mL Of Biogas Research Articles

Solar-integrated biogas reactor for efficient kitchen waste conversion to biogas

This study aimed to improve biogas production by co-digesting kitchen waste and animal manure in a solar-integrated biogas reactor. The panel then heated the substrate mixture to the right temperature for the reactor after turning solar energy into electricity. The experiment was conducted at mesophilic (37°C) and thermophilic (40°C) conditions. After 45 days of co-digestion of animal dung, kitchen trash, cow manure, and grasses, the solar-integrated biogas plant generated 1,445 mL of biogas with 60% CH4, 14% CO, and 21% other gases; in comparison, the conventional biogas digester produced 501 mL, 479 mL, and 525 mL, respectively, with 35-50% Methane, 18% CO, and 22% other gases. The data show that a solar-integrated biogas plant may react faster produce more gas, and have a higher methane concentration using kitchen waste and animal manure. An environmental effect analysis and prediction of biogas plant construction has been accomplished. The proposed biogas plant, supported by a solar-integrated reactor strategy, appears economically viable, projecting a five-year payback period. This research evaluates efficient biogas production techniques, emphasizing their importance in advancing engineering sustainability. It promotes the role of renewable energy, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability in solving global energy problems and reducing climate change.

Waste Biomass Pretreatments for Biogas Yield Optimization and for the Extraction of Valuable High-Added-Value Products: Possible Combinations of the Two Processes toward a Biorefinery Purpose

Second- and third-generation biorefineries enable the sustainable management of biomasses within the framework of circular economy principles. This approach aims to minimize waste biomass while generating high-value molecules and bio-energy, such as biogas. Biogas production is achieved via anaerobic digestion, a process where microorganisms metabolize organic compounds in the absence of oxygen to primarily produce CO2 and CH4. The efficiency of this process is closely linked to the composition of the biomass and, sometimes, characteristics of the initial matrix can impede the process. To address these challenges, various pretreatments are employed to enhance digestion efficiency and mitigate issues associated with biomass complexity. However, the implementation of pretreatments can be energy-intensive and costly. The extraction of valuable molecules from biomass for various applications can represent a form of pretreatment. This extraction process selectively removes recalcitrant molecules such as lignin and cellulose, which can hinder biodegradation, thereby adding new value to the biomass. These extracted molecules not only contribute to improved anaerobic digestion efficiency but also offer potential economic benefits by serving as valuable inputs across diverse industrial sectors. This article presents a detailed state of the art of the most widespread biomass pretreatments and specifies when biomass is pretreated to improve the biogas yield and, in contrast, when it is treated to extract high-added-value products. Finally, in order to define if the same treatment can be simultaneously applied for both goals, an experimental section was dedicated to the production of biogas from untreated olive mill wastewater and the same biomass after being freeze-dried and after the extraction of polyphenols and flavonoids. The use of pretreated biomass effectively improved the biogas production yield: the untreated olive mill wastewater led to the production of 147 mL of biogas, while after freeze-drying and after polyphenols/flavonoids extraction, the production was, respectively, equal to 169 mL and 268 mL of biogas.

Kinetics Modeling of Biogas Production from Market Waste Inoculated with Abattoir Waste

The anaerobic digestion process is a waste management method that is driven by microbes and therefore, it’s vital to understand the basic operation kinetics. This study demonstrates the kinetic study for twenty market wastes inoculated with rumen fluid at mesophilic temperature. The substrates consisted of blended market wastes inoculated with rumen fluid for a seven days hydraulic retention time. The experimental data obtained were used for kinetic studies by fitting the data to Linear, Exponential, Gaussian, Logistics, and Modified Gompertz kinetic models. The results obtained showed that high cumulative biogas was observed in the market wastes mixed sample at 3500 mL followed by sweet potato, potato, and banana wastes at 2000 mL and 1700 mL respectively. The un-inoculated wastes fruit and vegetable wastes mixtures produced 300 mL, blank rumen 700 mL while co-digestion of waste with rumen matter produced 3500 mL of biogas. The kinetic evaluation of the biogas generation data showed that the coefficient of determination (R2) was in the following ranges for all the twenty market wastes, linear model: 0.5478 - 0.9973, exponential model: 0.9099 - 0.9984, Gaussian model: 0.879-0.9932, Logistic Growth model: 0.9602 – 0.9963 and Modified Gompertz model: 0.9987 – 0.9999 respectively. Therefore, the Modified Gompertz model yielded high-accuracy result. Further, biogas generation from these models showed high accuracy with 25.96 mL/g cumulative biogas in contrast to the experimental yields of 23.58 mL/g with slight deviations of 2.87 %.

Anaerobic co-digestion of low Chemical oxygen demand concentration sludge mixture by different pretreatment methods

<p>Three laboratory scale systems were operated to study the anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge with the excess activated sludge and cattle manure which contained low COD concentration. The experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of different methods of pretreatment. Since the poor organic substrate, the organic loading rate(OLR) was designed about 1.6kg total solids(TS)(l *d)-1 and the hydraulic retention time was controlled from 78days to 53days throughout the experiment to investigate the effects of the input on overall stability. When the digesters got stabilized, the COD removal efficiencies were 61%, 89% and 54%, respectively, and the pH value fluctuated little in the three digesters. The results indicated that the treatment of 1g volatile solids(VS) of SSEASCM on semi-continuous co-digestion generated more than 200ml of biogas on average. Thus, anaerobic co-digestion of the mixed sludge provided a means for low COD waste treatment and produced renewable energy.</p>

Enhancing microbial fuel cell performance for sustainable treatment of palm oil mill wastewater using carbon cloth anode coated with activated carbon

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a viable source of clean and renewable energy from wastewater and gaining attention on a global scale. Thus, this research work focuses on the energy production from high-strength palm oil mill wastewater using MFCs. A state-of-the-art technique for improving the performance of MFCs by covering a carbon fibre anode with various sized powdered activated carbon (PAC) particles was investigated. In addition, the MFCs were tested at various hydraulic retention times (HRT) to assess the performance displayed by modified MFCs. Results showed that a relatively smaller amount of PAC with a diameter of 13 μm coated at the anode during the cultivation stage at a shorter hydraulic retention time (4 days) would produce 504.1 ± 8.7 mW m−3 of power, 39.9 ± 2.9% of chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency, and 299 ± 63 mL of biogas. While, MFC running at a longer hydraulic retention time (12 days) was able to produce more power and had better effluent quality than those operating at a shorter hydraulic retention period.

Post-breeding waste from Zophobas morio for biogas and energy generation via anaerobic methane fermentation

Zophobas morio is one of the most widely bred insect species in commercial farms around the world, however Z. morio post-breeding waste has never been tested for its biogas and biomethane potential. The unseparated waste (M) was sieved to separate it into fractions of feces (F) and remaining wheat bran (W) in order to investigate whether isolated feces can have higher biomethane potential. Mesophilic (37 °C ± 1 °C) anaerobic digestion was performed in glass bioreactors (2 l total volume) for 24 days. The substrate loading was 8 g of the air-dried sample and the inoculum-to-substrate total mass was 125:1. The physicochemical parameters of the wastes and sludges after fermentation were investigated. The biogas potential of the feces was only approximately 3% higher than other tested materials and reached 650 ml of biogas · g−1VS. The average methane concentration was 52% (vol.). The calculation of theoretical electric and heat energy recovery in a co-generation system reached (per 1 Mg of waste VS) 1.3–1.4 MWh and 1.4–1.5 MWh, respectively. Post-breeding waste from Z. morio can be successfully used for energy recovery in the form of biogas.

Application of Terebralia palustris shell extract for bio-coagulation treatment of produced water and digestion of generated sludge into enriched biomethane

In this study, produced water (PW) was decontaminated using the coag-flocculation method, and generated sludge after treatment (GSAT) was transformed into methane-rich gas. The origin of the active coagulant was a novel extract from the green Terebralia palustris shell (TPS). The Terebralia palustris shell extract (TPSE) was created by processing the TPS using a modified Fernadez-Kim method into a protein-based active coagulant. To increase the output of bio-methane, the GSAT and cow dung (CD) were co-digested. Anaerobic digestion process kinetics were examined. The physicochemical characterization of TPS revealed the active component, which contains 16.67% protein. The optimal dosage, pH, and settling time for the coag-flocculation process were 2 g/L, pH 2, and 20 min, respectively, which produced the best turbidity removal efficiency of 94.2%. A total of 36 mL, 490 mL, and 641 mL of biogas were recovered from the anaerobic production of biogas, respectively. With a determination coefficient of 0.9291 for the GSAT and 0.9717 for the GSAT + CD, the anaerobic digestion kinetics followed exponential and logistic models, respectively. In conclusion, coagulation and anaerobic digestion were combined to effectively decontaminate PW and convert coagulation by-products into biogas.

Evaluation of Waste with High Organic Content in Energy Production

Animal and vegetable wastes are mostly utilized by burning or as fertilizer on agricultural lands. Burning these wastes does not produce a desired level of heat, and the remaining material after heat production cannot be used as fertilizer, either. For this reason, plant and animal wastes are converted into energy by obtaining biogas from biomass, which is one of the most environmentally acceptable methods of solution. This system makes it possible to both produce energy and evaluate the end product as fertilizer. In this study, the efficiency of biogas and methane production from kitchen waste and ovine manure via anaerobic fermentation was evaluated. First of all, the C/N ratio of randomly selected kitchen wastes was determined, and it was found as 34.30. The mixing ratios with ovine manure were determined by considering the C/N ratio that was found. The mixing ratios of kitchen waste and ovine manure by mass were determined as 1:0, 0:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1, respectively, and the C/N values providing optimum biogas production in the mixtures were found. At the end of the 48-day-long anaerobic fermentation process, the highest biogas and methane production was achieved as 525 ml and 332 ml, respectively, in reactor 5 with a mixing ratio of 2:1. This reactor was followed by reactor 2 with 450 ml of biogas and 271 ml of methane production. Accordingly, it was concluded that kitchen waste could be a good mixture with ovine manure in anaerobic fermentation.

Anaerobic digestion of calotropis procera for biogas production in arid and semi-arid regions: A case study of Chad

Chad is among the many African countries having the most electrification problems (8.8% access in 2019) relating to the country’s poor economy and dependency on fossil fuels. On the other hand, the utilization of biomass for energy needs has been proven successful in various economies. Calotropis Procera, a bush latex plant wildly known for its multiple merits, is abundant in Chad, with an annual average of 6.3 tons per hectare on a wet basis. However, these are considered nuisance and resources are invested in getting rid of them. This study presents the first attempt to assess the biogas potential and prospects from Calotropis Procera for energy production in Chad. Theoretical estimations, field visits and experimental approaches were employed in this study. The experimental results were favourable as it was found that the stem of the plant achieved a biogas yield of 17,744 ± 12 mL and a biomethane production of 1.439 ± 0.31 L/g.VS while its leaves produced 8500 ± 4 mL of biogas for 0.4409 ± 0.15 L/g.VS of Biomethane. Estimations showed that the average annual availability of 6.3 tons of Calotropis Procera in Chad could produce 891.61 m3 and 9150.884 m3 of biogas from the leaves and stem, respectively. The theoretical energy potential of the Calotropis Procera leaves was estimated at 4.0861 MWh/yr and that of the Calotropis Procera stem at 13.104 MWh/yr. The findings from this study are useful to complement efforts in finding sustainable energy alternatives and resources in Chad and similar contexts. Also, this gives a technical basis for further research in economic and environmental sustainability as well as for policymakers on the production of energy from Calotropis Procera towards significant gains.

Study of the energy recovery of slaughterhouse waste. The case of Tenerife

Tenerife is one of the main islands of the Canary Islands, which, due to its characteristics as outermost region, has a high energy dependence as well as a limitation on available territory; in addition, as it has been designated as a Remote Area, the elimination of Animal By-Products (ABPs) in landfills is permitted. This treatment does not contribute to the current trend of a circular economy and negatively harms the environment. The energy recovery of this waste through anaerobic digestion to produce biogas would enhance the use of renewable energies, contributing to the meat industry's energy independence and better management of the waste generated by this industry in Tenerife, promoting an energy transition towards cleaner energies. The study of the potential for biomethanization has been carried out both separately and in co-digestion in search of the best biogas production. Of the samples studied, only biogas was obtained in the anaerobic digestion of the rumen content, sewage sludge and for the co-digestion of viscera (cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, and rabbits) with raw blood and sewage sludge. The latter produces 128 mL of biogas per gram of volatile solids (VS) of the mixture, resulting in a total of 4,800 kWhe of electrical energy for Tenerife's estimated waste in 2019.

Anaerobic Digestion Combined with Electrolysis of Poultry Manure and Activated Sludge Inoculum

The aim of the work was to study the effect of electrolysis on the process of anaerobic digestion in the example of poultry manure with an inoculum of activated sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The set aim was achieved by solving the following tasks: microcopiing of anaerobic activated sludge during the digestion of poultry manure under the influence of electrolysis treatment; studying the dynamics of biogas yield and its component composition under electrolysis treatment; studying the change in pH values and redox potential (ORP) in experiments with a combination of a bioreactor with electrolysis treatment and without treatment. Evaluation of the effect of stimulating the metabolic activity of microorganisms during treatment in the bioreactor-electrolyser was the most significant result. In addition, improved biodegradability of complex organic components of poultry manure was substantiated. Thus, methane yield on the 28th day was 640.5 ml from the total volume of 1525 ml of biogas, and under conventional conditions, methane yield was 33.4 ml from 50 ml of total volume. The decrease of H2S content in biogas under the influence of electrolysis was determined. A low ORP value of - 495 mV was achieved in the control experiment (without electrolysis treatment). ORP gradually increased in the bioreactor-electrolyser at all stages of digestion and reached -53 mV on day 28. pH stabilized at a neutral level. The positive effect of combining anaerobic digestion with electrolysis on the intensification of biogas production with a large volume of methane has been experimentally confirmed.

Enhancing Methane Production in a Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion of Spent Mushroom Substrate and Chicken Manure via Activation of Sludge, Optimization of Temperature, and C/N Ratio

Management of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is causing a global environmental concern due to tremendous increase in mushroom production globally. Therefore, in this research, the performance of a two-stage anaerobic co-digestion (TS-AD) of spent mushroom substrate and chicken manure was evaluated in terms of methane and biogas production and process stability with respect to single stage anaerobic digestion (SS-AD). Activation of anaerobic sludge using aeration or heat treatment in the first stage at mesophilic temperature followed by thermophilic co-digestion with chicken manure in the second stage was investigated. TS-AD exhibited better performance and enhanced methane generation over SS-AD. The optimal temperatures were determined as 35°C and 50°C for the first and the second stage of TS-AD, respectively. C/N ratio of 10 was the most suitable for biogas and methane production. TS-AD with C/N ratio of 10 and mesophilic digestion of SMS and sludge for 3 days at 35°C followed by co-digestion of the first stage effluent with chicken manure at 50°C was the optimized state producing 1359 mL of biogas of which 614.42 mL was methane, showing an increment by 59.44% in methane production as compared to SS-AD. TS-AD might be promising approach for utilization of SMS as feed stocks for biogas and methane production.

Co-digestion of municipal solid waste with lignocellulosic waste in mesophilic Environment

The present study deals with the dual problem of municipal solid waste and lignocellulosic waste in which authors tried to use these two waste materials as clean and renewable energy source. In the present study, anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste and lignocellulosic waste in varying combinations was carried out. Five-set of experiments (S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5) under mesophilic conditions were conducted in batch reactors. From all the combinations, reactor S3 (organic fraction of municipal solid waste: lignocellulosic waste, 1:1 ratio) was observed to be the best combination producing 70.09 ml concentration of methane out of 78.76 ml of biogas as compared to all other combinations. The increase in methane production rate was observed by 53.67% due to the addition of lignocellulosic waste. The decline in methane production at the end of the 50th day was observed due to a fall in pH, which created acidic conditions, thus inhibiting the conversion process. It was found that the mesophilic condition acted as a governing factor in the process of digestion.

Potential for anaerobic digestion by incubation and anaerobic fermentation of landfill waste: A case of the city of Lom (Togo)

The objective of this work is to determine the methanogenic potential of landfill waste. To do this, two types of tests were carried out. The first one is the pre-test of anaerobic digestion by incubation carried out in a 500 mL flask in which 50 g of waste is placed in contact with 350 mL of water and the second one is the pre-test of the anaerobic digestion by fermentation also carried out under the same conditions as the test for anaerobic digestion by incubation with the difference that in the latter case, inoculum (cow dung) is added up to 21.54 g, that is, 19.23 g of MV in order to respect an I/S ratio of 2. The production of biogas is measured by displacement of an acidified water solution to pH = 2 using an inverted test tube. The results showed that the waste is more favorable for anaerobic digestion by fermentation than for anaerobic digestion by incubation and that all the digesters operated at mesophilic temperature. Indeed, at the end of the experiment, a mass of 20 g produced; with the digester by fermentation 83.895 mL of biogas or 77.75 mL of methane for the waste and 34.307 mL of biogas or 30.25 mL of methane for the sand. With the digester by incubation 4.6 mL of biogas or 2.1 mL of methane for the waste and 4.35 mL of biogas or 2.05 mL of methane for the sand. These results clearly show that landfill waste can be recovered by anaerobic digestion and therefore the establishment of a biogas installation on site and will not only reduce GHGs but also recover the biogas in the form of electricity. Key words: Anaerobic digestion, methanogenic potential, biogas, landfill.

Production of biogas from human faeces mixed with the co-substrate poultry litter & cow dung

In general, human faeces disposal in India is into open lands, nallahs and rivers without treatment and has very high content of nutrients, organic matter and pathogens. Human faeces can cause adverse environmental and health problems (due to pathogen contamination, odor etc.) in the absence of appropriate disposal methods. This study was carried out to compare the rate and amount of biogas produced from co-digestion of human faeces (HF) with poultry litter (PL) & cow dung (CD) under anaerobic conditions. A laboratory scale simulation digesters (D) was set up with three different proportions of substrate i.e D1–100% HF, D2- 50:50 HF+PL and D3- 40:60 HF+CD and the study carried out for 52 days at room temperature between 25 to 35 °C. In each case, the feedstock was diluted with equal volume of water to form slurry. The daily biogas production for each anaerobic digester was recorded using the water displacement method, and the corresponding cumulative biogas volume was calculated. The result obtained from this study shows that a total of 7.62 × 103 ml, 9.85 × 103 ml and 12.96 × 103 ml of biogas were produced from HF, HF+PL and HF+CD, respectively. Thus, the co-digestion of human faeces with cow dung (HF+CD) gave a better biogas production may be due to the maximum COD reduction and optimum C/N ratio as well as fast bacterial action on cow dung relative to the poultry litter and human faeces. Pathogen inactivation was inefficient after the anaerobic digestion of waste as the reduction in the number of E. coli and Enterobacteriaceae was only by one logarithmic unit The highest biogas yields were observed at pH 7.52, 7.9 and 7.63 for HF, HF+PL and HF+CD, respectively. The COD reductions were 42.97, 47.5 and 52.99%, for D1 (HF), D2 (HF+PL), and D3 (HF+CD) digesters, respectively. To control spread of human faeces disease and protect fragile environment, it can be used for biogas production, combustion as fuel, biochar production, in building materials and as a soil conditioner.

Energetic Valorization of <i>Eichhornia crassipes</i> and <i>Pistia stratiotes</i> by Methane Production in an Anaerobic Co-digestion Process

<i>Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes</i> are often used in phytoremediation of wastewater. Nevertheless, these macrophytes must be renewed after use to avoid recontamination of treated wastewater by dead plants. This study aims to produce of energy from a mixture of these two macrophyte es by anaerobic co-digestion in the presence of the activated sludge which acts as an inoculum. The study was carried out using a 4 L digesters batch under mesophilic conditions (35°C). The scenarios 3/1; 2/1 ratios between substrate and inoculum as well as control were used to evaluate the quantity biogas produced over a 25-day period. The pH, NH₄⁺, BOD₅ and COD were monitored to verify the stability of the process. The results of this study show that the pH varies from 6.39 to 7.31 while the NH₄⁺, COD and BOD₅ concentrations vary from 39.6 to 86.4 mg L⁻¹, 1965.8 to 2940.4 mgO₂ L^-1 and 1200 to 1500 mgO₂/L^-1 respectively. The varying ranges of these parameters have no effect on methanogenesis. When the two macrophytes were mixed in a 3/1 ratio, a volume of 13797 mL of biogas was produced with a methane content of 70.53%, a value within the range of a good quality of biogas.

Integrated Treatment of Paint Wastewater Using Helix Pometia Shell Coagulant and Sludge Conversion to Biogas: Process Thermodynamics and Biogas Energy Content

This work focused on treatment of paint wastewater and biofuel generation using post coagulation sludge (PCS). Helix potemia shell coagulant was used as a biocoagulant for paint wastewater coagulation. The PCS was converted to biogas via anaerobic digestion. The biogas production process thermodynamics and the energy content of the biogas were evaluated. The total solid (TS) content of the paint wastewater sample (3994mg/l) before the treatment reduced to 804mg/l (42% below the national discharge limit of 1905mg/l) after the coagulation treatment. The volatile solid content(%VS) and the C: N value of 76% and 25:1 indicate that PCS has propensity to yield gas. Cumulatively, 250ml of biogas was recovered within the 40days from 150g of PCS. The recovered biogas contained 63% methane. The negative gibbs free energy (ΔG) of -7.81E+04 shows that the digestion process was spontaneous. Positive enthalpy (ΔHo) and entropy (ΔSo) values of 259.1136KJ/Kg and 8.61E+03Kj/K depict the process was endothermic and entropy driven, respectively. The upper calorific value (UCV), lower calorific value (LCV), latent heat of vaporization (LHV), wobbies index (W) and adiabatic flame temperature (TTL) of 24385.54 kJ/m, 21964.34kJ/m3, 2421.202 kJ/m3, 30246.54 kJ/m3 and 813.1189K, respectively indicate that the biogas is within the standard that can be used in internal combustion engine or as cooking gas.

Corn Stover as Substrate for Biogas Generation and Precursor for Biosilica Production via Anaerobic Digestion

Production of fuels and chemicals from renewable biomass is crucial to sustainability of bio-based economy. In this study, anaerobic digestion of corn stover (CS) was carried out to produce biogas under mesophilic conditions. The study also investigated the potential of corn stover digestate ash as a potential source for biosilica production. A cumulative volume of 930 mL of biogas was produced with methane content of 85.87%. Higher and lower calorific values of biogas were calculated to be 36.30 MJ/m3 and 32.70 MJ/m3, respectively. Calcination of raw CS (RCS) and the digestate (CSD) was carried out at 600 °C for 3 hours. The samples generated, raw corn stover ash (RCSA) and corn stover digestate ash (CSDA) were characterized using X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X‐ray diffractometer (XRD). The XRF results revealed that CSDA biosilica content was 60.49%, which was 34.84% higher than RCSA. There was reduction in most of the metallic impurities in CSDA compared to RCSA. Potassium oxide was drastically reduced from 12.34% to 1.60%, while Al2O3 was reduced from 7.17% to 6.95%. SEM images showed the changes in the surface morphology of RCSA and CSDA, while FTIR spectra identified the changes in the key functional groups present in the samples. The study showed that CS and its digestate could serve as profitable renewable feedstocks for bioenergy production and bio-based chemicals like silica.&#x0D; Keywords: Anaerobic Digestion; Biogas; Biosilica; Corn Stover; Digestate; Calorific Value

Biogas Production from Co-Digestion of Grass with Food Waste

Management of grasslands in Ghana has become so poor that most rural communities result in bushfires that cause a lot of environmental challenges. Grass could be used for biogas generation. This study investigated the effect of grass and food waste co-digestion on the biogas yield and clarified how the addition of grass enhances the AD performance. Grass (GR) mixed with the co-substrate food waste (FW) was then evaluated under anaerobic conditions for the production of biogas (methane). Five laboratory-scale reactors, R1 (100% FW, 0% GR), R2 (75% FW, 25% GR), R3 (50% FW, 50% GR), R4 (25% FW, 75% GR) and R5 (0% FW, 100% GR) were set up with different proportions of grass and food waste which had 8% total solid concentration. Digestion was carried out for twenty (20) days at room temperature, 35&#176C ± 2&#176C. The biogas yield in the R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 was 805, 840, 485, 243 and 418 mL respectively. Food waste only produced 805 mL and grass only produced 418 mL of biogas. Food waste only produced 50% more biogas than grass. However, co-digestion at 75% FW, 25% resulted in 6% more biogas than food waste only.

Feasibility Study of Biogas from Banana Peel Waste and Livestock Manure Mixture as Renewable Energy Source

Biogas energy can be obtained from waste of domestic, sewage, cattle, market, food industry etc. Banana peels contain chemical compounds such as cellulose, hemicellulose which contain acidic organic compounds that can be used as substrate for biogas production. Purposes of this study are to analyse the characteristics, the composition and the production cost of biogas made of mixtures of banana peel and livestock manure. The study used 6 biogas reactors where each reactor has 19 L capacity with ratio of 1:2.5 for solid and wastewater. The result shows that reactor E2, containing 7.1% of cow and chicken manure and 14.3% of banana peel, produced the highest rate of biogas (91.4%) when compared to other reactors. E4 reactor produced 209 ml of biogas as effective composition, consisting of 2.4% of cow manure, 7.15% of chicken manure, and 19.0% of banana peel. In terms of production cost, E2 reactors have the most effective composition, with the ability to produce 0,000174 m3 of methane by Rp. 5,747 per kg. Biogas made of organic material and livestock manure is relatively less expensive compared to 3 kg of LPG gas with a price of Rp. 18,000. E4 reactor biogas could produce 209 ml with a composition of 357 g of cow manure, 1,071 g of chicken manure, 2850 g of banana peel, 5.355 l of water for livestock manure and 5.355 l of water for banana peel.