Mm In Females Research Articles

Morphometric Study of Epicardium and Myocardium Thickness in Adult Human Hearts

Background: Understanding the structural dynamics of the heart across diverse demographics sheds light on cardiac function, pathology, and therapeutic interventions. This study aimed to determine the histological and morphometric features of the heart's layers, particularly the left atrium (LA) and left ventricle. Methods: Heart samples were obtained from 32 cadavers, comprising both male and female individuals, across four age groups (≤ 29, 30-39, 40-49, and ≥50). These samples were sourced from the forensic center of Azadi Teaching Hospital in Kirkuk city between March 2023 and August 2023. Results: Morphometric analysis revealed that the mean thickness of the epicardium layer varied among the four age groups of the left atrium (LA), ranging from a minimum mean of 103.5 μm in females to a maximum mean of 928.5 μm in males. Similarly, the mean thickness of the myocardium layer of the LA ranged from a minimum mean of 1649 μm in females to a maximum mean of 3176 μm in males. In the left ventricle (LV), the minimum mean thickness of the epicardium layer across the age groups was 217.5 μm in females, while the maximum mean thickness was 1377 μm in males. The minimum mean thickness of the myocardium layer of the LV was 1666 μm in females, and the maximum mean was 4132 μm in males. Conclusion: The study findings indicate that the myocardium layer of both the left atrium and left ventricle is thicker than the epicardium layer in individuals aged between 25 and 57 years. Furthermore, the thickness of both layers was observed to be thinner in females compared to males.

Molecular characterisation and redescription of Ficophagus religiosus (Bajaj & Tomar, 2014) Davies & Bartholomaeus, 2015 from Ficus religiosa in India

Summary A population of Ficophagus was discovered in the syconia of sacred fig (Ficus religiosa) grown in New Delhi (India). Based on morphology, morphometric characters and molecular data, we redescribed the population as Ficophagus religiosus. Here, major morphological characteristics are described in depth, with measurements of the male-female specimens’ taxonomic characters and photomicrography. Ficophagus religiosus can be easily identified by the spiral to J-spiral-shaped body, labial disc not offset, SE pore close to the base of the lip region, stylet length 17.7 (16-19) μm in males, and 19 (15-22) μm in females, a short post-uterine sac of length 8.3 μm (5-10 μm), a spicule with broad and high condylus, capitulum flat or depressed, a small bluntly rounded rostrum, the spicule tip (bluntly rounded or pointed), no cucullus, no gubernaculum, three pairs (P3, P3a, P4) of subventral caudal papillae, and broadly or bluntly rounded tail tip, without mucron. Additionally, new sequence data for the D2-D3 region of 28S rDNA (LSU) and 18S rDNA (SSU) marker genes are provided. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods were used to infer phylogenetic relationships of the Indian population of F. religiosus with other Ficophagus species. Phylogenetic analyses based on D2-D3 and SSU molecular markers resulted in a clear separation of F. religiosus from other Ficophagus species. The present study redescribes the species F. religiosus and provides molecular data to identify and establish phylogenetic relationships with other species.

Mesorhabditis sudafricana n. sp. (Rhabditida, Mesorhabditidae), a new species with a short tail from South Africa

Summary During a survey of soil nematodes in 2022, a free-living bacterivorous nematode, described here as Mesorhabditis sudafricana n. sp., was discovered in association with kikuyu grass in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The new species was distinguished by a relatively long body (716-815 μm in females and 605-689 μm in males), long spicules (61-66 μm), and gubernaculum (22-24 μm) and a short tail (15-20 μm in females and 18-21 μm in males). The vulva is positioned posteriad (93-95% of body length), and the distance from vulva to anus is long (1.5-1.9 times tail length). Additionally, the new species bears seven lateral field incisures and a peloderan bursa with the genital papillae in arrangement 2/3+ph+1+3, being two precloacal and eight postcloacal. The 28S rDNA BlastN showed 94% similarity with an unidentified Mesorhabditis (deposited as Bursilla (EF990722). By contrast, the ITS rDNA BlastN showed 82% similarity with Mesorhabditis paucipapillata (MT710243). The phylogenetic analysis of 28S and ITS rDNA placed the new species separately from the other Mesorhabditis. Description, measurements, illustrations and SEM micrographs for M. sudafricana n. sp. are provided.

Scleral thickness in normal Indian eyes measured using spectral domain anterior segment optical coherence tomography.

To establish normative data on anterior scleral thickness using the spectral domain anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). In total, 200 eyes of 100 healthy subjects underwent AS-OCT scans in the temporal and nasal quadrants. The scleral + conjunctival complex thickness (SCT) was measured by a single examiner. Mean SCT was analyzed for differences across age groups, gender, and location (nasal versus temporal). Mean age was 46.4 ± 18.3 (21-84) years; male to female ratio was 54:46. Mean SCT (nasal + temporal) of the right eye (RE) was 682.3 ± 64.2 μm in males and 660.6 ± 57.1 μm in females. In the left eye (LE), it was 684.6 ± 64.9 μm in males and 661.8 ± 49.3 μm in females. These differences between male and female for both eyes were statistically significant (P = 0.006 and P = 0.002). The mean SCT of temporal and nasal quadrants in the RE was 678.54 ± 57.50 and 666 ± 66.2 μm, respectively. In the LE, the temporal mean SCT quadrant was 679.6 ± 55.8 μm, and the nasal was 668.6 ± 63.6 μm. Age had a negative correlation with SCT (-0.62 μm/year; P = 0.03), and males had a higher temporal SCT than females (22 μm higher; P = 0.03). After adjusting for age and gender in a multivariate analysis, temporal SCT was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than nasal SCT. In our study, mean SCT decreased with age and males had a higher temporal SCT. This is the first study to evaluate scleral thickness in the Indian population, and the data can be used as a baseline for comparing variations in scleral thickness in disease.

Ditylenchus rafiqi n. sp. from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) from India with a tabular key for the species known from India

Summary Ditylenchus rafiqi n. sp. was recovered from the rhizosphere of pomegranate in New Delhi (India), and it is characterised by morphological, morphometrical and molecular methods. The new species is characterised by having a body length of 553-901 μm, delicate stylet (7-10 μm long), longer conus length (5.0-5.5 μm in females and 4.5-5.5 μm in males) with small round knobs sloping backward, seven lateral lines at the mid-body, median bulb well developed with thickening of lumen walls, a post-uterine sac well developed (27-47 μm), tail long, elongate conoid with an almost round terminus (45-74 μm) and male spicule of 15-17.5 μm, gubernaculum simple, leptoderan type of bursa enveloping the tail almost &gt;50% of its tail length. A detailed study based on morphological and morphometrical methods clearly demarcates that D. rafiqi n. sp. differs from other known species of Ditylenchus. The molecular characterisation was done using D2-D3 of 28S rRNA and ITS rRNA markers. Molecular characterisation shows that the new species is closely related to D. acutus, D. gilanicus (D2-D3 marker), and D. medicaginis (ITS rRNA markers). Based on phylogenetic analyses using D2-D3 of LSU and ITS rRNA markers, D. rafiqi n. sp. forms an intermediate clade between the D. triformis and D. dipsaci groups.

Description of Paramylonchulus iranicus sp. n. (Nematoda: Mononchida) from Iran.

During a survey of soil nematodes in Iran, a population of a species belonging to the order Mononchida was recovered. The new species, Paramylonchulus iranicus sp. n. is characterized by body length (1292-1535 μm in females and 1476-1670 μm in males), c (20.2-29.0 in females and 19.9-27.4 in males), buccal cavity length (23.0-26.0 μm), post vulval uterine sac length (135-162 μm), spicule length (46.0-50.0 μm), gubernaculum length (8.0-11.0 μm), and tail length (49.0-70.0 μm in females and 55.0-73.0 μm in males). Canonical discriminant analysis clearly separated P. iranicus sp. n. from the closely related species Paramylonchulus based on the important morphometric characters of females and males. A molecular study of the 18S rDNA region of P. iranicus sp. n. places this population in a well-supported clade with other species of the genus.

The phytochemical curcumin inhibits steroid sulfatase activity in rat liver tissue and NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblast cells

Curcumin is a phytochemical derived from the spice turmeric that is reported to have therapeutic effects. We are studying the enzyme steroid sulfatase (STS), which removes the sulfate group from inactive steroid hormones in peripheral tissues and we were interested in the effect of curcumin on STS activity due to its structural composition (polyphenolic). We sought to determine if curcumin affects STS activity in two model systems, rat liver and NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. STS assays were performed on tissue extracts of rat liver, and on NIH-3T3 microsomes and cells, with and without curcumin. Male and female rat liver extracts contained substantial amounts of STS activity, with males averaging higher (4–11 %) levels. Estradiol inhibited STS activity in livers of both sexes at 20 and 10 µM. Curcumin acted as a competitive inhibitor of STS activity in rat liver extracts, with a Ki of 19.8 µM in males and 9.3 µM in females. Curcumin also inhibited STS activity in NIH-3T3 microsomes at both 20 µM and 10 µM, and in whole NIH-3T3 cells at 20 µM. These data are the first to demonstrate STS inhibition by curcumin. Inhibition of STS results in lower active steroid hormone (estrogens and androgens) levels in tissues, possibly altering modulation of immune responses by these steroids.

Morphology and Distribution of Antennal Sensilla in an Egg Parasitoid Wasp, Anastatus disparis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae).

The wasp Anastatus disparis is an egg endoparasitoid of a number of Lepidopteran pest species. To better understand the A. disparis olfactory system, we observed the antennal sensilla of males and females under a scanning electron microscope and quantified their sizes and morphological characteristics. We identified the types of sensilla and counted the numbers and locations of the different types on the dorsal and ventral antennal surfaces. The antennae of A. disparis are geniculate, with flagella that comprise 11 subsegments in females and eight in males. The mean antenna length was 1324.10 ± 52.50 μm in females and 1323.93 ± 65.20 μm in males. Ten sensillum types were identified in both sexes: Böhm bristles (BBs), sensilla trichodea (ST, with subtypes STI and STII), sensilla chaetica (SCh), sensilla basiconica (SB, with subtypes SBI and SBII), sensilla placodea (SP), sensilla coeleoconica (SCo), sensilla grooved peg (SGP), sensilla auricillica (SAu), sensilla campaniformia (SCa), and glandular pores (GPs). The total numbers of BBs, STI, SBII, SCa, SCo, and GPs did not differ significantly between the sexes, whereas the total numbers of SCh, SBI, and SAu were significantly greater in females, and those of STII, SP, and SGP were significantly lower. The types, number, and density of antennal sensilla increased from the base to the end. The possible functions of these sensilla in host-detection behavior are discussed.

Macular Thickness Measurements Using Stratus Optical Coherence Tomography in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria

Background: The need to establish the normal parameters of the macular is important for early detection of its changes in various causes of maculopathy. Objectives: To determine the normative values for macular thickness in healthy Nigerian adults in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria and to correlate macular thickness values with gender, age, axial length, refractive errors, and intraocular pressure in adults using Stratus Optical Coherence Tomography. Material and Methods: Consenting 178 (101 males and 77 females) adult Nigerians with normal eyes were recruited and examined using Carl Zeiss Stratus Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) machine Model 3000 software version 4.0 from December 2014 – December 2015. Results: One hundred and seventy-eight (178) eyes of 178 subjects were assessed. Mean age of subjects was 36.4 ± 11.7 years. Mean Total Macular Thickness (MTMT), was found to be 238.03 ± 16.83μm with an average of 240.45 ± 17.34μm in males and 234.84 ± 15.70μm in females. Significant correlation between MTMT with age (P = 0.000) and parity (0.043) was observed but not with ethnicity, axial length and refractive error (P = 0.315, 0.551 and 0.071 respectively).Mean Central Foveal Thickness (MCFT) was found to be 180.30 ± 19.22μm. However, it was 185.73 ± 18.06μm in males and 173.18 ± 18.46μm in females. MCFT was significantly higher in males than females (P = 0.000). Conclusion: Total macular thickness and central foveal thickness measurements in healthy Nigerian adult eyes in Zaria are presented in this study and results are comparable to that reported in previous studies. However, large population study is required in Nigeria six geopolitical zones in order to derive a reference value for the country. Keywords: Eye, Macular, Optical Coherence Tomography

Role of sex in retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thickness measurement by spectral domain optical coherence tomography

Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the role of sex on retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and macular thickness measurement by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Patients and methods In this prospective observational study, 200 participants who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were scanned three times as per predefined guidelines at 0, 30, and 60 min on the same day, by the same investigator using SD-OCT for measurement of RNFL and macular thickness. The observations were statistically analyzed and correlated. Results The RNFL thickness was greatest in the superior quadrant and thinnest in the temporal quadrant. The mean value of average RNFL thickness was 87.90±6.12 μm in females and 93.18±4.04 μm in males (range=74.33–99.67 μm). A statistically significant difference was found between males and females in all quadrants and in average RNFL thickness (P<0.0005). The macular thickness was thinnest at the central zone (innermost 1-mm ring), thickest within the inner 3-mm ring, and diminished peripherally. The mean macular thickness was 272.95±8.40 μm in females and 289.42±12.32 μm in males. A statistically significant difference was found between males and females in all macular zones and in the mean macular thickness (P<0.0005). Conclusion RNFL thickness and macular thickness were significantly thicker in males compared with females in healthy eyes. Sex should be used as an additional parameter in commercially available OCT machines, in addition to age, because of its potential in improving the existing RNFL thickness and macular thickness norms.

Oncholaimus tripapillatus sp. nov., a New Free-Living Marine Nematode of the Genus Oncholaimus Dujardin, 1845 (Nematoda: Enoplida: Oncholaimidae) from the Subtidal Sediment of Dokdo Island, East Sea, Korea, with a New Record of O. qingdaoensis Zhang &amp; Platt, 1983

During a survey of the free-living marine nematodes of Korea, two species belonging to the genus Oncholaimus Dujardin, 1845 were discovered. A new species, Oncholaimus tripapillatus sp. nov. and a newly recorded species, Oncholaimus qingdaoensis Zhang &amp; Platt, 1983, are reported. Oncholaimus tripapillatus sp. nov. was collected from the washing of subtidal coarse sediments around Dokdo Island of the East Sea, Korea. Oncholaimus tripapillatus sp. nov. is characterized by a relatively long (4071–4435 µm in males and 4514–4661 µm in females) and slender body, a slightly constricted head region, relatively long cephalic setae (10–12 µm), males having a precloacal sexual protuberance bearing two small cone-shaped supplementary spines, five pairs of long cloacal setae (three pairs of precloacal and two pairs of postcloacal setae in subventral position), and three remarkable papillae near the end of the tail, with two pairs of subventral setae. The Korean specimens of Oncholaimus qingdaoensis Zhang &amp; Platt, 1983 are almost identical to the Chinese specimens of the original description from the intertidal sand of Qingdao, China. However, the Korean specimens differ from the Chinese specimens in the longer body length in males (3379–3715 µm vs. 2380–2640 µm), the larger spicule length (47–52 µm vs. 34–36 µm), and the presence of ventral tail papillae situated around 14–16 µm from the tail tip. Detailed morphological features and illustrations of two Oncholaimus species from Korea were obtained by differential interference contrast microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. A pictorial key to the species group with distinct tail papillae among the genus Oncholaimus is also provided.

Microfluidic Device for the Identification of Biological Sex by Analysis of Latent Fingermark Deposits.

To date, most research regarding amino acid detection and quantification in fingermarks relies on spectrometric methods. Herein, the Sakaguchi colorimetric test was adapted to a rotationally-driven microfluidic platform and used to detect and quantify arginine in fingermarks deposited by male and female donors. A red color indicates the presence of arginine in a given sample following the reaction, and the intensity of this color is linearly proportional to the concentration. Objective detection and quantification of arginine were accomplished using image analysis software (freeware) based on this colorimetric result. The mean concentrations obtained in a blind study were 96.4 ± 5.1 µM for samples from female donors and 55.3 ± 5.3 µM for samples from males. These were not statistically different from the literature values of 94.8 µM ± 12.9 µM for females (p = 0.908) and 54.0 ± 12.6 µM for males (p = 0.914), respectively (± SEM in all cases). Conversely, the experimental means from males and female samples were statistically different from each other (p < 0.001). Objective differentiation between male and female fingermark deposits was achieved in a blind study with 93% accuracy. Additionally, the method was compatible both with samples lifted from common surfaces and with magnetically-powdered samples.

The pattern of central corneal thickness in patients attending a Tertiary Hospital in Dar-Es-Salaam

Background: Central Corneal Thickness (CCT) is an indicator of corneal health status as well as being an essential tool in assessment and management of corneal diseases. It is an important factor in the diagnosis and management of glaucoma as it affects the measurement of intraocular pressure. However, the pattern of central corneal thickness in our population is not known. Our study aimed to describe the CCT measurements and their variation with age and sex among patients attending the eye clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH), in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methodology: A hospital-based descriptive, cross-sectional study used convenient sampling to recruit adult patients aged 18 years and above, presenting to the MNH between August 2016 and January 2017.Visual acuity assessment, Goldman applanation tonometry and CCT assessment using an ultrasound pachymeter were performed. Patients with previous intraocular surgery were excluded. Results: A total of 398 patients (208 males and 190 females) were recruited. The mean CCT was 526.64±38.30 µm; being 523.99±38.20 µm for males and 529.7±38.3 µm for females. 226 (56.85%) had CCT of less than 520 µm.There was no statistically significant difference in CCT between gender. The proportion of patients with thinner CCT increased with increasing age from 25.8% in those &lt; 30 years to 75% in those aged 71years and above. The mean CCT decreased with increasing age with P-value&lt;0.001. Conclusion: The average CCT in patients attending Muhimbili National Hospital is 526.64 µm (SD 38.30) which is generally thin, inversely proportion to age and similar that of other Africans and African-Americans. This finding has implications for the management of glaucoma in this population.

Morphological and molecular characterization of plant-parasitic nematode Quinisulcius capitatus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1971 from Gilgit Province, Pakistan

In a comprehensive survey of plant-parasitic nematodes of Gilgit Province, Pakistan, Quinisulcius capitatus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1971, was detected from 10 localities at high population density (≥1000 nematodes/100 g of soil) infecting different crop plantations. Morphplogical and molecular variations using principle component analysis of Q. capitatus have been given in this research. This species is characterized by body length (605–856 μm in females and 536–662 μm in males), stylet length (13–19 μm), pharynx (114–174 μm), tail length (40–56 μm in females and 38–50 μm in males), spicules (16–22 μm) and gubernaculum (6–8 μm). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the morphometric variation among the Pakistani populations of Q. capitatus. Phylogenetic analysis using the D2-D3 segment of 28S rDNA and ITS rDNA placed the Pakistani population of Q. capitatus in a clade with 100 posterior probability supports. Table with measurements, line illustrations, LM photographs, PCA plot and phylogenetic position for Q. capitatus within Dolchodoridae is given.

Molecular and morphological characterisation of Laimaphelenchus spiflatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) from China

Summary Laimaphelenchus spiflatus n. sp. isolated from declining Chinese pine, Pinus tabuliformis, is described and illustrated. The new species can be characterised by its relatively long body size of 1150 ± 108 (976-1437) μm for females and 1092 ± 78.6 (905-1235) μm for males, lateral field with four lines, females with a long vulval flap, and tail conoid, slightly ventrally curved and ending in a stalk having 8-12 projections when observed with SEM. Males are common, with 27.3 (23.4-28.8) μm long spicules having blunt (not well-developed) condylus and rostrum and truncate simple distal tip, and four caudal papillae. By having a vulval flap, four lateral lines and tail end with a stalk (without four tubercles), the new species comes close to L. preissii, L. simlaensis, and L. unituberculus, but can be differentiated from them by morphological characters and morphometric data. In phylogenetic analyses using near full length 18S and D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rDNA, Laimaphelenchus spiflatus n. sp. appeared as an independent lineage separated from the other Laimaphelenchus spp. that are currently sequenced for their aforementioned genomic regions.

Leptolaimus holovachovi sp. nov. (Nematoda) from Shenzhen Mangrove Nature Reserve, Shenzhen, South China

A new free-living marine nematode species of the genus Leptolaimus belonging to the family Laptolaimidae was collected from intertidal sediments of the Shenzhen Mangrove Nature Reserve, Shenzhen, South China, and it is described here as Leptolaimus holovachovi sp. nov. The new species is characterized by body length 734–896 µm in males and 822–941 µm in females; papilliform cephalic sensilla; circular amphideal fovea; males with 7–14 anterior midventral alveoli in the pharyngeal region, 4–5 midventral tubular precloacal supplements and 4–6 alveolar precloacal supplements; spicules slender, slightly arcuate, proximally cephalated and distally pointed. Plate-like gubernaculum without apophyses. The new species differs from other congener species of the genus by the unique feature of having anterior midventral alveoli in the pharyngeal region.

Aphelenchus yinyuensis n. sp. (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) found in Terminalia sp. in China.

During a nematode biodiversity survey in Hainan Province, China, Aphelenchus yinyuensis n. sp. was detected in the rhizosphere of Terminalia sp. It is characterized by medium-sized a body of adult nematodes, i.e. 793 (639-877) μm and 756 (647-863) μm for females and males, respectively, with low, rounded, not offset lip region. The lateral field has 10 incisures. The excretory pore is located posterior to the nerve ring. The vagina is not sclerotised and the vulva has simple lips without a flap. The PUS is well developed and forms ca 45 to 83% of the vulva to anus distance. Female tail is straight, cylindrical, ca 2.7 times longer than anal body diam, tail tip broad, and bluntly rounded. Males have four pairs of caudal papillae and spicule 28.7 (25.8-32.3) μm long in the chord and well developed bursa, extending to the tail tip. 18S and 28S rRNA phylogenetic analyses were performed for the new species, and the ITS analysis was not performed due to low posterior probability support. Phylogenetically, the new species grouped with Aphelenchus avenae and this is the first new Aphelenchus species ever described from China.

Oscheius myriophila (Nematoda: Rhabditida) isolated in sugar cane soils in Mexico with potential to be used as entomopathogenic nematode.

A survey of entomopathogenic nematodes was conducted in sugar cane crops in a total of 14 soils, and positive results were obtained for strain MC5-2014 in the municipality of Tepalcingo, Morelos, in soil with a sandy loam texture and a pH of 6.4. Species determination was performed via morphological and morphometric techniques by searching for a tubular stoma with a swollen cylindrical pharyngeal body and a metacorpus in the basal part. The range of body length (L) was 750 to 1200 μm in females and 720 to 910 μm in males, while the corresponding maximum widths (W) of the body were 30 to 60 μm and 20 to 30 μm, respectively. Males exhibited bursa with a 1 + 1 + 3 + 3 distribution of papillae, and females exhibited a vulva located at the mid-body. For molecular identification, the ITS region of ribosomal DNA was used. Virulence tests (LC50) were conducted with Galleria mellonella, and a value of 4.732 was obtained for infective juveniles (IJs). Taking taxonomic and molecular characteristics into account, the isolate was determined to be Oscheius myriophila. The isolation of this strain represents the first geographic report of O. myriophila in Mexico, and it should be noted that the cultivation of sugar cane occurs with constant application of insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and fertilizers as well as harvesting activities such as burning of the crop for harvest. The O. myriophila isolate has the potential to be used in the future as a method of biological control in our country.

Sensilla on the Antennal Funiculus of the Maize Weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): A Morphological Investigation

Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) has a great capacity to destroy stored grain worldwide. We report on the sensilla on the antennal funiculus of S. zeamais, using classical anatomical methods and scanning electron microscopy to obtain a detailed database of the antennal sensilla for each sex. The antenna is composed of eight antennomeres. Average antennal length is 781.58±20.64 µm for males and 808.91±11.80 µmfor females. Six types and subtypes of sensilla were identified on the funiculus: squamiform, basiconic (2 subtypes), chaetic (2 subtypes), and coeloconic. Sensilla squamiformia are distributed evenly but in few numbers on male and female antennomeres. Sensilla basiconica can be divided into subtypes, SB1 and SB2, according to the shape of the cone. Both subtypes occur on the last antennomere of the flagellum and there are fewer SB2 than SB1. Sensilla chaetica appear in the same position as sensilla basiconica and have two subtypes, SC1 and SC2. Significant differences were not found in the types of sensilla on the antennae of the two sexes, but a difference was found in the number of sensilla.

Is Epidural Fat Affected by Peripheric or Visceral Adipose Tissue? A Radiologic View

Objective: We evaluated adipose tissue distribution in different anatomical localizations by comparing with epidural fat tissue. Methods: Sixty patients’ (28 female and 32 male) included in our study had abdominal computerized tomography and lumbar magnetic resonance images evaluated retrospectively. Subcutaneous and intraabdominal fat tissue thickness was compared with perirenal and epidural fat. The relationship with demographic characteristics of patients was investigated. Results: Mean value of subcutaneous fat thicknesses were higher in females (29.9±24.2 mm in females and 16.2±24.5 mm in males), while perirenal fat tissue area was higher in males than females (2118.4±2327.1 mm2 and 1204.1±851.3 mm2 respectively). There was no significant difference in intraabdominal and perirenal fat tissue measurements according to gender (p=0.407, p=0.390; respectively). Also subcutaneous, intraabdominal and perirenal fat tissue measurements showed increments in association with gender (r=0.33, p=0.010; r=0.37, p=0.004; r=0.51, p=&amp;lt;0,001; respectively); however no relationship was detected with epidural fat area (p=0.519). Subcutaneous and intraabdominal fat thicknesses were not related with epidural fat (p values 0.434 and 0.271, respectively); and there was a statistical relationship between perirenal and epidural fat (p=0.010). Conclusions: Increases in subcutaneous and intraabdominal fat tissue thickness with waist circumference was an expected finding, but no correlation was detected with epidural fat. Thus, we think that the amount of epidural fat does not change with obesity. Also, we concluded that while perirenal fat measurements were higher in the male group and correlated with epidural fat, androgenic effects can play a role in changing the amount of perirenal and epidural fat tissue. This result may be helpful in management of epidural pathologies, though there is a need for supportive studies.