Μmol Trolox Research Articles

Sweet Cherry Extract as Permeation Enhancer of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: A Promising Prospective for Future Oral Anticancer Therapies.

Although patients would rather oral therapies to injections, the gastrointestinal tract's low permeability makes this method limiting for most compounds, including anticancer drugs. Due to their low bioavailability, oral antitumor therapies suffer from significant variability in pharmacokinetics and efficacy. The improvement of their pharmacokinetic profiles can be achieved by a new approach: the use of natural extracts enriched with polyphenolic compounds that act as intestinal permeability enhancers. Here, we propose a safe sweet cherry extract capable of enhancing oral absorption. The extract was characterized by the HPLC-UV/MS method, evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activity, safety on the Caco-2 cell line, and as a potential permeation enhancer. The sweet cherry extract showed a high antioxidant capacity (ABTS and DPPH assays were 211.74 and 48.65 µmol of Trolox equivalent/g dried extract, respectively), high content of polyphenols (8.44 mg of gallic acid per gram of dry extract), and anthocyanins (1.80 mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent per g of dry extract), reassuring safety profile (cell viability never lower than 98%), and a significant and fully reversible ability to alter the integrity of the Caco-2 monolayer (+81.5% of Lucifer yellow permeability after 2 h). Furthermore, the ability of the sweet cherry extract to improve the permeability (Papp) and modify the efflux ratio (ER) of reference compounds (atenolol, propranolol, and dasatinib) and selected pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives was investigated. The obtained results show a significant increase in apparent permeability across the Caco-2 monolayer (tripled and quadrupled in most cases), and an interesting decrease in efflux ratio when compounds were co-incubated with sweet cherry extract.

Gelatin Candies Architected with Active Starch Nanoparticles Containing Phenolic Compounds from Propolis Extract

AbstractNew trends in the food industry are focused on the development of fortification foods. Gelatin candies are foods widely consumed by the population and they are selected for incorporation with starch nanoparticles (SNPs) obtained by nanoprecipitation and loaded with phenolic compounds from propolis extract (PE). Water activity and total soluble solids result in stable gelatin candies at room temperature and 30% RH (relative humidity) from the microbiological point of view. According to the results, the addition of starch nanoparticles (SNPs) in gelatin candies does not prove to be a factor that influences texture parameters, especially hardness, gumminess, and chewiness. Candies containing SNPs loaded with the phenolic compounds from PE have high total phenolic compounds (324–362 mg of GAE 100 g−1) and antioxidant activity (133–136 µmol TROLOX 100 g−1). The stability of the starch nanoparticles loaded with the phenolic compounds from propolis extract in the gummy candy is confirmed, exhibiting this food product a yellow color, representing a promising application for these natural additives in the food industry. These results indicate that SNPs loaded with the phenolic compounds from PE can be used for gelatin candies fortification aiming to develop functional foods.

THU351 Reduced Total Antixoxidant Capacity In Type 1 DM Without Chronic Complications

Abstract Disclosure: S.C. Oliveira: None. C.S. Oliveira: None. C.S. Stein: None. M.W. Lauria: None. R.N. Moresco: None. F.V. Comim: None. M.O. Premaor: None. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a condition associated with chronic inflammation and disturbances in the oxidative stress balance, which may be related to its complications. Our study aimed to investigate some REDOX markers ( TOS=total oxidant status ; TAC= total antioxidant capacity; FRAP =ferric reducing ability of plasma; AOPP=advanced oxidation protein products) in subjects with type 1 diabetes and controls. The local ethics committee approved this study. Overall, 51 subjects with T1DM and 106 controls were evaluated in an outpatient clinic. The age in T1DM group was (mean +− SD) 43.7 +− 17 years versus 43.1 +− 13.5 years in controls (NS).The proportion of smokers (17% vs. 15%) and ethnic composition were comparable between the groups. The mean +− SD HbA1c was 8.15 +− 1.65 % in diabetic patients. Concerning REDOX markers, we could observe a significant reduction in the TAC in T1DM (mean +− SD ) of 1.32 +− 0.17 against 1.47 +− 0.16 mmol Trolox equiv/ L(p<0.001) but not other oxidative stress markers. In the sequence, we proceed with the analysis of four subgroups: group 1: T1DM without any diabetic complication or high blood pressure and BMI <25kg/m2; group 2: T1DM with any diabetic complication, high blood pressure or BMI >= 25 kg/m2; group 3: normal controls without the high blood pressure and BMI <25kg/m2; group 4: controls with metabolic disease(excluding T2DM)and high blood pressure or BMI >= 25 kg/m2. Analyzing the profile of groups 1,(T1DM without complications) against group 3(normal controls), we noted a reduced TAC (mean +− SD) of 1.34 +− 0.2 in G1 versus 1.47 +− 0.16 mmol Trolox equiv/ L in G3 ( p=0.006). No significant differences were perceived in relation to TOS ( mean +− SD) of 102.33 +− 43 in G1 vs. 88.57 +− 48.7 micromol H2O2 equiv/L in G3, FRAP 287 +− 64.5 in G1 vs 306.6 +− 72 micromol/L in G3, or AOPP 252.11 +− 127 in G1 vs 260.38 +− 152 micromol/L in G3. Our results suggest that a reduction in the total antioxidant capacity is present in normal blood pressure T1DM even without chronic complications. Presentation: Thursday, June 15, 2023

Antioxidant Activity of Different Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Genotypes.

The antioxidant activity (AA) of hop extracts obtained from different hop genotypes (n = 14) was studied. For comparison, the purified β-acids-rich fraction and α-acids-with-β-acids-rich fraction were also used to test the antioxidative potential. The AA of purified hydroacetonic hop extracts was investigated using the Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP), Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity (ORAC) and Intracellular Antioxidant (IA) methods. The FRAP values in different hop genotypes ranged between 63.5 and 101.6 μmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/g dry weight (DW), the ORAC values ranged between 1069 and 1910 μmol TE/g DW and IA potential values ranged between 52.7 and 118.0 mmol TE/g DW. Significant differences in AA between hop genotypes were observed with all three methods. AAs were determined using three different methods, which did not highly correlate with each other. We also did not find significant correlations between AA and different chemical components, which applies both to AA determined using individual methods as well as the total AA. Based on this fact, we assume that the synergistic or antagonistic effects between hop compounds have a more pronounced effect on AA than the presence and quantity of individual hop compounds.

Statistical optimization, characterization, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticle biosynthesized by saw palmetto seed phenolic extract

On the global market, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are in high demand for their various applications in biomedicine, material engineering, and consumer products. This study highlighted the biosynthesis of the Ag-NPs using saw palmetto seed phenolic extract (SPS-phenolic extract), which contained vital antioxidant-phenolic compounds. Herein, central composite statistical design, response surface methodology, and sixteen runs were conducted to optimize Ag-NPs biosynthesis conditions for maximizing the production of Ag-NPs and their phenolic content. The best-produced SPS-Ag-NPs showed a surface plasmon resonance peak at 460 nm and nano-spherical sizes ranging from 11.17 to 38.32 nm using the UV spectrum analysis and TEM images, respectively. The produced SPS-Ag-NPs displayed a high negative zeta-potential value (− 32.8 mV) demonstrating their high stability. The FTIR analysis demonstrated that SPS-phenolic compounds were involved in sliver bio-reduction and in stabilizing, capping, and preventing Ag-NP aggregation. The thermogravimetric investigation revealed that the produced SPS-Ag-NPs have remarkable thermal stability. The produced SPS-Ag-NP exceeded total antioxidant activity (13.8 µmol Trolox equivalent) more than the SPS-phenolic extract (12.0 µmol Trolox equivalent). The biosynthesized SPS-Ag-NPs exhibited noticeably better antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive S. aureus compared to SPS-phenolic extract. Hence, the bio-synthesized SPS-Ag-NPs demonstrated great potential for use in biomedical and antimicrobial applications.

Phenolics from Chilean Bee Bread Exhibit Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties: The First Prospective Study.

Bee bread (BB) is a beehive product generated upon fermentation of pollen combined with flower nectar and glandular secretions. The potential application of BB is related to its nutritional and functional components, including phenolic compounds. This is the first prospective study on palynological parameters, phenolics, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of Chilean bee bread in vitro. The tested material exhibited high levels of phenolics (1340±186 mg GAE/100 g BB) and showed antioxidant capacity as determined by the FRAP (51±2 μmol Trolox equivalent/g BB) and ORAC-FL (643±64 μmol Trolox equivalent/g BB) and antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes. Furthermore, the phenolic acids and flavonoids was determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the concentration was determined using liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Kaempferol, quercetin, ferulic acid, and rutin were the main phenolics found. This study demonstrates the bioactive potential of Chilean BB and supports the evidence that this bee product is a promising source of antioxidants and antimicrobial compounds.

Exploring Bioactivities and Peptide Content of Body Mucus from the Lusitanian Toadfish Halobatrachus didactylus.

Identifying bioactive molecules from marine organisms is still vastly understudied. Fish remain an untapped source of bioactive molecules, even when considering species whose toxicity to other fish species has been noticed before. We assessed potential applications of crude body mucus of the Lusitanian toadfish (Halobratachus didactylus) and characterized its peptide fraction composition. Mucus samples from three individuals (two wild and one captive) revealed potential antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antimicrobial activities. For antioxidant activity, the best results of 2371 ± 97 µmol Trolox Equivalent/g protein for ORAC and 154 ± 6 µmol Trolox Equivalent/g protein for ABTS were obtained. For antihypertensive activity, the relevant inhibitory activity of ACE resulted in IC50 of 60 ± 7 µg protein/mL. Antimicrobial activity was also identified against the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. The peptide profile of the crude body mucus was obtained through size exclusion chromatography, with a conspicuous peak at ca. 800 Da. LC-MS/MS allowed the detection of the most probable peptide sequences of this dominant peptide. This is the first study where the bioactive potential of mucus from the Lusitanian toadfish is demonstrated. Peptides with such properties can be applied in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

LC/HRESI-MS/MS screening, phytochemical characterization, and in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of Jatropha integerrima Jacq. extracts

Avoiding the probable dangerous side effects of synthetic drugs, this study aims the identification of natural antioxidant and antitumor agents from J. integerrima leaf and floral extracts. A highly efficient and fast UPLC/ESI-qTOF-HRMS/MS screening has led to characterization of 30 flavonoids, i.e. 12 flavonols, 6 flavones, 3 dihydroflavonols, 4 anthocyanins (flower), 2 dihydroflavonols, and 3 isoflavones from both J. integerrima extracts. In addition, six major polyphenols were identified for the first time from leaf extract, and their structures were established as apigenin 7-O-β-d-neohesperidoside (rhoifolin, 1), apigenin 8-C-β-D-4C1-glucopyranoside (vitexin, 2), luteolin 6-C-β-D-4C1-glucopyranoside (isoorientin, 3), 6,6″-di-C-β-D-4C1-glucopyranosyl-methylene-biapigenin (Jatrophenol-I, 4), (E)-p-coumaric acid methyl ester (5), and (E)-ferulic acid methyl ester (6) with HRESI-MS and NMR analyses. The in vitro antioxidant activity of both extracts and major pure isolates was decided using DPPH, reducing power capability, FRAP, and ABTS radical scavenging assays, and their in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (EACC), as well.The flower extract and compound 3 have shown the strongest antioxidant and cytotoxic effects. At low concentrations (25 µg/mL), they showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging ability (79.63 ± 0.42 and 76.20 ± 0.35%) regarding BHA (91.44 ± 0.29% at 100 µg/mL). In the parameter of absorbance, they exhibited higher reducing power ability (1.402 ± 0.025 and 1.178 ± 0.019%) than that of BHA (0.975 ± 0.013 at 100 µg/mL). Similarly, they proved superior FRAP (1427 ± 9.61 and 1377 ± 13.61 µmol Trolox/ 100 g) and highest ABTS activity (80.19 ± 0.55 and 68.38 ± 0.19%), which are higher activities compared to BHA (88.42 ± 0.24% at 100 µg/mL). Furthermore, all samples gave noticeable cytotoxicity at the same concentration (100 µg/mL), especially the flower extract and compound 3 which showed a relatively high effect on the viability of EACC (81.12 ± 0.24 and 77.21 ± 0.76 %, respectively) relative to vincristine reference drug (90.64 ± 0.39 %). Based on the findings, the extracts and isolates can be considered as potent antioxidant and cytotoxic natural agents, especially flower extract and isoorientin (3), which may supply novel insight into their likely application in pharmaceutical industries.

Chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-cancer activities of Nepeta deflersiana Schweinf. Ex Hedge and Marrubium vulgare L. essential oils: a comparative study

This work focuses on evaluating the chemical composition, biological potency and in silico computational studies of selected identified molecules in the essential oils obtained from Nepeta deflersiana (Lamiaceae) and Marrubium vulgare (Lamiaceae) plants. The essential oils were extracted using Clevenger-type system and analyzed by gas chromatography-based techniques (GC-FID and GC-MS) using a HP-5MS column. Twenty constituents were identified in Nepeta deflersiana essential oil (NDEO) whereas forty-three were identified in Marrubium vulgare essential oil (MVEO) representing 99.55% and 94.75% of the total essential oil composition, respectively. 4aα,7α,7aα Nepetalactone was the major component in both NDEO (77.79%) and MVEO (63.67%) and first time reported in Marrubium genus by our group. The antioxidant activity has been determined using DPPH, TEAC and FRAP methods and expressed as μmol Trolox equivalent/g. All the spectrophotometric assays proved the strong radical scavenging and reducing power of MVEO. The antimicrobial activities revealed moderate to significant antibacterial potential and no inhibitory effect was observed against C. albicans. NDEO showed the highest effectiveness against S. pneumoniae (24 mm zone of inhibition, MIC 25 μg/mL). Cytotoxicity assessment against two breast cancers (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and one prostate cancer cell (PC-3) revealed that MVEO was more cytotoxic than NDEO to the tested breast cell lines (IC50 = 30.11 for MCF-7 and 68.25 μg/mL for MDA-MB-231) while moderately inhibited prostate cancer cells (IC50 = 135.60 μg/mL). In silico computation study for selected ingredients suggested that they have drug-likeness properties.

Effect of cassava-banana flour composition and soy protein isolate addition on bread quality and antioxidant properties of gluten-free bread

The effect of cassava-banana flour formulation and soy protein isolate (SPI) addition on gluten-free bread quality and antioxidant properties has been studied. The gluten-free flour composition was 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25 for cassava & banana flour with SPI levels ranged 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5%. Wheat bread was used as control. Different gluten-free flour formulations and SPI addition affected the quality of gluten-free bread (height, specific volume, hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, and resilience) significantly. Banana flour gave a better specific volume compared to cassava flour, and the addition of SPI also increased the height and specific volume of gluten-free bread. Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS)) of gluten-free bread were altered by the type of flour composition and SPI addition. Banana flour composition increased TPC & antioxidant capacities. The SPI inclusion on the gluten-free bread also increased TPC and antioxidant activities. The highest DPPH and ABTS content were achieved from 25:75 cassava: banana flour with 5% and 0 % SPI addition (3.25 and 3.16 μmol Trolox equivalent (TE) respectively). These values were higher than the wheat bread control (2.04, and 2.92 μmol TE/100 g, respectively). It can be inferred that banana flour and SPI inclusion in the gluten-free bread gave a better gluten-free bread quality and enhanced antioxidant capacities.

Enhanced Two-Step Extraction from Biomass of Two Cymbopogon Species Cultivated in Santander, Colombia.

The insertion of circular economy principles into the essential oil (EO) production chain aims to reduce waste generation and make integral use of harvested plant material. Higher profits from integral use with reduced waste generation contribute to the eventual use of the EO value chain as an alternative to illicit crops in Colombia (mostly coca). In this study, Java-type citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) and palmarosa (C. martinii) plant materials were used in two consecutive processes to obtain EOs and extracts. The residual biomass after EO distillation was subjected to ultrasound-assisted hydroethanolic extraction to afford extracts that contained bioactive compounds. Citronella and palmarosa were distilled with typical EO yields (1.0 ± 0.1% for citronella; 0.41 ± 0.06% for palmarosa; n = 5) either through hydrodistillation assisted by microwave radiation or through steam distillation, and their composition (determined via GC/FID/MS analysis) and physicochemical parameters fell within their ISO standard specifications. The concentration of citronellal, the major compound of citronella oil, was 500 ± 152 mg/g. Geraniol, the main component of palmarosa oil, was found at 900 ± 55 mg/g. The citronella and palmarosa hydroalcoholic extracts (4-11% yield) were analyzed with UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS, which permitted the identification of 30 compounds, mainly C-glycosylated flavones and hydroxycinnamic acids. Both extracts had similar antioxidant activity values, evaluated using the ABTS+● and ORAC assays (110 ± 44 µmol Trolox®/g extract and 1300 ± 141 µmol Trolox®/g extract, respectively).

Effect of packaging materials on the bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and shelf life of germinated brown rice during storage

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesGerminated brown rice (GBR) has been proposed as a strategy to alleviate chronic disorders by delivering nutrients and biologically active substances; therefore, appropriate packaging materials and storage are necessary to preserve these bioactive phytochemicals. In this research, we investigated the bioactive compounds, antioxidant activities, and microbial load of GBR and ungerminated brown rice stored in low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) pouches for a period of 9 months.FindingsThe storage of GBR samples packed in LDPE and LLDPE was evaluated in terms of changes in the moisture content (MC), water activity (aw), color (L* value), bioactive components, antioxidant activities, and microbial growth. The MC, aw, and L* values of GBR increased with prolonged storage, with a slower increase observed in samples packed in LLDPE (from 9.47% to 10.94%, from 0.394% to 0.507%, and from 59.24% to 70.68%, respectively). The bioactive components, including γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), γ‐oryzanol, niacin, and total phenolic contents, decreased in both packaging materials, but the decrease was minimum in samples packed in LLDPE (from 48.18 to 37.72 mg/100 g, from 72.73 to 63.92 mg/100 g, from 4.14% to 3.67%, and from 87.60% to 78.69%, respectively). The antioxidant activities of GBR were preserved when packed in LLDPE pouches stored under ambient conditions. 1,1‐Diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl increased from 83.11 to 71.85 μmol TE/100 g and ferric‐reducing antioxidant power decreased from 16.28 to 10.67 μmol trolox equivalents (TE)/100 g, respectively, in GBR samples packed in LLDPE. The increase in free fatty acids and the total plate count was more rapid in samples packed in LDPE (0.24–0.46 mg KOH/100 g and 0.00–1.04 colony‐forming unit (CFU)/g, respectively), whereas the increase was effectively delayed in samples packed in LLDPE (0.24–0.37 mg KOH/100 g and 0.00–0.71 CFU/g, respectively).ConclusionIn the present study, it is concluded that the use of LLDPE as a packaging material for GBR could significantly retain its biologically active components and delay the deterioration of its quality during storage.Significance and NoveltyProper storage is crucial for maintaining the quality of rice from harvest to consumption, and the use of LDPE and LLDPE pouches as packaging materials for GBR presents a novel approach that has not been extensively explored. The results of the current study demonstrate that storage of GBR in LLDPE pouches proved to be a highly effective method for preserving the valuable biologically active components, highlighting the potential of this packaging material for extending the shelf life and maintaining the nutritional value of GBR.

Drying treatment impact on oil yield extracted from black soldier fly larvae using supercritical carbon dioxide and its biological activities

Abstract Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae are considered economically viable as an alternative source of oil and bioactive compounds. The drying and extraction methods are critical steps in the extraction of oil and have an impact on the characteristics and composition of the extracted oil. Supercritical CO2 extraction of oil from black soldier fly larvae allows for the extraction of important bioactive compounds and oils while causing the least amount of change. The effect of different pre-treatment tray-drying and freeze-drying methods on the quantity and biological activities of oil extracted from black soldier fly larvae using supercritical CO2 was investigated in this study. Oil extraction from tray-dried and freeze-dried black soldier fly larvae samples could be done at low temperatures for a shorter extraction time, resulting in higher yields while avoiding the negative effects of high temperatures on lipids and other valuable components. The oil extracted from tray-dried and freeze-dried black soldier fly larvae contained major fatty acid compositions such as lauric acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid, as well as total phenolic compounds (0.067-0.113 mg gallic acid/g oil), antioxidant capacity 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhdrazyl (DPPH) (0.36-0.56 μmol Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC)/10 g oil), and antioxidant capacity 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) (0.23-0.55 μmol TEAC/10 g oil, and ferric reducing antioxidant power antioxidant capacity (0.33-0.64 μmol TEAC/10 g oil). The oil extracted from tray-dried and freeze-dried larvae samples had a shelf life of approximately 2.42-3.63 months and 2.51-3.40 months, respectively, at storage temperatures ranging from 25 to 55 °C. The oil extracted from tray-dried and freeze-dried larvae samples extracted using supercritical CO2 had high acid values which could inhibit keratinocyte growth by 76.70 and 75.04%, respectively, at 100 mg/ml concentrations. Furthermore, the tray-drying and freeze-drying methods had no effect on the physicochemical properties of the supercritical CO2-extracted oil from dried black soldier fly larvae samples.

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) and Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) Extracts as Potential Radioprotective Agents: Relation to Their Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Capacity

Ionising radiation is an important form of treatment for human cancer; however, the side effects associated with oxidative damage caused by radiation compromise its effectiveness. This work aimed to quantify the major bioactive components of freeze-dried kiwifruit (KD) and strawberry (SD) extracts and assess their potential efficacy as radioprotective agents in human blood lymphocytes. Their possible genotoxic and cytotoxic effects were also evaluated. The study was conducted by pre-treating human lymphocytes with KD and SD (50, 400, and 800 µg/mL) before radiation at 2 Gy. The results showed that SD presented a higher antioxidant capacity (12.6 mmol Trolox equivalents/100 g db) and higher values of total phenolic compounds (2435 mg of gallic acid equivalents/100 g db), while KD had the highest vitamin C content (322 mg ascorbic acid/100 g db). Regarding phenolic compounds, pelargonidin-3-glucoside was the most abundant in SD (1439 mg/1000 g db) and quercetin-3-O-galactoside in KD (635 mg/1000 g db). None of the tested concentrations of both fruit extracts showed a genotoxic effect. SD (800 µg/mL) reduced the sister chromatid exchange frequency and mitotic index. The efficacy of KD (400 and 800 µg/mL) in lowering the dicentric chromosome frequency demonstrated its radioprotective activity.

Isolation and Identification of Antioxidant Peptides Derived from Cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) Protein Fractions.

Crickets contain high protein content that can be used to improve nutrition but are less exploited. This study was conducted to isolate different Cricket Protein Fractions including albumin, globulin, glutelin, and prolamin. All fractions were characterized and hydrolyzed by commercial enzymes. The results showed that the glutelin fractions had the highest extraction yields with 53.9 ± 2.12% (p < 0.05). Moreover, glutelin hydrolysate fraction prepared by Alcalase with a 16.35 ±0.29% hydrolysis degree was selected for further purification because of their high antioxidant activities, including ABTS radical-scavenging activity (0.44-0.55 µmol Trolox eq./g) and metal chelating activity (1721.99-1751.71 µmol EDTA eq./g). Two active fractions, GA-1 (<3 kDa) and GA-2 (<3 kDa), were collected from the consecutive purification of glutelin hydrolysates, which included processes such as membrane ultrafiltration and gel filtration. The fractions were analyzed by LC-MS/MS to obtain 10 peptides with 3-13 amino acids identified as TEAPLNPK, EVGA, KLL, TGNLPGAAHPLLL, AHLLT, LSPLYE, AGVL, VAAV, VAGL, and QLL with a molecular weight range of 359.23-721.37 Da in the two fractions. The amino acid sequence shows a prevalence of hydrophobic amino acids (50-100%) such as valine and leucine in the peptide chains, accounting for its high antioxidant activity. In conclusion, cricket glutelin hydrolysate prepared by Alcalase can serve as an alternative source of potent edible bioactive peptides in functional food products.

Ultrasonic-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles through cinnamon extract: biochemical, structural, and antimicrobial properties

ABSTRACT Ultrasonic-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles is gaining more attention owing to its benefits over conventional synthesis process. The main objective of this study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles with aqueous cinnamon extract using ultrasound-assisted extraction and their physico-chemical characterization. Total phenolic content, DPPH, FRAP of cinnamon aqueous extract were 315 mg GAE/g, 89% scavenging activity and 9.5 mmol Trolox eq/100 g reducing power respectively. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-rays Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-rays (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). XRD spectra depicted that the nanoparticles were crystallite in structure and 50 nm in size. SEM micrographs showed that nanoparticles were spherical in shape. EDX, FTIR and NMR spectra indicated that the phenolic compounds present in cinnamon aqueous extract played their role in capping and reducing the silver ions. Cinnamon-based silver nanoparticles showed potential antimicrobial activity against Gram negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Thus, cinnamon extract obtained through ultrasonic-assisted extraction could be a valuable source of polyphenols, which actively participated in the reduction and stabilization of silver nanoparticles.

Revealing the polar lipidome, pigment profiles, and antioxidant activity of the giant unicellular green alga, Acetabularia acetabulum.

Marine algae are one of the most important sources of high-value compounds such as polar lipids, omega-3 fatty acids, photosynthetic pigments, or secondary metabolites with interesting features for different niche markets. Acetabularia acetabulum is a macroscopic green single-celled alga, with a single nucleus hosted in the rhizoid. This alga is one of the most studied dasycladalean species and represents an important model system in cell biology studies. However, its lipidome and pigment profile have been overlooked. Total lipid extracts were analyzed using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HILIC-HRMS), tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant capacity of lipid extracts was tested using DPPH and ABTS assays. Lipidomics identified 16 polar lipid classes, corresponding to glycolipids, betaine lipids, phospholipids, and sphingolipids, with a total of 191 lipid species, some of them recognized by their bioactivities. The most abundant polar lipids were glycolipids. Lipid classes less studied in algae were identified, such as diacylglyceryl-carboxyhydroxymethylcholine (DGCC) or hexosylceramide (HexCer). The pigment profile of A. acetabulum comprised carotenoids (17.19%), namely cis-neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein and β,β-carotene, and chlorophylls a and b (82.81%). A. acetabulum lipid extracts showed high antioxidant activity promoting a 50% inhibition (IC50 ) with concentrations of 57.91 ± 1.20 μg · mL-1 (438.18 ± 8.95 μmol Trolox · g-1 lipid) in DPPH and 20.55 ± 0.60 μg · mL-1 in ABTS assays (918.56 ± 27.55 μmol Trolox · g-1 lipid). This study demonstrates the potential of A. acetabulum as a source of natural bioactive molecules and antioxidant compounds.

Wine Polyphenol Content during the Fermentation of Vitis vinifera CS Grapes and Its Relationship with the Presence of Minerals in the Resulting Wine

The content of minerals and bioactive compounds in wine depends on various factors, among which are the origin of the grapes, their phenolic composition, and the winemaking process. This study monitored the physicochemical parameters, phenolic compound contents, and antioxidant capacity of the red grape Vitis vinifera L. “Cabernet Sauvignon” harvested in three Mexican vineyards during the first nine days of the fermentation process. The bioactive compounds and elemental composition (determined by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry, ICP-OES) were correlated. The fermentation process decreased from 22 to 5 °Bx in all cases, while the acidity increased from 6.5 to 8 g of tartaric acid/L, decreasing the pH. The phenolic compounds extracted during the winemaking ranged from 1400 to 1600 gallic acid equivalent/L, while the antioxidant capacity was 9 mmol Trolox equivalent. The bioactive compounds identified by HPLC were resveratrol, piceid, catechin, and epicatechin. The presence of Na, Mg, and Fe was correlated with antioxidant capacity, while higher Mn, Pb, Zn, and Cu contents were related to the presence of resveratrol, piceid, and catechin in Cabernet Sauvignon wine. Thus, certain minerals present in the soil that were transferred to the V. vinifera grapes can influence the amount and type of bioactive compounds present in the wine. The phenolic content and, therefore, the organoleptic characteristics of the wine are related to the mineral composition of the vine-growing soil (origin).

Influence of spontaneous and inoculated fermentation of açai on simulated digestion, antioxidant capacity and cytotoxic activity

This work describes the kinetic study of different types (spontaneous, lactic and alcoholic) of açai fermentation in terms of total phenolics and total anthocyanins, as well as antioxidant capacity, before and after simulated digestion (SD). Cytotoxicity (A549, HCT8 and IMR90 cells) and formation of reactive oxygen species (A549 cells) were also evaluated. The results revealed that spontaneous fermentation (SF) for 24 h, followed by SD, generated a product with greater bioaccessibility of phenolics (52.68%) and cyanidin-3-glucoside (27.01%) than unfermented açai. Likewise, lactic fermentation (LF) for 72 h improved the bioavailability of phenolics (64.49%) and cyanidin-3-rutinoside (20.00%). On the other hand, alcoholic fermentation (AF) decreased the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins after SD. The SF 24 h (10.16 ± 1.25 μmol Trolox /g) and LF 72 h (15.90 ± 0.51 μmol Trolox /g) significantly increased the antioxidant capacity after SD, when compared to unfermented açai (SF 0 h, 4.00 ± 0.09 μmol Trolox /g; LF 0 h, 10.57 ± 0.91 μmol Trolox /g). It was concluded that the samples did not show cytotoxicity in the cell lines tested and, in addition, AF 24 h showed antioxidant and antimutagenic effects in vitro, reducing about 40% of chromosomal aberrations. The results obtained provide important information that can be used to produce foods with greater bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds.

Effect of different fermentation conditions on bioactive properties, phenolic component and sensory properties of caper (Capparis ovata desf. var. ovata) buds

In this study, the antioxidant activities of caper buds, total phenolic acid content, carotenoid, flavonoid, phenolic components and total phenolic acid content of caper buds after fermentation of caper flower buds in separately 10% brine (NaCl2) containing 5% flower honey, 5% pine honey, 5% granulated sugar and 5% glucose syrup and to reveal their sensory properties were investigated. The difference of this study from other studies is the use of honey, glucose and saccharide (sugar) in addition to the use of salt in lactic acid fermentation, the main difference being the use of caper buds and the innovation. Total carotenoid contents of raw (control) and fermented caper buds were determined between 0.27 µg/g (Glucose supplemented) and 9.40 µg/g (control (raw)). In addition, the total phenolic content of raw and fermented caper buds was measured between 106.45 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g (raw) and 231.07 mg GAE/100 g (with added sugar), while the total flavonoid values of raw and fermented caper buds are determined between 242.26 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/100 g (raw) to 453.48 mg QE/100 g (sugar added). In addition, antioxidant activity values of raw and fermented caper buds were measured between 6.04 mmol trolox equivalent (TE)/kg (with added salt) and 7.75 mmol TE/kg (with added sugar). Gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and catechin were the dominant phenolic components of raw and fermented caper buds. Caper buds fermented in brine with added sugar and glucose were the most appreciated.