Ml Of Sterile Saline Research Articles

Chemical castration in dogs using calcium chloride: effects on testicular hemodynamics and semen characteristic and serum levels of testosterone

Dog overpopulation and stray dogs are global issues that are detrimental to public health and animal welfare. Thus, the goal of the current study was to provide alternatives for surgical castration. Therefore, calcium chloride was employed in this study, which might be an option for castration. Ten dogs were divided into two groups of five: a calcium chloride-treated group and a control group. The treated group received a single bilateral intratesticular injection of 1 ml of sterile saline containing calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2•2 H2O) at a dose of 20 mg/kg per testicle. While the control group was treated with 1 ml of sterile saline solution, Semen and blood collection, as well as Doppler ultrasonography, were routinely carried out every week on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 in order to evaluate the impact of the injection on semen parameters and testicular blood flow. The testicular volume and echogenicity in the CaCl2-treated group were significantly (P < 0.001) lower in weeks 2 through 4 than in the control group. Furthermore, in canine semen, CaCl2 dramatically decreased the amount, motility, and viability of sperm. When compared to vehicle-control animals, azoospermia was seen 2 weeks after the injection and persisted for the end of the study. The testes of all dogs were surgically removed at 30 days post-injection, and testes were put in 10% neutral buffered formalin for tissue processing. When compared to the control group, the average weight of testes in the chemical groups was dramatically reduced. Significant decreases in spermatogenic processes, necrosis, and degeneration of seminiferous tubules packed with necrotic debris, and fibrosed interstitial tissue, necrosed and calcified Sertoli, and Leydig cells were seen 30 days after CaCl2 injection. There was a significant decrease in testosterone levels compared to day 0 before CaCl2 injection and the control group. From weeks 1 through 4, there was a substantial decrease in both peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end-diastolic velocity (EDV) values (P < 0.001) following a single intratesticular injection of CaCl2. The resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) showed the opposite tendency. Based on the histopathological and semen evaluations in this investigation, the study concludes that a single intratesticular injection of CaCl2 appears to be a practical and generally applicable approach for chemical sterilization of dogs.

PSIV-13 Changes in Interferon-γ and Tumor necrosis factor-α in the vaginal environment of cattle during early gestation

Abstract The embryo must create an immuno-tolerant uterine environment via cytokine signaling to prevent rejection and facilitate embryo attachment. Cytokines have a variety of roles in both reproductive and pregnancy-related processes. Cytokines and chemokines are important in inflammatory pathways for uterine remodeling and recruitment of immune cells during pregnancy. Interferon-γ (INFγ) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNFα) influence T-helper cell immune responses, which can assist in early pregnancy establishment. Therefore, we hypothesized that INFγ and TNFα concentrations following breeding will be differentially expressed based on mating type, time, and pregnancy outcome. To test this, we completed two experiments in which INFγ and TNFα were quantified in vaginal fluid samples on d 0, d 7, d 14, d 21, d 28, and d 35 following mating. In experiment one, Angus heifers (n = 9) were used to determine cytokine concentrations in the vaginal environment between d 0 to d 35, and between artificial insemination (AI) and natural mating. In experiment 2, lactating dairy cows (n = 88) were used to determine if cytokines could be used as a potential biomarker for successful pregnancy. All vaginal flush samples were collected via Foley catheter in 20 mL of sterile saline. Statistical analysis was completed in SAS 9.4 to determine differences in cytokine concentrations based on day of gestation, mating type, and pregnancy outcome. In experiment 1, vaginal concentrations of TNFα were least (P = 0.05) in AI-bred heifers on d 35 (1.15 ± 2.97 pg/mL) and intermediate in non-pregnant heifers (4.39 ± 2.97 pg/mL) compared with natural service-bred heifers on d 7 (18.09 ± 2.97 pg/mL). INFγ was increased (P = 0.05) on d 7 following natural service (3.86 ± 0.76 pg/mL) compared with AI (0.86 ± 0.76 pg/mL). TNFα was increased (P = 0.02) on d 7 following natural service (18.09 ± 2.89 pg/mL) compared with AI (1.93 ± 2.89 pg/mL) and was increased (P = 0.02) by d 7 after a natural mating compared with a pregnancy resulting from AI mating. In experiment two, concentrations of IFNγ were greater (P = 0.04) on d 7 (1.36 ± 0.57 pg/mL) compared with d 8 (0.24 ± 0.57 pg/mL) of gestation. There was also a tendency for TNFα concentrations to decrease (P = 0.09) from d 7 (60.06 ± 26.94 pg/mL) to d 8 (19.67 ± 26.94 pg/mL) of gestation. In conclusion, concentrations of INFγ and TNFα may not be indicative of a viable embryo or pregnancy outcome but do differ based on day of gestation and mating type, which may aid in understanding the role these cytokines play during early gestation.

Comparative Evaluation of Residual Antibacterial Substantivity of Chlorhexidine, MTAD and Chitosan Against Enterococcus Faecalis in Human Root Dentin - An In vitro Study.

Complex anatomy of the root canal system results in incomplete debridement with mechanical instrumentation, leaving some areas or root canal walls untouched. There comes the significance of endodontic irrigants with residual antibacterial substantivity which prolongs the post-antibiotic effect, thereby improving the success and predictability of endodontic treatment. To comparatively evaluate the residual antibacterial substantivity of 2% chlorhexidine, Biopure MTAD and 2% chitosan against Enterococcus faecalis at intervals of 1, 14 and 28 days. Seventy-five therapeutically extracted permanent single rooted mandibular premolars teeth were selected. Dentin blocks of 4 mm thickness were prepared and enlarged to 1.6 mm. The autoclaved blocks were inoculated with 24-hour colonies of pure cultures of E. faecalis for 14 days. After the contamination period, canals of each dentin block were irrigated with 5 ml of sterile saline and dried with sterile paper points. A total of 75 dentin blocks were randomly divided into five groups as follows: Group A (21 specimens): 2% chlorhexidine, Group B (21 specimens): Biopure MTAD, Group C (21 specimens): 2% chitosan, Group D (6 specimens): positive control (infected dentin tubes) and Group E (six specimens): negative control (sterile dentin tubes). Then, the lumens of dentin blocks were irrigated with the respective irrigants for 10 mins and were dried using sterile paper points. The specimens were then incubated at 37°C for 28 days to maintain humidity. At experimental intervals of 1, 14 and 28 days, dentin shavings were removed from the canals of respective groups by circumferential filing with sterile no. 35 Hedstrom files. The powdered dentin samples obtained with each dentin block were observed for colony forming units (CFUs) using a Digital Colony counter and were expressed as CFUs/mL. All the irrigants in the study showed a significant decrease in CFUs from day 1 to day 28 indicating that they have residual antibacterial substantivity against E. faecalis. Group B (Biopure MTAD) showed significantly least mean CFUs compared to Group A (2% CHX) and Group C (2% chitosan) against E. faecalis at B1(day 1), B2(day 14) and B3(day 28). Group A (2% CHX) showed significantly higher mean CFUs than Group C (2% chitosan) at A1(day 1). Group C (2% chitosan) showed significantly higher mean CFUs compared to Group A (2% CHX) at C2(day 14) and C3 (day 28). MTAD showed statistically higher residual antibacterial substantivity against E. faecalis at experimental periods of 1, 14 and 28 days. The residual antibacterial effect of 2% chitosan was better compared to 2% CHX at day 1. The residual antimicrobial substantivity of 2% CHX was higher compared to 2% chitosan at intervals of 14 and 28 days.

Comparing the Effects of Intramuscular Injections of Dexamethasone and Ketorolac Tromethamine on Post-treatment Endodontic Pain: An In Vivo Study.

Pain is the primary reason dental patients seek endodontic therapy. Post-treatment endodontic discomfort is a sequelae of periapical inflammation and anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) would be reasonable therapy options. The purpose of this study was to compare and assess the efficacy of intramuscular injections of dexamethasone and ketorolac tromethamine versus placebo in reducing post-treatment endodontic pain in individuals undergoing root canal treatment. Patients diagnosed with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis were selected. Nonsurgical endodontic therapy was carried out in a single visit. After completion of the root canal therapy, the patients were randomly assigned to one of the three groups for intramuscular drug administration. In group 1, 2 ml of sterile saline was administered, in group 2, 1 ml of 4 mg dexamethasone was administered; and in group 3, 1 ml of 30 mg ketorolac tromethamine was administered.Preoperative and postoperative pain intensity was measured by a verbal rating scale. Postoperatively, the incidence and severity ofpain were recorded after four, 24, and 48 hours. All three groups showed a highly statistically significant reduction in pain scores when compared to preoperative levels. At the end of four hours, dexamethasone and ketorolac tromethamine showed highly significant results. Dexamethasone significantly reduced pain after 24 hours when compared to ketorolac and placebo groups. At the conclusion of 48 hours, all three groups experienced a gradual decrease in pain levels. Effective and complete debridement of infected root canal system provides predictable gradual reduction of post-endodontic pain.

A Water-soluble Form of Dihydroquercetin Reduces LPS-induced Astrogliosis, Vascular Remodeling, and mRNA VEGF-A Levels in the Substantia Nigra of Aged Rats

Background: The age-dependent sporadic form of PD is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the Substantia Nigra (SN), gliosis, and vascular changes. Vascular changes may contribute to the onset of the disease and exacerbate the neurodegenerative process, as some vascular changes occur before the onset of neuronal loss. To demonstrate the anti-neuroinflammatory efficacy of a new compound, a water-soluble form of dihydroquercetin (DHQ-WF), we studied the structural changes of microcirculatory vasculature, astroglial GFAP, and vascular endothelial growth factor –A (VEGF-A) mRNA expression in the SN of young and old rats after unilateral nigral treatment by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and oral administration of DHQ-WF. Materials and methods: The experiments were performed on 18 young (8 weeks - 10 weeks old; 250 g - 320 g) and 18 old (18 months - 19 months old; 390 g - 450 g) male Vistar rats. Young and adult rats from the experimental groups were stereotactically injected with 2 μL LPS solution (LPS from Escherichia coli; 0,01 μL/mL) into one side of the SN. Control young and old rats were similarly injected with 2 μL sterile saline. Half of the animals in both the control and experimental groups (6 animals in each group) received a 2 ml solution containing DHQ-WF at a concentration of 3 mg/ml orally every day. After 8 weeks, brains were harvested and serial cryostat sections were prepared for histochemical (FITC-labeled tomato lectin), immunohistochemical (anti-GFAP Antibody, Cy3 Conjugate) staining, and real-time PCR (mRNA VEGF-A). Results: Eight weeks after LPS injection into the SN, a significant excess of areas occupied by cell bodies and processes of astroglial cells, the density of microcirculatory vessels, and mRNA VEGF-A expression was observed in old animals compared to control old animals and young LPS-treated rats. Oral administration of DHQ-WF to LPS-treated rats resulted in a significant reduction of these parameters in old animals. Conclusion: Injection of LPS into rat SN induces neuroinflammation and vascular angiogenesis, maximally expressed in old animals. Administration of DHQ-WF for 8 weeks significantly reduces these LPS-induced changes. DHQ-WF may be an effective treatment for reducing the effects of neuroinflammation in the aging brain.

Metabolomics analysis of the effect of GnRH on the pregnancy rate of ewes with estrus synchronization scheme based on progesterone.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is widely used in the timed artificial insemination protocol for sheep. However, there remains a debate regarding its impact on pregnancy rates during artificial insemination. This study aims to evaluate the effect of GnRH on the pregnancy rates in Huyang ewes, analyze the pre-implantation metabolite changes caused by GnRH using metabolomics, and elucidate the mechanism effect on pregnancy rates. All ewes were administered a vaginal progesterone sponge containing 45 mg of flurogestone acetate for 12 days and received 330 units of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) intramuscularly after sponge removal. The experimental group (n = 69) received an intramuscular treatment of 17 μg GnRH agonist triptorelin 48 h after sponge removal on Day 0, while the control group (n = 41) received 1 mL of sterile saline solution. All ewes underwent a single vaginal insemination 58 h after the withdrawal of the progesterone sponge. The difference in pregnancy rates between the two groups was calculated. Metabolomic analysis was performed on plasma samples collected on Day 7 after the treatment of GnRH agonist. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) treatment significantly reduced the pregnancy rate in the experimental group compared with the control group (72.2 vs. 82.9%, p < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis indicated that GnRH treatment affected metabolites involved in collagen synthesis and prostaglandin synthesis in the endometrial tissue, which includes a marked decrease in hydroxyproline amino acid content and a significant increase in corticosterone and prostaglandin D2 lipids and unsaturated fatty acids. In summary, the injection of GnRH agonist Triptorelin 48 h after progesterone sponges removal reduces the pregnancy rate of Huyang ewe following artificial insemination. It also affects the metabolite levels related to endometrial collagen and prostaglandin synthesis, harming embryo implantation.

CASE REPORT: A SUCCESSFUL STRATEGY FOR TREATMENT OF RETAINED FETAL MEMBRANES COMBINED WITH PUERPERAL METRITIS IN A DAIRY COW

A Holstein dairy cow on a farm located in central Taiwan gave birth after 281 days of gestation; however fetal membranes were not expelled until 12[Formula: see text]h post-parturition. Preventive antibiotics of ceftiofur (750[Formula: see text]mg) combined with flunixin (750[Formula: see text]mg) were administered intramuscularly for three consecutive days. On day 11 postpartum, expulsion of partial fetal membranes and reddish-brown vaginal discharge with an offensive odor were reported. Intrauterine lavage using 800[Formula: see text]ml of sterile saline and 500[Formula: see text]ml of 0.2% chlorhexidine solution was performed, followed by intrauterine infusion with 300[Formula: see text]ml of 0.5% povidone iodine. On day 21 postpartum, a vaginal discharge score (VDS) of 3 was graded by Metricheck[Formula: see text] and uterine cytology revealed 76.1% polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), all of which suggested endometritis. An additional intrauterine infusion of 0.5% povidone iodine was subsequently prescribed, followed by two low doses of PGF[Formula: see text] to control uterine infection. On day 49 postpartum, a VDS of 0 with a proportion of 3.8% PMNs was revealed, indicating available criteria for breeding. Estrus induction and timed artificial insemination were scheduled and pregnancy was confirmed 33 days after artificial insemination. In summary, we have demonstrated a successful two-step treatment for a Holstein having retained fetal membranes (RFMs) combined with puerperal metritis (PM) to have a favorable result of 65 days open.

The early infection characterization of septic arthritis by Staphylococcus aureus after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a novel rat model

BackgroundThe present study aimed to explore the time of maximum bacterial load and main colonization knee site in bacterial infection process based on a novel rat model of septic arthritis (SA) after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR).MethodsNinety-five Wistar rats with unilateral ACLR, random enrolled into control surgery (CS) group; joint inject (JI) group; presoaking (PS) group, were injected with 30 μl sterile saline or 30 μl × 107 colony forming units/ml Staphylococcus aureus via the knee joint or graft with presoaked Staphylococcus aureus during ACLR, respectively. At 1, 4, 7, 11, and 14 days postoperatively, samples were harvested to evaluate progress of knee joint infection by postoperative body weight, body temperature, knee temperature, knee width, scales of tissue damage, serum inflammatory markers, microbiological counting, microcomputed tomography (Micro-CT), digital radiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).ResultsNo systemic infection was observed in all rats. Comparing with serum inflammatory markers, tissue scores of inflammatory reactions, bacterial counts in the CS group, these data were significantly elevated in the JI group and PS group. The bone mass around the bone tunnel was lower and the soft tissue of knee showed more obvious swelling on MRI in the infection groups than that in the CS group at 7 and 14 days postoperatively. Staphylococcus aureus clusters on the surface of screw and graft were observed in the infection group. The whole colony forming units of Staphylococcus aureus maintained a continuous upward trend peaking 7 and 11 days followed by a balanced curve in the infection groups. Bone and soft tissue were found to have more bacterial counts than graft and screws.ConclusionThis animal model effectively mimics the acute knee infection after ACLR. We found that the bacterial colonization exhibited the peak of acute infection between 7 and 11 days postoperatively, with the major bacteria loads found in the bone, soft tissue.

Growth and response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide challenge in Lohmann LSL-Lite pullets when fed a source of omega-3 fatty acids and yeast bioactives from hatch through to 16 wk of age

Growth and response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in Lohmann LSL-Lite pullets when fed a source of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) and yeast bioactives (YB) from hatch through to 16 wk of age (woa) were investigated. Co-extruded full fat flaxseed and pulse mixture (FFF; 1:1 wt/wt) supplied n-3 FA and YB were yeast cell walls processed with β-1,3-glucan hydrolase. A total of 1,064-day-old pullets were placed in cages (19 birds/cage) and allocated to 7 diets (n=8). The iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets were control, control+1, 3, or 5% FFF and+0.025, 0.05, or 0.1% YB. The birds had ad libitum access to feed and water. Body weight (BW), feed intake, and lymphoid organs weight were recorded. At 15 woa, 2 pairs of pullets/cage received intravenous injection of either 1 mL of sterile saline without or with 8 mg LPS/kg BW. Injected pullets were bled, monitored for BW and cloaca temperature at time points within 168 h. Birds fed 1% FFF were heavier (P < 0.04) than birds fed other diets at 16 woa with FFF and YB exhibiting non-linear responses. Control birds had heavier (P=0.02) thymus at 4 woa. Spleen weight increased quadratically (P < 0.05) in response to FFF at 8 and YB at 16 woa. The LPS increased cloaca temperature and altered concentration of several plasma metabolites (P < 0.05). Theinteraction (P < 0.05) between LPS and diet was such thatcontrol birds exhibited lower creatine kinase (CK) upon challenge with LPS relative to birds fed other diets. The LPS birds fed 1% FFF and 0.05% YB showed higher plasmaalbumin than non-LPS cohorts. Non-LPS birds fedcontrol, 1 and 3% FFF had higher plasma K than LPS cohorts. In general, FFF and YB exhibited linear and quadratic effects (P < 0.05) onselect plasma metabolites. In conclusion, dietary provision of n-3 FA and YB influenced pullet BW at sexual maturity, development of lymphoid organs and modulated some plasma metabolites in response to LPS.

Development of a High-Throughput Urosepsis Mouse Model.

Murine sepsis models are typically polymicrobial, and are associated with high mortality. We aimed to develop a high-throughput murine model that mimics a slow-paced, monomicrobial sepsis originating from the urinary tract. A total of 23 male C57Bl/6 mice underwent percutaneous insertion of a 4 mm catheter into the bladder using an ultrasound-guided method, previously developed by our group. The following day, Proteus mirabilis (PM) was introduced percutaneously in the bladder in three groups: g1-50 µL 1 × 108 CFU/mL solution (n = 10); g2-50 µL 1 × 107 CFU/mL solution (n = 10); and g3 (sham mice)-50 µL sterile saline (n = 3). On day 4, mice were sacrificed. The number of planktonic bacteria in urine, adherent to catheters, and adherent to/invaded into the bladder and spleen was assessed. Cell-free DNA, D-dimer, thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), and 32 pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines were quantified in the blood. All mice survived the 4 day postinterventional period. Mean weight loss was 11% in g1, 9% in g2, and 3% in the control mice. Mean urine CFU counts were highest in group 1. All catheters showed high catheter-adhered bacterial counts. Of the infected mice, 17/20 had CFU counts in the splenic tissue, indicating septicemia. Plasma levels of cell-free DNA, D-dimer, and the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-6, IP-10, MIG, and G-CSF were significantly elevated in infected mice versus controls. We present a reproducible, monomicrobial murine model of urosepsis that does not lead to rapid deterioration and death, and is useful for studying prolonged urosepsis.

PD19-04 A NOVEL, HIGH-THROUGHPUT UROSEPSIS MOUSE MODEL

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023PD19-04 A NOVEL, HIGH-THROUGHPUT UROSEPSIS MOUSE MODEL Roman Herout, Sreeparna Vappala, Sarah Hanstock, Igor Moskalev, Ben H. Chew, Jayachandran N. Kizhakkedathu, and Dirk Lange Roman HeroutRoman Herout More articles by this author , Sreeparna VappalaSreeparna Vappala More articles by this author , Sarah HanstockSarah Hanstock More articles by this author , Igor MoskalevIgor Moskalev More articles by this author , Ben H. ChewBen H. Chew More articles by this author , Jayachandran N. KizhakkedathuJayachandran N. Kizhakkedathu More articles by this author , and Dirk LangeDirk Lange More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003285.04AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Murine models of sepsis, such as the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model, are typically polymicrobial and associated with a high mortality within hours after the specific intervention. Our aim was to develop a high-throughput, murine model that mimics a slow-paced, monomicrobial sepsis originating from the urinary tract. METHODS: 12-week-old male C57Bl/6 mice (n=23) underwent percutaneous insertion of a 4mm catheter piece into the urinary bladder. The following day Proteus mirabilis (PM) was introduced percutaneously into the bladder in 3 groups: group 1-50 μl of a 1x108 CFU/ml solution (n=10), group 2-50 μl of a 1x107 CFU/ml solution (n=10), and group 3 (sham mice)-50 μl of sterile saline (n=3). On day 4 mice were sacrificed. The number of bacteria in urine, adherent to bladder catheters, adherent to/invaded into the bladder tissue as well as a set of 32 pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were analyzed. RESULTS: All 23 mice survived the postinterventional period. Mean weight loss was 11% in group 1, 9% in group 2 and 2% in the control group. Mean urine CFU counts were highest in group 1 and all sham mice had negative urine samples. All infected mice had high catheter-adhered bacterial counts. 18/20 infected mice had CFU counts in homogenized splenic tissue indicating septicemia. Cell-free DNA and D-Dimer was highest in group 1 and lowest in the control group. Serum levels of G-CSF were significantly increased in group 1 when compared to controls. Serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-1β were all elevated (1.5 to 30-fold) compared to control mice. CONCLUSIONS: We present an easily reproducible, monomicrobial murine model of urosepsis that does not lead to rapid deterioration and death and can therefore be used as a model for prolonged urosepsis. Source of Funding: Roman Herout was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) - 447437311 © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e578 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Roman Herout More articles by this author Sreeparna Vappala More articles by this author Sarah Hanstock More articles by this author Igor Moskalev More articles by this author Ben H. Chew More articles by this author Jayachandran N. Kizhakkedathu More articles by this author Dirk Lange More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

치과진료의자에서 사용되어지는 유·무선 컴퓨터 마우스의 표면오염 조사에 관한 연구

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to provide the importance of surface management through the identification of bacteria detected on the surface of a computer mouse attached to a dental unit chair.&#x0D; Methods: After rubbing with a sterilized cotton swab in the center of the left mouse button in the range of 1 cm × 1 cm, it was immediately put into 1.5 mL of sterile saline. colony forming units (CFUs) grown on Lysogeny broth (LB) agar plates were analyzed through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).&#x0D; Results: About 8 types of bacteria, gram-negative and gram-positive, were detected on the surface of the computer mouse attached to the dental unit chair.&#x0D; Conclusions: Infection control in the dental office should be prevented through surface contamination management of computer mouse attached to dental unit chairs.

Histological Evaluation of Root Canals by Performing a New Cleaning Protocol "RUA" in Endodontic Surgery.

To enhance cleaning during retro-preparation in endodontic microsurgery. Forty mandibular premolars were instrumented, filled with a single cone technique, and then retro-preparation was performed and assigned to experiment A. In group A1, the cavity created by the retro preparation was cleansed with 2 mL of normal sterile saline. In group A2, the retro cavity was cleaned with 2 mL of sterile saline after the retro preparation. All the irrigation solutions mentioned above were delivered using an endodontic needle with a lateral vent and a gauge of 30. Subsequently, in group A2, 17% EDTA gel and 5.25% gel were inserted into the cavity and activated using ultrasonic tips. After the irrigation protocols, the specimens were decalcified for histological evaluation. In the experiment, the amount of hard tissue debris was significantly greater in group A1 compared to group A2 (p < 0.05). The samples in group A2, where the new protocol was performed, showed statistically significant results.

Efficacy of median nerve hydrodissection by hyalase versus midazolam in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome.

Background: The objective was to determine which of midazolam or hyalase could improve the pain score and functional disability in median nerve hydrodissection. Methods: In a double-blind study with two groups, both received bupivacaine 15 mg with either 300 IU hyalase in 2 ml of saline (group HA) or 2mg of midazolam in 2ml of sterile saline (group MZ). Results: Statistically significantly lower post-injection Visual Analog Scale scores in group MZ compared with group HA at all follow-ups. Group MZ had significantly lower functional disability scores than group HA. Conclusion: Both drugs yielded favorable results. Midazolam was more impactful in alleviating pain and reducing functional disability up to 6months.

Oral parasites and Its Associated with the Population Residency and Some Physiological Disorders Among Population in Erbil City.

Background:The parasitic infection may be caused by the parasites Trichomonas tenax and Entamoeba gingivalis, which were included in this investigation. This studys goal is to estimation the incidence the parasites in patients' oral cavities with associated of some factors like residency, dental caries and diabetics in Erbil, Iraq.Materials and Methods:The current study comprised 354 patients in total. A questionnaire recorded residency (urban and Rural), dental caries and diabetics. Calculi samples were taken by use of a sterile curette and were placed in sterile collection vials, each containing 1 ml of sterile normal saline solution. Saliva samples of the patients were collected in sterile vials, then dilution was done by addition of 1 ml of sterile saline solution to each vial. Then each vial was labeled by patient’s number, name and date of collection. The purpose of collection the calculi and saliva to search about the parasites in the oral cavity. Results:The higher infection ratio of E. gingivalis in the rural regions in comparison with that of urban areas (91.7% and 89% respectively), and the results discovered that the higher positive rate of E. gingivalis (93.3%) was observed among those with dental caries and it was encountered in (86.8%)of subjects free from dental caries, regarding diabetes, diabetes and the presence of E. gingivaliswere shown to have a statistically significant connection (97.1%) and (35.7%) infection rates of E. gingivalis among diabetics and non-diabetic participitants respectively. While T. tenax was more common in individuals with non-diabetes (12.2%) compare to the diabetics (9.5%), but no relation was found.Conclusion:Infection with these parasites is relatively prevalent in people with dental caries, diabetics, and the persons' environment. It appears that continuation of advices are important in regulator of parasitic infection in Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

THE USE OF OXYTOCIN IN COMBINATION WITH UTERINE LAVAGE AS A POST-MATING TREATMENT FOR INFERTILE MARES WITH ENDOMETRITIS

Eighteen infertile multiparous mares were used in this study. They had been barren for at least 2 years and had been bred repeatedly during those years, and were 8-20 years of age. Clinical genital, and endometrial cytology and histopathological examinations revealed that the mares suffered from acute endometritis. Each mare was subjected to an intrauterine lavage with 500-1000 ml of sterile saline solution in combination with an intravenous injection of 20 I.U. of oxytocin within 12-24 hours after mating. The mares expelled most of the flushed fluid within 20 -30 minutes of oxytocin injection. Eighteen of the treated mares, 13 (72%) conceived after mating on one estrous period. Results of this study indicates that removing intrauterine fluid containing inflammatory by-products by saline lavage and inducing uterine contractions with oxytocin after mating improved conception rates in infertile mares.

The effects of administering different metaphylactic antimicrobials on growth performance and health outcomes of high-risk, newly received feedlot steers.

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the primary animal health concern facing feedlot producers. Many antimicrobial mitigation strategies are available, but few studies have compared feedlot performance during both the receiving and finishing periods following application of different antimicrobials used as metaphylaxis at arrival. The objective of this study was to compare antimicrobial metaphylaxis methods on clinical health and growth performance across both the receiving and finishing periods. A total of 238 multiple-sourced steers in two source blocks were used in a generalized complete block design. The four treatments included: 1) a negative control, 5 mL of sterile saline injected subcutaneously (CON); 2) subcutaneous administration of florfenicol at 40 mg/kg of BW (NUF); 3) subcutaneous administration of ceftiofur in the posterior aspect of the ear at 6.6 mg/kg of BW (EXC); and 4) subcutaneous administration of tulathromycin at 2.5 mg/kg of BW (DRA). The morbidity rate for the first treatment of BRD was decreased for the DRA and EXC treatments compared to CON and NUF (P < 0.01). Additionally, average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), and gain-to-feed (G:F) were greater (P ≤ 0.02) in the DRA treatment during the receiving period compared to all other treatments. The ADG was also greater (P < 0.05) for EXC than the CON treatment throughout the finishing period. Nonetheless, other growth performance variables did not differ among metaphylactic treatments during the finishing period (P ≥ 0.14). Likewise, no differences in carcass characteristics or liver abscess score were observed (P ≥ 0.18). All complete blood count (CBC) variables were affected by day (P ≤ 0.01) except mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (P = 0.29). Treatment × time interactions were observed for platelet count, white blood cell (WBC) count, monocyte count and percentage, and lymphocyte percentage (P ≤ 0.03). However, there were no observed hematological variables that differed among treatment (P ≥ 0.10). The results indicate that some commercially available antimicrobials labeled for metaphylactic use are more efficacious than others in decreasing morbidity rate.

Efficacy of Bacillus coagulans BC01 on loperamide hydrochloride-induced constipation model in Kunming mice.

In this study, the laxative effect of Bacillus coagulans BC01 (BC01) in mice was investigated using a functional constipation mouse model. Six-week-old male specific pathogen-free (SPF) Kunming mice were randomly divided into five groups: normal control group (saline), model group (loperamide hydrochloride), drug control group (bisacodyl), BC01 low-dose group (4.0 × 108 CFU/mL) and BC01 high-dose group (4.0 × 109 CFU/mL). Except for the normal group, the functional constipation model was established by administering 0.25 mL of a loperamide hydrochloride suspension (1 mg/mL) twice daily for four consecutive days by oral gavage. After modeling, the BC01 groups were administered 0.25 mL of BC01. The bisacodyl served as a control and was administered orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg, while the other groups were administered 0.25 mL of sterile saline. After 7 days of continuous administration, the experimental mice were again induced by loperamide hydrochloride. During this period, the mechanism of BC01 to improve constipation symptoms in mice was analyzed by measuring the changes in body weight, fecal water content, small intestine propulsion rate, histology of small intestinal tissue sections, fecal microbial diversity, serum indices, as well as mRNA and protein expression levels in the small intestinal tissue. BC01 was found to significantly promote the intestinal propulsion rate and increase the fecal water content in the mice. BC01 could also alleviates constipation by regulating gastrointestinal motility (substance P, motilin, endothelin-1, somatostatin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide), gene expression (c-Kit, SCF, COX-2, NF-κB, iNOS, and eNOS), intestinal inflammation (eNOS, iNOS, NF-κB), and the intestinal microbiota composition in the constipated mice. In addition, the high-dose BC01 treatment had the best preventive effect on constipation. BC01 is a probiotic strain to effectively relieve the adverse effects of constipation.

P369 Aspergillus spp. in coastal environments with different salinity

Poster session 3, September 23, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PM Aspergillus is a fungus genus found in several environments due to its ubiquitous characteristic. The emergent antifungal resistance of these fungi and their relation with animal and human pathogens turned necessary a One Health approach, which unites animal, human and environmental health as one. In this context, the ocean can be an inhospitable environment in view of the high salinity and other variables like pH and temperature, however, Aspergillus spp. is reported as a pathogen of marine animals, and the ocean can be a reservoir and/or creator of resistant strains considering the unfavorable conditions found there.Objective: We aimed to evaluate the seasonal frequency of Aspergillus spp. In different coastal environments in southern Brazil.MethodsSamples of surface water were collected monthly from July 2021 to April 2022 at three coastal environments in the municipality of Rio Grande/RS. The locations were 1) Lagoonal system/Lagoa dos Patos (−32.0253°S, −52.1060°W); 2) Lagoon mouth (−32.1495°S, −52.1009°W) and 3) Sea/Cassino beach (−32.2066°S, −52.1738°W). Water samples (1000 ml) were collected in sterile bottles, refrigerated and cultured within 12 h. An adapted technique of filtering membrane (0.45 μm) culture by vacuum filtration system was performed. Briefly, after filtration, the membrane was transferred to a falcon tube with 10 mL of sterile saline and vortexed (3 min) for elution. Subsequently, the membrane was disposed of on Sabouraud-dextrose (SDA) plates with gentamicin and chloramphenicol (SDAGC). The resulting elution was centrifuged at 3500 rpm (3 min) and the precipitate (500 μL) was also cultured in duplicate by spreading on SDAGC plates. Plates were incubated at 30°C for 7 days, being evaluated daily for fungal growth. Aspergillus spp. were identified at section level by macro and micromorphological characteristics. The determination of the water salinity in the samples was performed with a YSI multiparameter (ProDSS).ResultsThe average salinity of the water samples (n = 10) was 18.57 PSU (SD = 14.58) at point 1 (Lagoon), 19.45 PSU (SD = 14.95) for the point 2 (Lagoon mouth), and 31.31 PSU (SD = 3.18) for point 3 (Sea). Aspergillus spp. Was isolated in 23%, 37%, and 40% of the samples at points 1, 2 and 3, respectively. A total of 30 isolates were obtained, being 13 section Fumigati, 10 Flavi, 6 Nigri, and 1 Terrei. In point 1 and 2, the Fumigati section predominated (57% and 54%, respectively). On the other hand, at point 3, section Flavi (41%) predominated, with Fumigati corresponding to just 25%.ConclusionAlthough pathogenic Aspergillus sections can be isolated from environments with distinct salinities, the section Fumigati seems to be less frequent in higher salinity places. Their antifungal susceptibility profile will be tested prospectively.

P466 Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans and other yeast from pigeon droppings in Khartoum state, Sudan

Poster session 3, September 23, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PMObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Cryptococcus neoformans and other yeast species in pigeon droppings in Khartoum state, Sudan.MethodsSample collection A total of 120 samples were collected from pigeon droppings from Khartoum state. Pigeon droppings were collected using sterile wooden spatulas and placed directly in clean plastic bags.Processing of sampleApproximately 2 g of pigeon droppings were added to 10 ml of sterile saline. The samples were allowed to stand for 20 min with frequent vortex.Isolation and Identification of yeast isolatesA loopful of supernatant fluid from prepared samples was taken and streaked onto Sabouraud's dextrose agar media supplemented with 0.05 mg/ml chloramphenicol incubated at 37°C for 1-2 days. All yeast isolates were identified by direct microscopic examination using the lacto-phenol-cotton-blue stain India ink stain and Gram's stain. Further confirmatory tests were conducted using Corn Meal Agar (CMA) with tween 80, germ tube production test using horse serum, and urease test. Confirmation of identification was done using API 20C AUX and API ID 32C AUX (bioMérieux®, Madrid, Spain).Results Cryptococcus neoformans is the most common species isolated from pigeon droppings as shown in Table 1. Different Candida species have been isolated Figure 1.Isolated yeastNumber Cryptococcus neoformans 42 Candida spp34 Cryptococcus albidus 5 Stephanoscus ciferrii 4 Rhodotorula glutinis 4 Rhodotorula mucilaginosa 3 Geotrichum capitatum 2 Zygosaccharomyces spp1ConclusionThe present study concluded that there is a potential role of pigeons as a reservoir for C. neoformans and other zoonotic yeasts in the environment that can affect humans and animals.