mmWave Technology Research Articles

Enhancing Bandwidth, Gain, and Efficiency of a Compact Cylindrical CDRA Antenna through Geometric Modifications at 28 GHz

This article presents the design and analysis of a compact Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna (CDRA) optimized for operation at 28 GHz, a key frequency for 5G and millimeter-wave (mm-wave) applications. The antenna utilizes a compact dielectric resonator with an outer radius of 2 mm and a height of 1.156 mm, made from a material with a relative permittivity (????????) of 12.7. These dimensions and material characteristics ensure a compact size suitable for modern communication technologies and maintain good radiation and field confinement properties. At a feed height (ℎ) of 4.75 mm and width (????????) of 0.7 mm, the feeding structure properly couples to the resonator with a good bandwidth, moderate gain, and radiation efficiency. The proposed design, with the adequate bandwidth for 28 GHz mm-wave transmission, presents a good tradeoff in size versus performance that ensures interoperability with 5G networks. The ???????? values chosen have conserved enough bandwidth and thermal stability along with improved field confinement as well as downsizing of the proposed antenna. Simulation and analysis ensure the suitability of the antenna for high-performance, small-sized applications including satellite communications, IoT, and mobile devices. It has been demonstrated how CDRA designs can be utilized for next-generation wireless systems, which require broadband, small, and efficient antennas, using the CST program in this article. This finding holds significant practical ramifications, especially with the advancement of next-generation wireless communication technologies. For such stringent requirements from 5G and mm-wave technologies, the small Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna exhibited excellent performance in terms of gain, high bandwidth, and efficiency. Its high bandwidth allows it to offer stable connectivity and fast data transfer, thus allowing for seamless communication in applications that include satellite systems, mobile networks, and the Internet of Things. Its small size easily integrates it in phased array systems and portable devices, which keep up with an increasing demand to have more compact and effective antennas in areas such as space restrictions. The signal losses are much reduced by increased impedance matching as well as an improved radiation efficiency, and as a result, the system performs well overall. These results demonstrate the potential of this proposed design as critical to advancing modern wireless infrastructure through the creation of a practical, high-performance solution for demanding, high-bandwidth applications.

Performance Evaluation of mmWave Communication for Real-Time UAV-Base Station Links

Introduction: In the context of modern communication networks, the increasing demand for high data rates, minimal latency, and improved reliability—especially in scenarios involving Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)—calls for innovative solutions. Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication emerges as a fitting choice due to its capacity to offer ample bandwidth and high data rates. Methods: This research paper presents a comprehensive study that compares the performance of mmWave communication links across four different frequencies (6, 28, 60, and 120 GHz) for UAV-to-Base Station (BS) communication. The investigation, conducted through simulations, adheres to atmospheric conditions such as rain and fog, different environments (urban and rural) scenarios. It evaluates the suitability of mmWave frequencies using critical performance metrics: latency, received power, Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal-to-Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR). These metrics play a fundamental role in assessing communication link quality. Results: Our findings reveal that leveraging higher mmWave frequencies—specifically 60 and 120 GHz—significantly enhances UAV-to-BS communication performance. Compared to lower frequencies, these higher bands exhibit reduced latency, higher data rates, and improved throughput. Consequently, mmWave frequencies beyond 60 GHz prove well-suited for UAV communication, facilitating efficient data exchange with minimal delay. Conclusion: Furthermore, the potential for reduced interference and enhanced reliability at these elevated frequencies makes them particularly advantageous in applications requiring seamless connectivity. Examples include UAV-assisted emergency response, surveillance, and remote sensing. These insights hold substantial implications for the design and deployment of UAV communication systems, highlighting mmWave technology’s transformative potential in the emerging era of aerial communication.

Millimeter wave–3D massive MIMO: Deep prior‐aided graph neural network combining with hierarchical residual learning for beamspace channel estimation

SummaryMillimeter Wave (mmWave) communication has emerged as a transformative technology at the forefront of wireless communication. One of the key challenges in harnessing the potential of mmWave technology is overcoming the increased susceptibility to propagation losses and environmental obstacles. To address these challenges, Three‐Dimensional Massive Multiple‐Input Multiple‐Output (3D Massive MIMO) systems have gained traction. The 3D aspect extends this concept by considering the elevation dimension, allowing for enhanced spatial resolution and coverage. Accurate estimation of the channel in 3D Massive MIMO scenarios is particularly challenging because of the complex propagation characteristics of mmWave signals. This paper introduces an efficient‐Aided Graph Neural Network Combining with Hierarchical Residual Learning (DPrGNN‐HrResNetL), designed specifically for beamspace Channel Estimation (CE)in mmWave‐Massive MIMO environments. The proposed model leverages deep priors and GNN mechanisms to enhance the extraction of spatial features, while hierarchical residual connections facilitate effective information flow through the network. DPrGNN enables the model to capture and understand complex spatial relationships among different antenna elements. The incorporation of deep priors provides a mechanism for leveraging prior knowledge about channel characteristics. This enhances the efficiency of the learning process, allowing the model to learn and adapt more effectively. The integration of hierarchical residual connections facilitates effective information flow through the network. This is particularly important for modeling complex dependencies within the beamspace channel data, enhancing the learning capacity of the network. The performance of the DPrGNN‐HrResNetL model is evaluated across a range of Signal‐to‐Noise Ratios (SNRs), utilizing metrics such as Normalized Mean Squared Error (NMSE) to measure the accuracy of the estimation. The outcomes underscore the resilience and efficacy of the DPrGNN‐HrResNetL approach in achieving precise CE within demanding mmWave scenarios.

Discovering Millimeter Wave Technology forNext-Generation (5g) Communication: A Review

Millimeter Wave (mmWave) frequencies, a factor of the electromagnetic spectrum, provide a varied array of frequency bands that can be connected for the development of 5G mobile communication technologies. These frequency bands proposal a substantial view for advancing data transfer rates and network capacity inside the area of wireless communication. However, the employment of mmWave technology faces numerous challenges and obstacles that must be fixed. One of the key challenges relates to propagation losses, which have the possible to disturb the effectiveness of signal propagation over unlimited distances. Furthermore, accomplishing accurate beam alignment represents a vital obstacle in guaranteeing precise signal transmission between transmitters and receivers, thus optimizing the total efficiency of 5G infrastructures. An additional difficulty to be overcame is the existence of signal reflection paths, which may result in interference and signal decline if not effectively managed. In conflict, technique similar to beamforming policies is vital progression revealing the potential of mmWave which is utilize many antennas operating together and automatically instruction and intensive the signal to the selected recipient with notable precision. In addition,participating phased antenna arrays as improvements in antenna technology and reduced antennas and integrated circuits is extra advancement in 5G technology. Furthermore, scattering applications challenging high precision as a result of the high-frequency nature of mmWave and realizing multi-gigabit-per-second has the beneficial comprise the possible for maximum-capacity wireless broadcast at high data rates. The determination of these challenges is authoritative for revealing the comprehensive potential of mmWave technology and exploiting on the advantages it can offer to the realmfield of mobile communications.

Millimeter-Wave V2V Communication: Unveiling Challenges and Opportunities for Safe and Efficient Transportation

Millimeter-wave technology promises to revolutionize vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Unlike other systems, mmWave has a broad spectrum with high bandwidth, enabling vehicles to continuously share information as the precise location, speed and sensor data freely. This means that cars can perceive their environment better in that they become aware of their surroundings. mmWave V2V communication enables the exchange of information in real-time, and this is crucial in promoting cooperative perception which ensures improved road safety as it quickens how cars recognize or react to possible dangers. However, additional studies in mmWave technology are necessary to effectively address the problem of interference and signal reliability in high-speed traffic conditions. Moreover, the creation of inexpensive mmWave transceivers and signal processing algorithms is needed to make it viable for every-day vehicles. As these challenges are tackled, mmWave V2V communication can bring about the next revolution in the field of transportation, which allows for the development of a fully connected and intelligent transportation infrastructure. Keywords- Millimetre-wave, V2V communication, Signal processing algorithms, High bandwidth.

Challenges for High Frequency Measurement of Low Loss Dielectric Material

The fifth Generation (5G) mobile communication era is expected to address the insatiable need for data communication by introducing mmWave technology and protocols. The unprecedented latencies offered by 5G Networks will enable users to indulge in gigabit speed immersive services regardless of geographical and time dependent factors. The key to enabling this architecture is packaging and system integration, especially involving an effective antenna structure and RFIC communication in cost-effective, small form-factor packages. As full speed development, demonstration and qualification of mmWave systems have accelerated in 2017, different design and packaging architectures are emerging. This PDC will provide a comprehensive landscape of package development options including LTCC, eWLB/FOWLP as well as laminate based packaging. The specific requirements of materials and process needs (low dielectric material, copper roughness requirements) are discussed. Multiple different package structures are presented as case studies to demonstrate comparative performance of eWLB vs laminate packages. Product application spaces ranging from mobile/handheld to network infrastructures and automotive/satellite radars are highlighted. Key aspects and guidelines towards a cost/performance trade-off analysis will be summarized.

Beam-space MIMO-NOMA Technique for mm-Wave Communication Systems

The multi-input-multi-output-antenna Scheme is regarded as the most promising method for next-generation wireless communication networks that employ millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies and enable them to have a large information throughput. As a result of the large number of radio frequency chains, MIMO mm-wave technology has difficulty with energy consumption. The beam space MIMO (or BS-MIMO for short) reduces the total number of radio frequency components or chains (RF-Chains) without degrading performance significantly. Yeti, VS-MIMO restricts the number of clients that can be supported at the same time-frequency domain (cannot exceed the overall RF-chains number ). In order to cope with such problems, it has been intended to include the NOMA technique (which stands for Non-Orthogonal-Multiple-Access) with the concept of beam space to create the extra model of Non-Orthogonal beam space-MIMO (NOMA-BS-MIMO). With such a scheme the base station can support the service for more than one client (supposed to have correlated channels) through the same beam employing the same radio frequency chain, causing the total clients number greater than the number of employed radio chains in the system. In this research, the Spectral Efficiency of a proposed Non-Orthogonal beam space-MIMO has been considered. More specifically, the research proposes and develops a simple iterative algorithm with near-perfect performance in terms of system Spectral Efficiency. To achieve rate balancing across users, the proposed method, SLNR-IV, employs the signal-to-leakage-plus-noise ratio (SLNR) and the intermediate value method. Considering algorithm validity and a particular parameter setting scenario, the proposed strategy improves bandwidth efficiency by around 15% in comparison to the conventional approach based on OFDM and Zero-forcing digital precoder.

A Survey on UAV Network for Secure Communication and Attack Detection: A focus on Q-learning, Blockchain, IRS and mmWave Technologies

A Survey on UAV Network for Secure Communication and Attack Detection: A focus on Q-learning, Blockchain, IRS and mmWave Technologies

Optimizing Connectivity and Coverage for Millimeter-Wave-Based Networks

In this article, the problem of achieving the minimum backbone connectivity cost while simultaneously maximizing user coverage for 5G millimeter-wave (mmWave)-based networks is considered. Let G=(N,E) be an input graph instance with a set of nodes N (base stations) and a set of edges E. It is assumed that G represents a wireless backbone network. Let M represent a set of users to be covered by G. Note that mmWave technology has been considered in the literature as an important candidate solution for 5G networks due to its low latency. However, there remain some problems to be addressed before using this technology. A serious one is that millimeter waves cannot cover large transmission distances. In this article, the proposed methodology consists of formulating mixed-integer programming models to deal with the problem from a management point of view. Our models allow the determination of which of the nodes of G should be active and connected while simultaneously maximizing the total number of covered users. The models are solved with the CPLEX solver using its branch and cut and automatic Benders decomposition algorithms. For this purpose, symmetric complete and sparse graphs are considered. Using the symmetry concept, it is considered that the distances between base stations and users and between base stations themselves are symmetrical. Finally, an efficient local search meta-heuristic is proposed that allows for finding near-optimal solutions. Our numerical experiments indicate that the problem is hard to solve optimally. Thus, instances with up to 40 nodes and 500 users have been solved to optimality so far. In particular, it is observed that one of the models presents slightly better performance in terms of CPU time. Finally, the heuristic approach allows us to obtain tight solutions with less computational effort when dealing with even larger instances of the problem.

Integration of photovoltaic organic materials into mm-wave technologies: towards self-powered phase shifters

Dielectric properties and nonlinear capacitance of PM6:Y7 blend, voltage-dependent phase shifting, and its performance in CPW systems.

5G mm-Wave Technology: Innovative Design of Integrating mm-Wave Wideband Antenna With a Compact CP Microwave Antenna for Diverse Applications

5G mm-Wave Technology: Innovative Design of Integrating mm-Wave Wideband Antenna With a Compact CP Microwave Antenna for Diverse Applications

The Future of Flying Base Stations: Empirical and Numerical Investigations of mmWave-Enabled UAVs

Nowadays, wireless communications are ubiquitously available. However, as pervasive as this technology is, there are distinct situations, such as during substantial public events, catastrophic disasters, or unexpected malfunctions of base stations (BSs), where the reliability of these communications might be jeopardized. Such scenarios highlight the vulnerabilities inherent in our current infrastructure. As a result, there is growing interest in establishing temporary networks that offer high-capacity communications and can adaptively shift service locations. To address this gap, this paper investigates the promising avenue of merging two powerful technologies: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and millimeter-wave (mmWave) transmissions. UAVs, with their ability to be operated remotely and to take flight without being constrained by terrestrial limitations, present a compelling case for being the cellular BSs of the future. When integrated with the high-speed data transfer capabilities of mmWave technology, the potential is boundless. We embark on a hands-on approach to provide a tangible foundation for our hypothesis. We carry out comprehensive experiments using an actual UAV equipped with an mmWave device. Our main objective is to meticulously study its radio wave propagation attributes when the UAVs are in flight mode. The insights gleaned from this hands-on experimentation are profound. We contrast our experimental findings with a rigorous numerical analysis to refine our understanding. This comparative study aimed to shed light on the intricacies of wave propagation behaviors within the vast expanse of the atmosphere.

Age-Optimal Scheduling Over Hybrid Channels

We consider the problem of minimizing the age of information when a source can transmit status updates over two heterogeneous channels. Our work is motivated by recent developments in 5 G mmWave technology, where transmissions may occur over an unreliable but fast (e.g., mmWave) channel or a slow reliable (e.g., sub-6 GHz) channel. The unreliable channel is modeled as a time-correlated Gilbert-Elliot channel at a high rate when the channel is in the “ON” state. The reliable channel provides a deterministic but lower data rate. The scheduling strategy determines the channel to be used for transmission in each time slot, aiming to minimize the time-average age of information (AoI). The optimal scheduling problem is formulated as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), which is challenging to solve because super-modularity does not hold in a part of the state space. We address this challenge and show that a multi-dimensional threshold-type scheduling policy is optimal for minimizing the age. By exploiting the structure of the MDP and analyzing the discrete time Markov chains (DTMCs) of the threshold-type policy, we devise a low-complexity bisection algorithm to compute the optimal thresholds. We compare different scheduling policies using numerical simulations.

A Comprehensive Investigation of Beam Management Through Conventional and Deep Learning Approach

5G spectrum uses cutting-edge technology which delivers high data rates, low latency, increased capacity, and high spectrum utilization. To cater to these requirements various technologies are available such as Multiple Access Technology (MAT), Multiple Input Multiple Output technology (MIMO), Millimetre (mm) wave technology, Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Technology (NOMA), Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT). Of all available technologies, mmWave is prominent as it provides favorable opportunities for 5G. Millimeter-wave is capable of providing a high data rate i.e., 10 Gbit/sec. Also, a tremendous amount of raw bandwidth is available i.e., around 250 GHz, which is an attractive characteristic of the mmWave band to relieve mobile data traffic congestion in the low frequency band. It has a high frequency i.e., 30 – 300 GHz, giving very high speed. It has a very short wavelength i.e., 1-10mm, because of this it provides the compact size of the component. It will provide a throughput of up to 20 Gbps. It has narrow beams and will increase security and reduce interference. When the main beam of the transmitter and receiver are not aligned properly there is a problem in ideal communication. To solve this problem beam management is one of the solutions to form a strong communication link between transmitter and receiver. This paper aims to address challenges in beam management and proposes a framework for realization. Towards the same, the paper initially introduces various challenges in beam management. Towards building an effective beam management system when a user is moving, various steps are present like beam selection, beam tracking, beam alignment, and beam forming. Hence the subsequent sections of the paper illustrate various beam management procedures in mmWave using conventional methods as well as using deep learning techniques. The paper also presents a case study on the framework's implementation using the above-mentioned techniques in mmWave communication. Also glimpses on future research directions are detailed in the final sections. Such beam management techniques when used for mmWave technology will enable build fast, efficient, and capable 5G networks.

DIGITAL BEAMFORMING AND MILIMETER WAVE (mmWave) IN 5G NETWORK

This paper gives an overview of the application of digital beamforming in the deployment of mmWave in 5G networks. It x-rays a little insight into the evolution of networks and the main aim of the 5G networks. It also looked at the concept of digital beamforming and the mmwave technology; going further to consider the implementation, benefits and challenges of digital beamforming and milimeter wave (mmwave) in 5G network.

Evaluation of Commercially Available Fall Detection Systems.

Falls are a serious problem in the hospital setting and home environments. However, this problem does not only affect the elderly, but also people who have had surgery, have disabling problems, have associated diagnoses (such as poor eyesight, confusion, etc.) or are dizzy or have walking aids. The aim of research was to find, compare and implement fall detectors especially for the hospital environment. This paper summarizes possible fall detectors. Various technological solutions were selected for testing, including wearable technologies as well as contactless technologies based on PIR detectors and mmWave technologies. The selected fall detectors were tested in living laboratory of HEALTHLab.vsb.cz and then in Hospital AGEL Třinec - Podlesí. The best result of the testing was the use of two Vayyar Home Care devices in one room, thus achieving a detection accuracy of 92.50 % and a sensitivity of 92.50 %.

Performance analysis of mmWave radio propagations in an indoor environment for 5G networks

Existing wireless communications in the sub-6 GHz bands are facing challenges from the growing demand for higher data rates and better quality of services. To satisfy these demands, the fifth generation (5G) mobile network would consider unused spectrum in the millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum (30–300 GHz). The shortage of bandwidth in the sub-6 GHz band is solved using mmWave technology. Furthermore, mmWave provides significantly higher throughput, data rate, and capacity. Despite the fact that a huge bandwidth is employed, mmWave technology suffers from diffuse scattering from rough materials, path loss, reflection loss, atmospheric attenuation, building penetration loss, and shadowing which leads to a decrease in the transmitted signal power. Therefore, a reliable and accurate channel model is important in the mmWave bands, particularly for the indoor environment. Moreover, by using technologies like beam-forming and others coupled with mmWave, the listed impairments are minimized. In this work, we analyze the performance of different path loss models (CI, free space, and two rays) at 38, 60, and 73 GHz carrier frequencies in terms of path loss in terms of separation distance between transmitter and receiver. Additionally, we have evaluated the performance of the path loss with respect to the break point distance to enhance the received signal power and throughput. We have also done analysis of the directional power delay profile with received signal power, path loss and path loss exponent (PLE) at 38 GHz and 73 GHz mmWave bands for both LOS and NLOS by using uniform linear array (ULA) 2 × 2 and 64 × 16 antenna configurations using the channel model simulator (NYUSIM). The simulation results show the performance of different path loss models in the mmWave and sub 6 GHz bands. Path loss in the close-in (CI) model at mmWave bands is larger than that of free space and two ray path loss models, because it considers all shadowing and reflection effects between transmitter and receiver.

Sub-6 GHz V2X-assisted MmWave optimal scheduling for vehicular networks

Sub-6 GHz assisted millimeter wave (mmWave) technology is a promising solution to address the ever-increasing data exchange demand in Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication. The omni-directional sub-6 GHz channels exchange vehicle and control information in the vehicular network, while the directional mmWave technology is used for high-rate data transmission. Consider the huge amounts of vehicular data, the transmission constraints imposed by mmWave, and the unique vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) data features, a sub-6 GHz assisted-mmWave scheduling algorithm is needed to facilitate V2X data transmission. Existing scheduling algorithms in the literature fall short of addressing realistic V2X data features. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a novel objective to maximize the network utility that succinctly captures realistic V2X data features, including varying data sizes, data importance and their freshness decay with transmission delay. We formulate the scheduling problem into a novel mixed-integer sum-of-ratios optimization problem. To solve the challenging NP-complete problem, we first derive an equivalent parametric mixed-integer linear programming problem with existence and uniqueness proofs. Next, we provide the necessary condition for the optimality of the equivalent problem. A novel Parameterization-based Iterative Algorithm (PIA) is then developed to learn the global optimal solution with convergence analysis. Comparative simulation studies with the brute-force algorithm, the widely used branch and bound (BB) method, the greedy algorithm, and our previously developed maximum weight matching based iterative algorithm (MWMIA) are conducted to verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed PIA scheduling algorithm.

A Low-Power mmWave Platform for the Internet of Things

With the advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT), billions of devices will be connected to the Internet, enabling new applications such as digital twin, augmented reality, and smart home. These applications have placed a huge strain on today's wireless network. mmWave technology is promising to solve this problem by providing a large bandwidth over the very-high-frequency spectrum band. However, most mmWave radios and platforms have much higher power consumption than what IoT devices and their applications can afford. Hence, mmWave networks cannot be utilized in most IoT applications today. In this work, we present a novel low-power mmWave platform, which brings this technology to IoT applications. Our approach to design this platform is to take a holistic view and optimize the whole wireless system by considering practical challenges in mmWave communication. Our lowcost and low-power platform not only brings mmWave communication to IoT applications, but also enables researchers that do not have hardware background to work on mmWave research.

5G MMWAVE Set to Transform Industry

Maryam rofougaran discusses the four megatrends for 5G mmWave technology in 2023