min−1, in just 50 min of solar irradiation. Statistics show that our Ce0.92Cu0.04Bi0.04O2 photocatalyst is 2.32 times more effective at mineralizing MO dye, and its rate of dye mineralization is 5.5 times faster than a CeO2 photocatalyst. In addition, the Ce0.92Cu0.04Bi0.04O2 photocatalyst possesses exceptional robustness as it fully retains its photocatalytic activity after three consecutive reusability tests. Our doped photocatalyst's excellent dye mineralizing activities come from the way its hybrid nanostructure morphology, good current conductivity, visible-light-supported bandgap, and induced structural defects work together. This gives it a larger surface area, a faster charge transport rate, better light harvesting ability, and lower charge recombination efficiencies. The copper and bismuth co-doping in the CeO2 lattice have a positive effect on its photocatalytic properties, suggesting that it has the potential to be a light-driven catalyst for azo dyes degradation.

Novel Laser-Assisted Chemical Bath Synthesis of Pure and Silver-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles with Improved Antimicrobial and Photocatalytic Properties

Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant threat to global health, amplified by factors such as water scarcity and suboptimal hygienic practices. Addressing AMR effectively necessitates a comprehensive strategy encompassing enhanced access to potable water, developing innovative antibiotics, and exploring alternative treatment modalities, such as harnessing solar photocatalysis with zinc oxide nanoparticles for water purification and antimicrobial applications. The Laser-Assisted Chemical Bath Synthesis (LACBS) technique facilitates the fabrication of pure ZnO nanostructures, providing a potentially efficacious solution for mitigating pathogen proliferation and managing wastewater. The photocatalytic degradation of MB and MO dyes was investigated using blue laser light at 445 nm, and degradation rates were determined accordingly. Ag-doped ZnO nanostructures were characterized through X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The antimicrobial efficacy of LACBS-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles was assessed against C. albicans, S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae using the disc diffusion method, revealing 40 mm, 37 mm, 21 mm, 27 mm, and 45 mm inhibition zones at the highest concentration of doped-Ag (4.5%), respectively. These inhibition zones were measured in accordance with the guidelines established by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. X-ray diffraction patterns for ZnO, ZnOAg(1.5%), ZnO:Ag(3%), and ZnO:Ag(4.5%) samples revealed variations in intensity and crystallinity. Scanning electron microscopy exposed morphological disparities among the nanostructures, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy verified their elemental compositions. UV-Vis absorption analyses inspected the optical band gaps, and Fourier-transform infrared spectra identified the stretching mode of metal-oxygen bonds. Under blue laser irradiation, Ag-doped ZnO exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity during the photocatalytic degradation. These nanoparticles, synthesized via the cost-effective and straightforward LACBS method, benefit from silver doping that augments their electron-trapping properties and photocatalytic activity, thereby enabling efficient dye degradation. Consequently, Ag-doped ZnO nanoparticles hold promise as a potent solution for counteracting drug-resistant microorganisms and as an effective disinfectant.

Metal oxide decorated polyaniline based multifunctional nanocomposites: An experimental and theoretical approach

When combined with metal oxide nanoparticles, conducting polymers may result in unique or synergistic effects in their properties. Fe/Mn/CuO/PANI (FMC/PANI) based nanocomposites (NCs) were explored for five different novel applications. FTIR, UV–visible, XRD, Raman, and FESEM methods were used to identify the NCs. The anti-corrosive, photocatalytic, magnetic, antibacterial, and electrical properties were investigated by experimental and theoretical (DFT) methods. The computational technique was used for frequency, geometry optimization, and energy study. Different thermodynamic, kinetic, and molecular orbital parameters were investigated by the DFT study for the NCs. The anti-corrosive, photocatalytic, antibacterial, electrical, and magnetic properties of NCs were investigated at different concentrations. The FMC/PANI NCs show a maximum of 85 ± 0.2% CIE for MS in 1.0 M HCl solution. The magnetic study proves the paramagnetic nature of NCs. The photocatalytic activity of FMC/PANI NCs was investigated against MO dye under UV light. The antibacterial property of FMC nanoparticles (NPs) was investigated against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains, that is, B. subtilis and E. coli, respectively. The ZOI was compared with six standard antibiotics and found to be comparable with common antibiotics. The FMC/PANI-based NCs were proven to be perfect photocatalytic, magnetic, antibacterial, electrical conductors, and anti-corrosive agents.

Synthesis of CuS/CNTs/gCN ternary nanocomposite for enhanced photocatalytic response of harmful organic effulents

To find such materials which assist to cope environmental pollution issues especially water contamination is thought-provoking task in the scientific era. Herein, we synthesized 2D CuS materials through hydrothermal method and their composite with a well-known carbonaceous material CNTs. The CuS/CNTs/gCN ternary nanocomposite was synthesized via ultrasonication with a metal free co-catalyst graphitic carbon nitride (gCN). The as-prepared CuS, CuS/CNTs binary nanocomposite, and CuS/CNTs/gCN ternary nanocomposite were efficiently utilized to study photocatalytic response of a cationic dye (Rhodamine B) and an anionic dye (Methyl orange). The CuS/CNTs/gCN photocatalyst divulges best photodegradation response of RhB and MO dyes by degrading them up to 95.3% and 93.2% under solar light respectively. Important photo active species involved in photocatalysis progression were trapped by using different trapping agent and found hydroxyl radicals are highly photoactive during photocatalytic mechanism. The graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) as a metal free co-catalyst meaningfully heightened the surface area of the ternary composite and delivers extra active sites for redox reaction. The consequences concludes that CuS/CNTs/gCN composite have potential to compete in water pollution applications for remediation of both cationic and anionic contaminants.

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of cubic ZnSn(OH)6 by in-situ partial phase transformation via rapid thermal annealing

In this study, a mixed phase ZnSn(OH)6/ZnSnO3 photocatalyst was synthesized by calcining ZHS nanostructures via rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process. The composition ratio of ZnSn(OH)6/ZnSnO3 was controlled by changing the duration of the RTA process. The obtained mixed-phase photocatalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and physisorption analysis. Results showed that ZnSn(OH)6/ZnSnO3 photocatalyst obtained by calcining ZHS at 300 °C for 20 sec displayed the best photocatalytic performance under UVC light illumination. Under optimized reaction conditions, ZHS-20 (0.125 g) demonstrated nearly complete removal (>99%) of MO dye in 150 min. Scavenger study revealed the predominant role of OH• in photocatalysis. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of the ZnSn(OH)6/ZnSnO3 composites was mainly ascribed to the photosensitization of ZHS by ZTO and effective electron-hole separation at the ZnSn(OH)6/ZnSnO3 heterojunction interface. It is expected that this study will provide new research input for the development of photocatalyst through thermal annealing-induced partial phase transformation.

Carbon foam composites containing carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide as additives for enhanced mechanical, thermal, electrical and catalytic properties

Based on the versatile nature and applications of Carbon foam (CF), up to now many attempts were performed to improve the structure and properties of CF by incorporating various additives in the CF matrix. But these additives improved one property on the cost of another ones. Herein, we have synergistically incorporated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and graphene oxide (GO) with varying loadings as additives in the CF matrix via direct pyrolysis to achieve all the desired properties. Seven different types of CF composites including pure CF were prepared and their effect on the structure, mechanical, thermal, electrical and catalytic characteristics has been reported. The results revealed that after the inclusion of MWCNTs and GO contents, the microstructural performance of CF samples was amazingly improved. Additionally, it was observed that mechanical, thermal, electrical and catalytic behaviors of the CF samples were significantly enhances by the increase of nanohybrids. The compressive strength and Young's modulus reveals their optimum limits up to 19.3 and 57.4 MPa respectively on 2 wt.% MWCNTs-GO additive loadings. Similarly, the greatest thermal and electrical conductivities of 30.92 W/m. K and 27.4 × 103 S/m were showed by CF samples having 2 wt. % MWCNTs-GO loadings. Whereas, the decolorization activity of the CF and their nanocomposites were tested against methyl orange dye and it was observed that the sample with enhanced MWCNTs and GO have good decolorization activity and much sustainable than other samples. The 4% CF/MWCNTs-GO decolorized about 76% MO dye under exposure to UV light within 60 min. The decolorization of MO dye increases with increasing nanocomposite dosage and decreasing initial dye concentration.

Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)-co-poly(sodium acrylate) hydrogel for the adsorption of cationic dyes from aqueous solution.

In this study, we used radical polymerization to create poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide)-co-poly (sodium acrylate) [PNIPAM-co-PSA] hydrogels and analyzed the resulting products. N, N'-Methylenebisacrylamide was employed as a cross-linker, ammonium persulfate as an initiator, and N,N'-isopropyl acrylamide and sodium acrylamide as monomers. Structural analysis was measured by using FT-IR. Indeed, SEM analysis was used to characterize the morphological structure of the hydrogel. Studies on swelling were also done. The Taguchi approach was used to study and assess the adsorption studies of the hydrogels for the efficient removal of malachite green and methyl orange. For the optimization, a central composite surface methodology was applied. The effect of several parameters, including adsorbent dosage, pH, initial dye concentration, temperature, time, and mixing speed, was examined using the Taguchi technique, and the primary factors were chosen and examined using the central composite surface methodology. It was discovered that MG dye's (cationic) removal efficiency was higher than that of MO dye's (anionic). The results suggest that [PNIPAM-co-PSA] hydrogel can be used as an effective, alternative and promising adsorbent to be applied in the treatment of effluents containing the cationic dyes from wastewater. The synthesis of hydrogels provides a suitable recyclability platform for the adsorption of cationic dyes and allows for their recovery without the use of powerful reagents.

The facile synthesis of 3D hierarchical flower-like TiO2 microspheres with enhanced photocatalytic activity

A 3D hierarchical flower-like rutile TiO2 microspheres assembled by well-aligned 1D nanorods were efficiently synthesized using the solvothermal method at a temperature of 140 °C for 5 h. The synthesized TiO2 microspheres have an average crystallite size of about 6.9–8.4 nm. According to SEM, FESEM and TEM analysis, flower-like TiO2 microspheres are made up of nanorods that grow radially from the center and are several nm thick on average. The XRD, EDS and XPS analysis revealed that titanium and oxygen peaks were present with no other impurity peaks. The volume ratio of water and toluene plays a vital role that was significantly affecting the chemical properties of synthesized TiO2 materials. Compared to other samples, the hierarchical 3D TiO2 microspheres Ti(1:1) had a small crystallite size, a lower bandgap, a comparatively large BET surface area of about 130 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.179 cm3/g, which revealed more favorable for photocatalytic activity. Ti(1:1) photocatalyst degraded MO by almost 96 and 94% within 50 and 40 min, respectively, when exposed to mercury light and sunlight. Also, it showed that within 60 min of mercury light irradiation, RhB degraded up to 65%. Additionally, an LC-MS study was performed for the degradation of MO dye solution and a possible degradation path was proposed.

The effects of Ag-ions on the physiochemical characteristics and visible-light catalytic activity of ZnS nanoparticles

In this case of study, the pure and different weight percentages of Ag ions doped ZnS Nanoparticles were synthesized by beneficial solid-state reaction method. Further, the synthesized nanoparticle’s physiochemical properties were thoroughly examined by the appropriate characterization tools. The structural examination demonstrates that the synthesis of crystalline nanoparticles with an average crystallite size of 2.41 nm was reduced from 3.68 nm to 2.41 nm and increased further due to the influence of Ag-ions on ZnS matrix. The FT-IR investigation validated the Zn-S functional molecule presence. A considerable quantity of spherical-shaped nanoparticles with uniform distribution enhances the possibility of aggregation due to heterogeneous particle interactions. The optical research demonstrates that the bandgap wideness is decreasing due to Ag-ion interstitial secondary energy levels. Due to the limitations in charge carrier recombination caused by Ag-influences, the catalytic capability of ZnS nanoparticles under renewable sunlight irradiation is enhanced. As a result, the Ag-doped ZnS nano-catalyst degraded 95 % of the detrimental MO dyes within a short sun light irradiation period.

Investigation of transition metal-doped graphitic carbon nitride for MO dye degradation

Investigation of transition metal-doped graphitic carbon nitride for MO dye degradation

A Novel Approach for Generation of Oxygen Vacancies in Trirutile MnSb2O6 and Their Impact on Photocatalytic Degradation of MO Dye

AbstractVisible light‐driven photocatalysis has gained much attention due to its light‐harnessing characteristics and is extensively used in wastewater remediation. This paper presents a novel oxygen‐deficient manganese antimonate, MnSb2O6‐x, with a trirutile structure as an effective visible‐light‐driven photocatalyst for dye degradation. The synthesized samples were subjected to XRD, UV‐Vis DRS, SEM‐EDS, Raman, XPS, and PL analyses to study their physic chemical properties. The influence of sequential or single heating during the preparation method on the generation of oxygen vacancies is evaluated using UV‐Vis DRS, XPS, ESR, and Raman techniques. The oxygen‐deficient MnSb2O6 could achieve up to 85 % of MO degradation in 180 min under visible light irradiation, and its reusability up to six cycles was also investigated. In addition, the mechanism of dye degradation was supported with a scavenger test, and the degradation activities are correlated to the electron‐hole pair separation as convinced from the PL spectra. The simple and unique method of oxygen vacancy generation can inspire the development of antimonates with oxygen deficiencies, which have significant scope of application in environmental and energy conservation.

Novel Mo-doped WO3/ZnO nanocomposites loaded with polyvinyl alcohol towards efficient visible-light-driven photodegradation of methyl orange

The purpose of this work was to develop a molybdenum (Mo)-doped WO3/ZnO and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) novel nanocomposite and then analyze and assess its photocatalyticperformance. The resulting composite was employed in a laboratory photoreactor to decompose methyl orange (OM) dye from synthetic wastewater. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, and a transmission electron microscope (TEM)were utilized to analyze the preparednanocomposite. The impact of Mo dopant and PVA addition upon crystallinity, optical bandgap, and morphology was investigated. It was shown that 92 % of MO dye can be degraded by Mo-WO3/ZnO@PVA after 120 min of visible light irradiation.