μM Trolox Research Articles

Punica Granatum Rind Extract Promotes Mouse Liver Mitochondrial Function and Attenuates Paraquat Toxicity in a Caenorhabditis Elegans Model

Punica granatum (pomegranate) has drawn the interest of the scientific community due to its rich array of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. Evidence supports the fruit's role in preventing free radical damage in humans. Although various studies have concluded the beneficial effects of pomegranate juice, limited studies have characterized the antioxidant effects of its rind (outer covering/peel; PRE). The goal of our study was to characterize the effects of PRE on oxidative stress. We utilized mouse liver mitochondria and paraquat (PQ) toxicity in a Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model to determine the beneficial effects of PRE. Mitochondria were isolated from C57 male mice liver tissue (6 weeks of age). Phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol liposomes (Lp) were used to induce oxidative stress. Samples were then incubated at 37□ for 2 hours with or without the addition of PRE at two levels (PRE1 and PRE2 represent 60 and 120 μM Trolox equivalent/mL, respectively). Oxygen consumption rate (OCR; nmol O2 consumed/min per mg mitochondria) was used to express the activity of NADH‐CoQ oxidoreductase, succinate dehydrogenase, and cytochrome c oxidase (complex I, II, and IV of electron transport chain, respectively). Antioxidant level in PRE was determined by DPPH‐, ABTS‐ and Folin‐Ciocalteu assays. The experiment was repeated four times. Pre‐incubation of mitochondria with Lp decreased (p < 0.05) OCR by 50% compared with control mitochondria without Lp. However, incubation of Lp with PRE2 increased (p < 0.05) OCR for complex II and IV. No significant changes (p > 0.05) in OCR were observed for complex I with incubation of Lp and PRE 1 or PRE2. Using C. elegans, an oxidative stress resistance assay was performed to explore PREs effects on paraquat toxicity. Wild‐type adult/L4 hermaphrodites were placed in 96‐well plates. PQ was dissolved to a final concentration of 50 μM and half concentration of PRE1 was added for experimental groups. Resistance to oxidative stress was measured through percentage survival at hour time intervals. After 5 hours, mean survival for PQ alone was 61.91±6.56%; PQ groups supplemented with PRE had a mean survival of 88.29±6.18%. The current study suggests that PRE may play a role in preserving mitochondrial function during oxidative stress and attenuates PQ toxicity.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Mineral Elements Bio-Accessibility and Antioxidant Indices of Blanched Basella rubra at Different Phases of in vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion.

The present investigation was designed to evaluate the mineral element bio-accessibility and antioxidant indices of blanched Basella rubra at different phases of simulated in vitro digestion (oral, gastric, and intestinal). The phenolic composition of processed vegetable was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode-array detection method. Mineral composition, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total antioxidant activity (TAA) of the in vitro digested blanched and raw vegetable were also determined. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of some phenolic compounds, with higher levels (mg/g) of polyphenols in raw B. rubra (catechin, 1.12; p-coumaric acid, 6.17; caffeic acid, 2.05) compared with the blanched counterpart, with exeption of chlorogenic acid (2.84), that was higher in blanched vegetable. The mineral content (mg/100 g) showed a higher value in enzyme treated raw vegetable compared to their blanched counterparts, with few exceptions. The results revealed a higher level of some of the evaluated minerals at the intestinal phase of digestion (Zn, 6.36/5.31; Mg, 5.29/8.97; Ca, 2,307.69/1,565.38; Na, 5,128/4,128.21) for raw and blanched respectively, with the exception of Fe, K, and P. The results of the antioxidant indices of in vitro digested B. rubra revealed a higher value at the intestinal phase of in vitro digestion, with raw vegetal matter ranking higher (TPC, 553.56 mg/g; TFC, 518.88 mg/g; FRAP, 8.15 mg/g; TAA, 5,043.16 μM Trolox equivalent/g) than the blanched counterpart. The studied vegetable contains important minerals and antioxidant molecules that would be readily available after passing through the gastrointestinal tract and could be harnessed as functional foods.

Isolation and characterisation of antioxidative peptides from bromelain-hydrolysed brown rice protein by proteomic technique.

In this study, proteins from Thai brown rice (Khao Dawk Mali 105) were separated into albumin (2.18 %), globulin (3.98 %), glutelin (84.23 %), and prolamin (9.61 %) fractions, and were hydrolysed with various bromelain concentrations and hydrolysis times. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was conducted to assess the composition, molecular weight (MW) distribution, and sequence of the resulting peptides, and showed that most peptides have a MW below 2000 Da (60-70 %). Glutelin fraction hydrolysates exhibited the highest 2,2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic (ABTS•+) radical-scavenging (0.69 ± 0.04 µM trolox) and copper chelating (4.12 ± 0.01 mg ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; EDTA) activities, which was further fractionated into six fractions using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The fourth fraction showed the highest ABTS•+ scavenging (1.08 ± 0.03 mM trolox) and copper chelating (5.00 ± 0.02 mg EDTA) activity. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that the peptides with MW less than 1500 Da and hydrophobic or aromatic N-terminal residues, such as SPFWNINAHS, MPVDVIANAYR, VVYFDQTQAQA, and VEVGGGARAP, possibly contributed to the highest antioxidant activity in fourth fraction.

Anti-aging effects of black raspberry extract on cataract, alopecia, skin whitening, and weight loss

Background: To maintain good health, it is important to eliminate extra reactive oxygen generated in the body. Furthermore, ingesting foods containing antioxidants is beneficial. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values for black raspberry extract (BRE), blueberry extract (BBE), and raspberry extract (RBE) are 62, 66, and 49 µM Trolox equivalents (TE)/g respectively. These values are higher than those for typical antioxidant foods that have been discovered so far (3–30 µM TE/g). Our aim was to find new functionality from the food with the high ORAC value. Therefore, we have prepared these four berry extracts and examined whether they have anti-aging effects and if those effects correlate with their antioxidant activities.Methods: We studied the following effects of 4 berry extracts: 1) lens cell protective effects; 2) effects against alopecia; 3) induction of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1), a regulator of fat and energy consumption in adipocytes, and stimulation of irisin secretion from skeletal muscle cells; and 4) inhibitory effects on melanocyte tyrosinase activity. The evaluation method was based on below; 1) a-crystallin, type 17 collagen, heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), UCP1 and Irisin - mRNA by qRT-PCR, 2) the amount of the UCP1 and Irisin protein by ELISA. 3) Inhibition of tyrosinase activity was measured by dopachrome production using L-tyrosine.Results: In lens cells, a-crystallin mRNA expression was induced 1 hour after treatment of the cell with Blabina (a powdered formulation containing BRE) and BRE. The extracts of all four berry species promoted the growth of follicle dermal papilla cells by 3-20% in a concentration-dependent manner. These berry extracts were also discovered to markedly induce the expression of mRNAs of type 17 collagen and HSP47 in the hair follicle stem cell and elevate the expression levels of UCP1 mRNA and its protein in adipocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. BRE and Blabina inhibited 5a-reductase in follicle dermal papilla cells and tyrosinase activity in melanocytes at the concentrations which inhibited dopachrome production by at least 50%. Finally, Blabina was discovered to stimulate the irisin secretion from skeletal muscles.Conclusion: These results suggest that berry extracts, particularly BRE, have anti-aging effects through their higher antioxidant activities.Keywords: Anti-aging; antioxidant; alopecia; black raspberry; weight loss; oxygen radical, absorbance capacity; skin whitening

In vitro antioxidant potential and in vivo effects of Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi leaf extract in diabetic rats and determination of chemical composition by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS

The present study investigated the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant potential and phytochemical composition of Schinus terebinthifolia, which is widely used in folk medicine for various therapeutic purposes. The in vitro analyses indicated that the hydroethanolic extract (HE) had 312.50 ± 0.50 mg GAE/g of total phenols. It also presented anti-DPPH• and anti-ABTS•+ activity, reduced phosphomolybden and metal ions and blocked the bleaching of β-carotene. The HE at concentrations of 3.0 and 2.0 μg/mL had TRAP values of 2.223 ± 0.018 and 1.894 ± 0.026 μM Trolox, respectively. The HE increased the availability of antioxidants in plasma in treated animals in vivo. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS indicated the presence of 11 phenols: cumaric acid, (+)-catechin, myricetin-3-O-glicuronide, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, myricetin, myricitrin, quercetin, gallic acid, methyl galate, pentagalloyl glucose and ethyl galate. Thus, S. terebinthifolia has potential for the prevention or treatment of diseases that are related to oxidative stress, such as diabetes mellitus.

Supplementation of cauda epididymal plasma improves sperm characteristics following liquid preservation of ram semen at 3-5°C.

Mammalian spermatozoa remain immotile and metabolically inactive in the cauda epididymidis, thus maintaining fertility for several weeks. The aim of this study was to functionally characterise and evaluate the effect of cauda epididymal plasma (CEP) on liquid preservation of ram spermatozoa. Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of: (1) CEP and its fractions on sperm motility; (2) CEP (10%, 15%, 20% v/v) on liquid preservation of ram spermatozoa; (3) seminal plasma (SP; 20%, 30%, 50% v/v) on liquid-preserved spermatozoa; and (4) both CEP and post-storage SP treatment on sperm characteristics. Biochemical characterisation of ram CEP revealed high protein (30.9mgmL-1), catalase (68.9IUmL-1), alkaline phosphatase (17.5IUmL-1) activities and total antioxidant capacity (1112µM Trolox equivalent). Progressive motility of prewashed cauda spermatozoa was reduced (P<0.05) by CEP or its protein-rich fraction compared with protein-free plasma or phosphate-buffered saline. After 48h storage, total motility, rapid motility (average path velocity >75µms-1; 53.9%, 73.5% and 71.8% with 0, 15% and 20% CEP respectively) and straight line velocity (86.3, 102.1 and 102.4µms-1 with 0, 15% and 20% CEP respectively) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the CEP-treated groups than the control. Viability and acrosomal integrity were similar between groups; however, functional membrane integrity was higher (P<0.05) in the 15% CEP-treated group. Treatment of liquid-preserved spermatozoa with either 20%, 30% or 50% SP improved (P<0.05) rapid motility and kinematics at each time point of storage compared with control. In conclusion, liquid preservation of ram spermatozoa in the presence of 15% or 20% CEP and post-storage treatment with SP significantly improve sperm characteristics.

Total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacities, and volatile compounds gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling of Moringa oleifera ripe seed polar fractions

Background:Academic reports have confirmed Moringa oleifera leaves to possess significant antioxidant capacities; however, such studies are unavailable for its ripe seeds even though they are more desirous for consumption due to their sweet taste.Objective:In this study, we investigated antioxidant capacities of four polar extracts (crude water, ethanol, butanol, and aqueous residue) from the plant's ripe seeds.Materials and Methods:Phytochemicals were extracted from the ripe seeds of M. oleifera using ethanol and water solvents at initial stage. Butanol and aqueous residue were then subsequently fractioned out from the ethanol extract. Phenolic and flavonoid contents of the polar extracts were determined. Then, their antioxidant capacities were quantified by 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. Finally, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of the extracts were performed.Results:DPPH and ABTS tests showed that the polar extracts possess significant antioxidant capacities that ranged from 29 to 35.408 μM Trolox equivalence antioxidant capacity (TEAC)/mg sample and 7 to 29 μM TEAC/mg sample, respectively. The antioxidant capacities of the extracts corresponded to their phenolic and flavonoid contents that varied from 13.61 to 20.42 mg gallic acid equivalence/g sample and 0.58 to 9.81 mg quercetin equivalence/g sample, respectively. Finally, GC-MS analyses revealed antimicrobial phenolic compounds, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde in crude water extract and 4-hydroxybenzene acetonitrile in the ethanol and butanol extracts, and aqueous residue.Conclusion:Our results established that M. oleifera ripe seeds have significant antioxidant activity which may be due to its phenolic and nonphenolic compounds content.SUMMARY In this study, polar phytochemicals from ripe seeds of Moringa oleifera were extracted by water and ethanol solvents, and butanol extract and aqueous residue were subsequently fractioned out of the ethanol extract. The four polar extracts were shown to have significant antioxidant capacities which correspond to their phenolic contents. Further, antimicrobial compounds 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzene acetonitrile were identified in the extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Abbreviations used: ABTS: 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; TEAC: Trolox equivalence antioxidant capacity; QE: Quercetin equivalence; GAE: Gallic acid equivalence; GC-MS: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Antioxidant Activity of Alcoholic Beverages Made From Various Cereal Grains Using Koji Made with Thai Amylomyces Rouxii YTH3 as Saccharifying Agent

Microbial starter called koji in Japanese was made with fungal strain Amylomyces rouxii YTH3 isolated from Thai microbial starter, loog pang. Koji made with A. rouxii YTH3 was applicable for saccharifying agent for ethanol fermentation. Novel alcoholic beverage was made from various cereal grains and this koji, and analyzed. Ethanol concentration, pH and acidity were 8.2 to 10.8% (v/v), 3.5 to 4.4 and 3.0 to 5.2 ml. An alcoholic beverage made from black rice (Oryza sativa var. Japonica cv. Shiun) having anthocyanin showed brilliant red color. An alcoholic beverage made from black rice showed rather a higher antioxidant activity comparing other alcoholic beverage. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the alcoholic beverage made from black rice was around 1800 µM Trolox equivalent, while other alcoholic beverages were 300 to 600 µM Trolox equivalent.&#x0D; Keywords: Amylomyces rouxii, loog pang, black rice, alcoholic beverage, koji

Optimization of Cell Viability Assays for Screening Glioprotective Compounds in Primary Rat Optic Nerve Head Astrocytes

Background. Optic nerve head astrocytes (ONHAs) are the major glia cell type in the non-myelinated optic nerve head where they contribute to extracellular matrix synthesis. Pathological changes in glaucoma include reactive astrocytosis, a process characterized by altered astrocyte gene and protein expression and extracellular matrix remodeling. ONHAs are highly sensitive to mechanical and oxidative stress resulting in the initiation of axon damage early during pathogenesis. Furthermore, ONHAs are crucial for the maintenance of retinal ganglion cell physiology and function. Therefore, glioprotective strategies with the goal to preserve and/or restore the structural and functional viability of ONHA to slow glaucoma and related pathologies are of high clinical relevance.Objective. The aim of the paper is the development of standardized methods for the systematic advancement of glioprotective strategies using plate reader-based assays determining cellular viability, plate-reader based proliferation and the intracellular redox state.Methods. In our work we used primary culture of OHNAs as a model system. The oxidative stress was induced by tBHP. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by the DCDFA assay. For cell viability tests we used the optimized lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay, as well as the MTT and Calcein-AM uptake assays.Results. The half-maximal effect (EC50) of tBHP on OHNAs ROS levels in the DCFDA assay was 192.1 ± 15.7 μM. The measurement of cellular viability of OHNAs after tBHP-induced oxidative stress showed EC50 = 156.9 ± 3.8 µM in the Calcein-AM uptake assay. In the MTT assay, the EC50 for tBHP was 138.1 ± 1.4 µM, and shifted to 192.7 ± 2.8 µM with 100 μM Trolox pre-treatment of OHNA. In the LDH release assay, the EC50 for tBHP was 146.9 ± 4.9 µM and 246.3 ± 7.3 µM for the control and Trolox conditions respectively.Conclusions. Our results provide feasibility data for the plate-reader based screening for novel glioprotectants using primary ONHA culture.

Determination of Antioxidant Properties of Dry Rose Tea

The rose takes part the fragrant plant section used in the field of medicinal and aromatic plants. It has an important role in food, perfumery and cosmetic industry. For this purpose, tea made by using 3 different dried bud roses and 3 different dried rose leaf purchased in Isparta and Izmir, were investigated in terms of antioxidant properties. The roses were kept in boiled water at 98 °C for 5 minutes and filtered at the end of the time. Total phenolic content by Folin-Ciocalteu method, antioxidant capacity by TEAC method and total flavonoid determination were done in the samples which arrived at room temperature. When the results of the analyses were examined, the total amount of phenolic material 5,24-166,36 mg GAE/200 mL tea, the total amount of flavonoids 2,02-14,83 mg CE/200 mL tea and the antioxidant capacity values 0.64-10.78 μM trolox /200 mL tea were found. In all analyzes, dry bud results were found to be lower than dry leaves. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference between the varieties (p˂0.05). Besides its pleasant smell and comfortable drink, it also has antioxidant properties that rose tea can be an alternative to other herbal teas, it is thought that the consumption can be widespread and the usage areas can be expanded with the works to be done.

Ilex paraguariensis Extract-Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles: A Sustainable Nano-adsorbent and Antioxidant

Single-crystal 15 nm size magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized and coated with Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract to evaluate their use as versatile antioxidant magnetic nanoadsorbents. The obtained particles, Mnp@YM, were found to be composed of a crystalline magnetite core surrounded by a shell composed of Fe3O4, FeO, and Fe2O3 oxides. YM extract resulted an effective protective coating for Mnp incorporating surface carboxylates, phenols, and organic N groups which improve the particles stability in aqueous suspensions. Mnp@YM antioxidant capacity (1.8 µM Trolox equivalent per 0.1 mg YM coating contained in 1 mgL− 1 particle suspension) is of the order reported for polyphenols. $${\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}^{{ \cdot - }}$$ scavenging rate constant (1.5 × 104 g− 1 L s− 1) is within the diffusion controlled regime for 15 nm spherical nanoparticles with homogeneously distributed reactive sites. Mnp@YM reversibly adsorbs MB with maximum adsorption of 50 mg g− 1. As a consequence of these capacities, Mnp@YM resulted effective in preventing MB oxidation by peroxodisulfate.

APLICACIÓN DE MODELOS EXPERIMENTALES PARA EVALUAR EL CONTENIDO DE FENÓLICOS TOTALES Y LA ACTIVIDAD ANTIOXIDANTE DEL BAGAZO DE LA MANZANA DEL CAJU

Cashew apple bagasse is a waste from production process of the cashew apple juice and generated in large quantities by the pulps juices industry. This is the first time in which such conciliation between cashew apple bagasse and antioxidant total phenolics content was done. Thus, such study may provide alternatives for the use of this biomass. The process conditions for extraction of total phenolics were defined using a centroid-simplex mixture design to find the optimal concentrations of the solvents. Next a three-levels factorial experimental design was applied to evaluate the influence of the variables time and extraction temperature. The best combinations of the variables for increasing the yield of total phenolics content and antioxidant activity was obtained with 60% water, 30% acetone and 10% ethanol for 2 h, at 35oC. The yield maximum of total phenolics content found were 343.34±34.76 mg GAE 100 g -1 . The antioxidant capacities determined by the DPPH and ABTS methods were 5.170.91±305 g g -1 of DPPH and 13.6±1.8 μM Trolox g -1 respectively. The study revealed that cashew apple bagasse is a rich source of antioxidant and can be considered an important alternative biomass natural and cheap for application in bioprocesses.

Effects of thermal treatments on the colloidal properties, antioxidant capacity and in-vitro proteolytic degradation of cricket flour

Insects are gaining increased interest as rich, viable and sustainable sources of edible proteins. However, low consumer acceptance of insects as human food stimulates a need to mask the insects' appearance through various processing operations, such as grinding, cooking and baking. This research studied the implications of thermal processing of cricket (Acheta domesticus) flour on its physiochemical properties, antioxidant capacity and bioaccessibility in the gastrointestinal tract. Thermal processing led to marginal changes in colloid sizes and zeta-potentials at 3.0 < pH < 7.0. Concomitantly, sample color changes upon processing (delta E) were found to at least double when processed in the presence of fructose compared to processing without fructose (evaluated by L*a*b*color values). Overall, processed cricket flour changes were all ascribed to thermally-induced phenomena, such as protein denaturation, cross-linking, Maillard glycation and/or aggregation. Next, antioxidant activity examined by FRAP and ORAC assays revealed thermally-treated cricket flour had a significantly (p < 0.05) diminished electron transfer ability with a simultaneous rise in its proton abstraction capability exceeding 400 μM Trolox equivalents. This improved antioxidant activity may be attributed to conformational changes in cricket proteins exposing proton-donating residues, namely cysteine. Finally, dynamic in vitro digestion of untreated and treated cricket flours showed that baking increased the gastric proteolysis of cricket proteins and their subsequent bioaccessibility. Thus, justifying further investigation of industrial processes that could be harnessed to fabricate palatable and nourishing insect-based products.

Bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds following in vitro large intestine fermentation of nuts for human consumption

A bioaccessibility study of polyphenols after in vitro simulated large intestine fermentation was carried out on edible nuts. Raw nuts were also analysed for total phenolic content and antioxidant potential, considering both bound and free phenolics. The highest phenolic content was found in walnuts, followed by pistachios extracts (596.9 and 410.1 mg gallic acid equivalents 100 g−1, respectively). Consistently, the total antioxidant capacity was highest in walnuts (3689.7 μM trolox equivalents 100 g−1) followed by peanuts and pistachios (3169.6 and 2990.1 μM trolox equivalents 100 g−1, respectively). Data showed high correlations between total phenolics and both antioxidant activities. The metabolomics-based phenolic profile depicted during in vitro fermentation showed a degradation of higher-molecular-weight phenolics over 48 hours of faecal fermentation, with a concurrent increase in low-molecular-weight compounds (hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, alkylphenols, and tyrosols). Our findings indicate that nuts deliver polyphenols into the colon, with bioaccessibility values not negligible for alkylphenols, tyrosols and phenolic acids.

Phytochemical composition, antioxidant and anti-bacterial activity of Syzygium calophyllifolium Walp. fruit

Syzygium calophyllifolium fruits are among the important wild edibles used by the tribes of Western Ghats. However, this underutilized fruit remained unnoticed for its medicinal properties. Hence, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the antioxidant activity by DPPH·, ABTS·+, FRAP assays and antibacterial efficacy by well diffusion method. GC-MS and HPLC profiles of crude extract and column chromatographic fractions were also determined. The methanolic extract of fruit (MFE) showed high total phenolics, tannins and flavonoids. The faction H (FH) displayed significant antioxidant property in DPPH· (IC50 2.1µg/ml), ABTS·+ (19483.29μM Trolox equivalents/g extract) and FRAP (65.5mM Fe(II)/mg extract) assays over MFE. Moreover, FH also exhibited good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (32.0mm), Salmonella typhi (27.0mm), Staphylococcus aureus (27.3mm) at 100mg/ml concentration. GC-MS revealed 12 major compounds in MFE, HPLC analysis of MFE and FH depicted the presence of rutin and ellagic acid. This study suggested that FH could have high concentration of bioactive compounds like rutin and ellagic acid or its analogues compared to MFE which may be responsible for its strong antioxidant and antibacterial activity.

Hybrid cultivars of pear in subtropics regions: processing ability in the form of jelly

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to characterize five different hybrid cultivars pears (‘Tenra’, ‘Centenária’, ‘Cascatence’, ‘Primorosa’ and ‘Seleta’) deployed in subtropical regions of Brazil regarding its physicochemical characteristics, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity, as well as to evaluate the influence of these cultivars on the characteristics physicochemical, rheological properties and sensory acceptance of the obtained jelly, for identifying varieties with higher potential for industrial use. Regardingthe bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity it was observed that ‘Seleta’ cultivar was characterized by a higher phenolic content (57.68mg GAEs 100g-1), higher antioxidant activity (13.56% of DPPH sequestration and 1.25µM of trolox g -1) and higher content of vitamin C (3.59mg 100g-1). As the acidity, it ranged from 4.09 to 5.81 g of malic acid 100g-1 (‘Tenra’ and ‘Seleta’, respectively). Regarding color, the color parameter L* varied from 32.14 to 36.83, a* ranged from 2.87 to 5.20, b* ranged from 16.57 to 20.42, Chroma ranged from 16.67 to 21.02 and °Hue ranged from 74.94 to 80.18. Regarding the texture, the jellies produced from ‘Centenária’ and ‘Tenra’ were characterized by having the highest values of hardness (1.21 and 1.23N, respectively), gumminess (0.42 and 0.45, respectively) and chewiness (0.40 and 0.45N, respectively). The jelly obtained from the ‘Centenária’ still showed the highest adhesiveness (2.27N s-1) and springiness (0.99). Already jellies prepared by ‘Cascatence’ showed the highest cohesiveness values (0.68). The jellies prepared with different pear cultivars showed good sensory acceptance for all measured properties, with average scores ranging between the hedonic terms “liked slightly” to “liked very much”. Cultivars of subtropical pear trees present different physicochemical characteristics, resulting in jellies with different physicochemical characteristics and rheological properties. Processing in the form of jelly is extremely viable due to the good acceptance by consumers of all formulations elaborated.

Phytochemical and Antioxidant Properties from Different Parts of Salacia chinensis L.

The aim of this study was to compare phytochemical and antioxidant properties of different parts of Salacia chinensis L. The root of S. chinensis had the highest content of phenolics, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins and saponins (64.4 mg gallic acid equivalent /g dried weight (DW), 106 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/g DW, 43.5 mg CE/g DW and 799.9 mg escin equivalent /g DW, respectively), followed by the stem and leaf. Similarly, results from the four antioxidant assays (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP and CUPRAC) showed that the root of S. chinensis had the highest antioxidant capacity (632.2, 577.1, 443.3 and 365.0 μM trolox equivalent/g DW, respectively), followed by the stem while the leaf had the lowest antioxidant capacity. From HPLC chromatograms, three major compounds were detected from the root and stem of S. chinensis, while more major individual compounds in lower quantities were seen in the leaf. As the root contained high phytochemical and antioxidant properties, future studies are recommended to isolate and identify the major bioactive compounds from the root for further industrial utilization.

Extraction efficiency, phytochemical profiles and antioxidative properties of different parts of Saptarangi (Salacia chinensis L.) – An important underutilized plant

The study aimed to evaluate extraction efficiency, detection and quantification of phytochemicals, minerals and antioxidative capacity of different parts of Salacia chinensis L. Continuous shaking extraction, steam bath assisted extraction, ultrasonic extraction and microwave assisted extraction with varied time intervals were employed for extraction of phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidants. Preliminary screening revealed the presence of wide array of metabolites along with carbohydrates and starch. Steam bath assisted extraction for 10min exposure was found most suitable for extraction phenolics (46.02 ± 2.30mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry weight and 48.57 ± 2.42mg of tannic acid equivalent per gram of dry weight) and flavonoids (35.26 ± 1.61mg of quercetin equivalent per gram of dry weight and 51.60 ± 2.58mg of ellagic acid equivalent per gram of dry weight). In support, reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography- diode array detector confirmed the presence of seven pharmaceutically important phenolic acids. Antioxidant capacity was measured by 1, 1- diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) scavenging (ABTS) and N, N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD) assays and represented as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC). Antioxidant capacity ranged from 121.02 ± 6.05 to 1567.28 ± 78.36µM trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and 56.62 ± 2.83 to 972.48 ± 48.62µM ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity. Roots showed higher yields of illustrated biochemical parameters, however fresh fruit pulp was found a chief source of minerals. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopic analysis revealed the presence of a vast array of phytoconstituents associated with different plant parts. The present study revealed the amounts of minerals and diverse phytoconstituents in various parts of S. chinensis and confirmed its medicinal and nutritional implications.

Comparison of antioxidative properties of raw vegetables and thermally processed ones using the conventional and sous-vide methods

The study determines the antioxidant properties of methanol vegetable extracts from raw vegetables, conventionally cooked vegetables and sous-vide. In the research, two methods were used: free radical scavenging DPPH (µM Trolox) and the reduction of Fe3+to Fe2+ – FRAP (µM Fe2+). Antioxidative properties for raw vegetables were obtained with the range of 7.47–235 (µM Trolox/100g of vegetables) and 2.66–103 (µM Fe2+/100g of vegetables), for vegetables after the conventional cooking process 6.15–657 (µM Trolox/100g of vegetables) and 3.03–99.9 (µM Fe2+/100g of vegetables), for vegetables after the sous-vide process 4.45–648 (µM Trolox/100g of vegetables) and 3.06–99.9 (µM Fe2+/100g of vegetables). For some vegetables, an increase in the antioxidative potential was observed as a result of cooking processes; however, it was much higher for the sous-vide technique. All results were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and, if significant differences were revealed, the POST-HOC Duncan test was used (α=0.05).

Phenolics from Rubus fairholmianus induces cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human breast adenocarcinoma cells

Herbal medicine is an important part of health care system in most of the countries. Rubus fairholmianus is an unexplored berry in folkloric medicine. In this study, we aimed to understand the importance of R. fairholmianus in pharmaceutical industry for the development of cost-effective cancer therapeutic drugs using in vivo and in vitro analysis. Chemical characterization, antioxidant, antiproliferative and apoptosis inducing properties of R. fairholmianus root methanolic column subfraction (RFM) were investigated. The RFM displayed the presence of alpha-tocopherol, flavonol glycoside and apigenin in the chemical characterization. DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2, 2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radical scavenging assays exhibited an activity of 7.56 μg/mL (IC50) and 20514.7 μM trolox equivalents/g respectively. The solid and ascites tumors in mice were reduced significantly upon 100 mg/kg RFM treatment by reducing the tumor volume (1.86 cm3), tumor weight (69%) and increasing life span (31.74 days). The morphological features of RFM treated MCF-7 cells showed the cell damage and decreased cell numbers. The viability of treated cells decreased with 67.73% at 20 μg/mL against 96.50% in untreated cells. The treated cells (20 μg/mL) resulted in a substantial decrease (p < 0.001) in cellular ATP proliferation, increased the LDH cytotoxicity, increased apoptotic cells population (33.92%) and reduced the population of viable cells (Annexin V-/PI-) (45.56%). Increased caspase 3/7 activity and cytochrome c release were also observed in treated cells. This is the first evidence about in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of R. fairholmianus phenolics. The major phenolics such as alpha-tocopherol, flavonol glycoside, and apigenin might be the reason behind the caspase-mediated apoptosis. Further work is warranted to study the individual effects of these bioactive compounds in the induction of cell death. Due to the apoptosis inducing properties, it can be considered as an effective adjuvant therapeutic agent in clinical trials.