Mixture Of Perchlorate Research Articles

Mass Velocity Profiles for Non-Ideal Detonation of Mixtures of Nitromethane and Ammonium Perchlorate Overloaded with Aluminum. Measurements and Calculation

Earlier, by comparing the results of mathematical modeling with experimental data on the non-ideal detonation velocities of triple mixtures of nitromethane and ammonium perchlorate with aluminum excess, the rates of exothermic reactions and the consumption degree of components within the detonation wave reaction zone were determined. A quasi-one-dimensional model of steady detonation was used for calculations, in which all components have a common pressure and move with a common mass velocity, and exothermic conversion is carried out in three stages, which include decomposition of nitromethane and ammonium perchlorate and diffusion combustion of aluminum. To confirm the obtained results and the applicability of the relatively simple theoretical model, calculations of the mass velocity profile during detonation of one of the triple mixtures with 17% nitromethane have been carried out. The calculation results are in agreement with the measured mass velocity profile, concerning the shape of the profile, the amplitude and the rate of decrease of the mass velocity along the detonation reaction zone. A possible explanation of a “leaning” of the beginning portion of the mass velocity profile observed in experiments has been proposed, and an estimate of the rise time of the sensor signal is given, taking into account the calculated curvature of the shock front of the detonation wave.

Thermal Hazard Analysis of Two Non-Ideal Explosives Based on Ammonium Perchlorate/Ammonium Nitrate and Aluminium Powder.

In recent years, various kinds of civil explosive detonation accidents have occurred frequently around the world, resulting in substantial human casualties and significant property losses. It is generally believed that thermal stimulation plays a critical role in triggering the detonation of explosives; consequently, the study of the thermal hazards of explosives is of great significance to many aspects of safety emergency management practices in the production, transportation, storage, and use of explosives. It is known that the thermal stability of the ammonium perchlorate-aluminium system and the ammonium nitrate-aluminium system has been extensively investigated previously in the literature. However, there is a paucity of research on the thermal hazard characteristics of non-ideal explosives under varying oxygen balance conditions within the academic sphere. Therefore, this research focused on the study of the thermal hazards of non-ideal explosives based on thermokinetic analysis. The thermal hazards of non-ideal explosive mixtures of ammonium perchlorate and aluminium and of ammonium nitrate and aluminium were studied by thermal analysis kinetics. The thermokinetic parameters were meticulously studied through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The results showed that the peak reaction temperature and activation energy of the ammonium perchlorate-aluminium system were significantly higher than those of the ammonium nitrate-aluminium system. Under the condition of zero oxygen balance, the peak reaction temperature of the ammonium nitrate-aluminium system was 259 °C (heating rate 5 °C/min), and the activation energy was 84.7 kJ/mol. Under the same conditions, the peak reaction temperature and activation energy of the ammonium perchlorate-aluminium system were 292 °C (heating rate 5 °C/min) and 94.9 kJ/mol, respectively. These results indicate that the ammonium perchlorate-aluminium system has higher safety under the same thermal stimulation conditions. Furthermore, research on both non-ideal explosive systems reveals that the activation energy is at its peak under negative oxygen balance conditions, recorded at 104.2 kJ/mol (ammonium perchlorate-aluminium) and 86.2 kJ/mol (ammonium nitrate-aluminium), which indicates a higher degree of safety. Therefore, the investigation into the thermal hazards of non-ideal explosive systems under different oxygen balance conditions is of utmost importance for the enhancement and improvement of safety emergency management practices.

Mass Velocity Profiles for Nonideal Detonation of Mixtures of Nitromethane and Ammonium Perchlorate Overloaded with Aluminum: Measurements and Calculation

Mass Velocity Profiles for Nonideal Detonation of Mixtures of Nitromethane and Ammonium Perchlorate Overloaded with Aluminum: Measurements and Calculation

Associations of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate exposure with arthritis and inflammation indicators in young and middle-aged adults, NHANES 2005-2016.

Perchlorates, nitrates, and thiocyanates are prevalent environmental chemicals. Their potential association with arthritis remains unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the link between perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate exposure and arthritis, as well as the potential role of inflammation in this context. Utilizing the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data spanning from 2005 to 2016, the study enrolled 6597 participants aged 20-59 (young and middle-aged), of which 1045 had arthritis. Employing multivariate logistic regression modeling, multiple linear regression models, restricted cubic spline analysis, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) modeling, and mediation analysis, we assessed these relationships. There was a significant positive association between elevated urinary thiocyanate levels and arthritis risk [1.19 (1.11, 1.28)]. This association held true across subgroups of osteoarthritis (OA) [1.24 (1.10, 1.40)] and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [1.33 (1.15, 1.55)]. Thiocyanate levels displayed a dose-dependent relationship with arthritis risk, showing a linear trend (nonlinear P > 0.05). Conversely, perchlorate and nitrate did not exhibit associations with arthritis risk. BKMR outcomes highlighted a positive correlation between a mixture of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate and arthritis risk, with thiocyanate being the predominant predictors. Moreover, BKMR and generalized linear model analyses unveiled no significant synergistic effect of urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate on arthritis risk. Furthermore, thiocyanate exposure has been linked to elevated levels of inflammatory indicators (white blood cell, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and systemic immune-inflammatory index (SII)). Heightened thiocyanate exposure may be linked to elevated arthritis risk, either single or in combined effects. Additionally, thiocyanate exposure is associated with heightened inflammation levels.

Novel Solid Propellants Enabled Through In Situ Martian Perchlorates

With evidence for the native perchlorates existing in the Martian regolith, this paper examines the feasibility and performance of propellants formed from perchlorate salts reported to be present on Mars. Thermochemistry calculations indicate that the Martian perchlorate-based propellants provide less theoretical specific impulse than AP composite propellants but could still be viable propellants. Three propellants made from Martian perchlorates were manufactured and compared to a control propellant with AP as the oxidizer. Deflagration experiments were performed to obtain the burning rates as a function of pressure, with results comparable to AP baseline propellant. The propellant energy density was evaluated through bomb calorimetry. The propellant formulation with a similar perchlorate mixture to the distribution found in Martian soil was then subjected to thermal analysis, elemental analysis, and sensitivity testing to examine its combustion behavior and suitability for handling. Further characterization and development work would be needed to field these propellants, but initial conclusions indicate an in situ blend of calcium perchlorate and magnesium perchlorate could serve as a novel oxidizer for future safe, high-performing, and economical solid propellant rocket motors, offering an alternative to most current proposals for Martian ascent vehicle architectures.

Associations of thiocyanate, nitrate, and perchlorate exposure with dyslipidemia: a cross-sectional, population-based analysis.

The aim of this study was to assess the associations of urinary thiocyanate, nitrate, and perchlorate concentrations with dyslipidemia, individually and in combination, which has not previously been studied. Data from the 2001-2002 and 2005-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) were analyzed in this cross-sectional study. The dependent variables were continuous serum lipid variables (triglycerides [TG], total cholesterol [TC], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], non-HDL-C, and apolipoprotein B [Apo B]) and binary serum lipid variables, with the latter reflecting dyslipidemia (elevated TG, ≥ 150mg/dL; elevated TC, ≥ 200mg/dL; elevated LDL-C, ≥ 130mg/dL; lowered HDL-C, < 40mg/dL in men and < 50mg/dL in women; elevated non-HDL-C, ≥ 160mg/dL; and elevated Apo B, ≥ 130mg/dL). Multivariate logistic, linear, and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression analyses were used to explore the associations of thiocyanate, nitrate, and perchlorate with the continuous and binary serum lipid variables. The linearity of the associations with the binary serum lipid variables was assessed using restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression. A total of 15,563 adults were included in the analysis. The multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses showed that thiocyanate was positively associated with multiple continuous (TG, TC, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and Apo B, but not HDL-C) and binary (elevated TG, TC, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C) serum lipid variables, whereas perchlorate was negatively associated with elevated LDL-C. Multivariate RCS logistic regression revealed a linear dose-response relationship between thiocyanate and elevated TG, TC, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and Apo B, but a nonlinear relationship with lowered HDL-C (inflection point = 1.622mg/L). WQS regression showed that a mixture of thiocyanate, nitrate, and perchlorate was positively associated with all binary serum lipid variables except for Apo B. Our findings indicate that urinary thiocyanate, nitrate, and perchlorate concentrations, individually and in combination, were associated with dyslipidemia.

Preparation and property optimization of bistable electrochromic microcapsules

In the improvement of stability and lifetime of bistable electrochromic (EC) materials, the microcapsule technique was used to protect the EC materials in a polymer shell, which was named bistable EC microcapsules (BEC-Ms). However, the particle size and shell thickness of microcapsules will affect their properties, such as response time, coloration efficiency, and bistable property. In this study, BEC-Ms was prepared via solvent evaporation method filled with PMMA as the shell and the mixture of crystal violet lactone (CVL), tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP), and phase change material (PCM) as the core. The particle size and shell thickness of microcapsules were adjusted and systematically investigated by controlling the emulsification rate and mass ratio of polymer shell to core. The optimized BEC-Ms with 2 μm size and 22.94 nm thickness showed excellent performance including fast response time (about 1 s), far lower than the safety of human body drive voltage (2 V), coloration efficiency (932 cm2 C−1), and good bistability (216 h). This approach provides a viable and alternative to flexible energy-efficient wearable display-related devices and smart textiles.

Organic Based Additives Impact on Thermal Behavior of Ammonium Perchlorate: Superior 4, 4′‐Bipyridine Versus Inferior Biphenyl

AbstractFor the first time, the thermal decomposition behavior of heterogeneous mixtures of ammonium perchlorate (AP) with two organic additives – 4, 4’‐Bipyridine, and biphenyl – were investigated. The heterogeneous mixtures of the additives and ammonium perchlorate were prepared by dissolving 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mg of the organic additives and 100 mg ammonium perchlorate in 2 ml of methanol as solvent. After that, the thermal decomposition behavior of prepared solid heterogeneous mixtures was monitored by thermogravimetry analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and mass spectrometry analysis. The effect of the 4, 4’‐Bipyridine on thermal decomposition of AP enhanced the released heat from 479 to 1842 J g−1 and produced a decrease of decomposition temperature from 433 °C to 308 °C while the thermal decomposition of AP in the presence of biphenyl did not change as dramatically as it did with 4, 4’‐Bipyridine. With biphenyl, the decomposition temperature was found to be similar to that of pure AP and the evolved heat was about 718 J g−1. The gaseous products of decomposition of 4, 4’‐Bipyridine /ammonium perchlorate were monitored by mass spectrometric analysis. The main evolved decomposition gases of pure AP are N2O, O2, Cl2, ClO, ClO2, ClO3, HClO4, and HCl, while the major gaseous products of the 5:100 (w/w) mixture of 4, 4’‐Bipyridine with AP were detected as N2, NO, N2O, O2, Cl2, ClO, ClO2, ClO3, HClO4, HCl and 4, 4’‐Bipyridine. The change in the composition of volatile products indicates a change in the mechanism of AP decomposition from proton transfer to electron transfer in the presence of 4, 4’‐Bipyridine.

Pyrolysis of Oxalate, Acetate, and Perchlorate Mixtures and the Implications for Organic Salts on Mars

AbstractOrganic salts, such as Fe, Ca, and Mg oxalates and acetates, may be widespread radiolysis and oxidation products of organic matter in Martian surface sediments. Such organic salts are challenging to identify by evolved gas analysis but the ubiquitous CO2and CO in pyrolysis data from the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite on the Curiosity rover indirectly points to their presence. Here, we examined laboratory results from SAM‐like analyses of organic salts as pure phases, as trace phases mixed with silica, and in mixtures with Ca and Mg perchlorates. Pure oxalates evolved CO2and CO, while pure acetates evolved CO2and a diverse range of organic products dominated by acetone and acetic acid. Dispersal within silica caused minor peak shifting, decreased the amounts of CO2evolved by the acetate standards, and altered the relative abundances of the organic products of acetate pyrolysis. The perchlorate salts scrubbed Fe oxalate CO releases and shifted the CO2peaks to lower temperatures, whereas with Ca and Mg oxalate, a weaker CO release was observed but the initial CO2evolutions were largely unchanged. The perchlorates induced a stronger CO2release from acetates at the expense of other products. Oxalates evolved ∼47% more CO2and acetates yielded ∼69% more CO2when the perchlorates were abundant. The most compelling fits between our organic salt data and SAM CO2and CO data included Martian samples acquired from modern eolian deposits and sedimentary rocks with evidence for low‐temperature alteration.

Nitrogen-rich compounds: s-triazine and tri-s-triazine derivatives as high energy materials

This article describes the syntheses, characterization, and energetic properties of 4, 6-diazido-N, N-dimethyl-1, 3, 5-triazin-2-amine and 2, 4, 6-tris (5-(3, 5-dinitrophenyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1, 3, 5-triazine. Also, this paper emphasizes the insensitive and thermally stable energetic molecules like melem, melem-ammonium perchlorate mixture, and hydrazinium cyamelurate. All these compounds possess good energetic properties viz., the heat of formation and heat of combustion. Synthesis and characterizations and energetic properties of 4, 6-diazido-N, N-dimethyl-1, 3, 5-triazin-2-amine (3); 2, 4, 6-tris (5-(3, 5-dinitrophenyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1, 3, 5-triazine (4) and hydrazinium cyamelurate (10) are described. The thermal stabilities, energetic properties and sensitivity parameters are compared with standard high-energy materials. (i) Syntheses and characterization of 4, 6-diazido-N, N-dimethyl-1, 3, 5-triazin-2-amine (3); 2, 4, 6-tris (5-(3, 5-dinitrophenyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1, 3, 5-triazine (4) and hydrazinium cyamelurate (10) are described. (ii) Experimental energetic properties and sensitivity parameters of these compounds were discussed.

Detonation properties of explosive proppants based on slurry nitromethane plus ammonium perchlorate mixtures

In this paper, the results of investigation on detonation properties of heterogeneous mixtures of ceramic proppants with slurry liquid explosives (LE) such as nitromethane (NM) plus ammonium perchlorate compositions are presented. The mixtures discussed are promised to be used for far field fracture stimulation of oil bearing formation subjected to hydraulic fracturing. Experimental results on detonation velocities of LE-proppant mixtures in long tubes up to 25 diameters versus internal diameters are presented. Results of experimental comparison of detonability of LE studied with pure NM in proppant matrix are also represented. The objective of the study was to assess detonability and detonation parameters of these mixtures at various initial conditions.

Transition of Convective Combustion into Low-Velocity Detonation in a Low Porous Stochiometric Mixture of Ammonium Perchlorate with Polymethyl Methacrylate in a Device with Mass Ejection

Transition of Convective Combustion into Low-Velocity Detonation in a Low Porous Stochiometric Mixture of Ammonium Perchlorate with Polymethyl Methacrylate in a Device with Mass Ejection

Linear and non-linear optical properties of gelatin membranes doped with photoresponsive berries extracts

Natural extracts were successfully used as doping agents for the preparation of solutions, thin films and membranes in order to improve the optical properties of various polymers. The purpose of the present research is to develop polymeric membranes made of photoresponsive natural extracts and lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) by solution casting method. To achieve this, bilberry and blackcurrant extracts were successfully incorporated into gelatin/glycerine/lithium perchlorate (GEL/GLY/LiClO4) mixtures at different concentrations. The prepared membranes were characterized from structural point of view using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Moreover, their hydrophilic/hydrophobic character was evaluated by the contact angle measurement. Their nonlinear optical properties were investigated by the optical third harmonic generation technique, and the results showed a potential use of membranes as integral part for the manufacture of optoelectronic devices such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

Dependence of the Temperature of the Adiabatic Transformation of Binary Mixtures of Ammonium Perchlorate and Hydrocarbon on the Enthalpy of the Latter’s Formation

In the past few years, new systems have been sought to increase the efficiency of aviation fuels through the introduction—together with ordinary hydrocarbons—of high-enthalpy hydrocarbons, such as aromatic acetylenes, and a small amount of solid oxidizer for the preliminary dispersal of the fuel before it enters the afterburner. A new phenomenon has been discovered: the temperature of the adiabatic transformation of the ammonium perchlorate (AP) + diethinylbenzene (DEB) pair behaves differently from the hydrocarbon rubber (or saturated hydrocarbon) + AP pair; over a wide range of DEB content (30 to almost 100%), the adiabatic temperature of the mixture’s transformation remains practically unchanged. It is shown that this is a consequence of the high enthalpy of the formation of hydrocarbon fuel, when as a result of the adiabatic transformation of an individual fuel (in the absence of other components, including air), the temperature reaches 1950–2000 K.

Corrosion resistance of α- and (α + β)-Brasses in a descaling solution by a mixture of imidazole and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide

Scaling is a major problem in many industrial processes. Oxide scales often formed on the surface of metals and alloys, and it is of high interest to descale it using effective and environment-friendly methods. Herein, the corrosion inhibition effect of the imidazole (IMI) mixed with the Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) for α- and (α + β)-brasses in a descaling solution (sulfamic (2%) and perchloric (4%) mixture) is studied at 295 K using electrochemical (potentiodynamic polarization measurements (PDP) and electrochemical impedance measurements (EIS)), inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICPS) and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) techniques. Results show that the imidazole/CTAB mixture acts via adsorption at the alloy/solution interface. Potentiodynamic polarization results reveal that the imidazole/CTAB mixture behaves as a mixed type corrosion inhibitor. At the same time, those from EIS tests show that α-brass has a higher corrosion resistance compared to that of (α + β)-brass. Under optimum conditions, an inhibition efficiency of 95 % is achieved for both brasses. The morphological characterization by SEM/EDX and ICPS analysis confirms the efficacy of the mixture in protecting α- and (α + β)-brasses against corrosion by decreasing the dezincification factor. This study provides a new approach to control the brass loss and achieve desired surface quality using a less corrosive descaling solution and imidazole/CTAB as anti-corrosive additive.

Specific Features of the Initiation and Propagation of Low-Velocity Detonation in the High-Density Charges Based on Ammonium Perchlorate Mixtures with Combustible Additives

The propagation features and critical conditions of low-velocity detonation (LVD) in the high-density charges of finely dispersed ammonium perchlorate (APC) mixtures with combustible and explosive additives are studied. The effect of the relative charge density, the combustible component type, and the ratio of mixture components, including the mixtures strongly enriched with a combustible agent, on the propagation of detonation is considered. It is shown that the dependence of the detonation velocity on the relative charge density in the case of APC mixtures with combustible additives has a plateau-like region, in which the detonation velocity is at a level of 2000 m/s and is practically independent of the density and nature of the combustible component. Moreover, the critical charge density, above which the failure of LVD is observed, is revealed. In the case of ternary mixtures with a liquid explosive (nitromethane) additive, there is no similar dependence, and the detonation velocity monotonically grows with an increase in the relative density. The critical initiation pressures of compositions are also determined within the density range, where the density has no effect on the detonation velocity. The performed studies make it possible to refine the composition and characteristics of high-density mixtures, for which the application of LVD regimes can ensure the creation of efficient explosion-proof impulse devices.

Thermochemical and Energy Characteristics of Symmetric Nitro and Azido Derivatives of Diazen-Ter-Furazans

The heat of combustion and enthalpy of formation of bis(4 $$''$$ -nitro[3,3 $$'$$ :4 $$'$$ ,3 $$''$$ ]terfurazan-4-yl)-diazene (DNFNF) and (bis(4 $$''$$ -azido-[3,3 $$'$$ :4 $$'$$ ,3 $$''$$ ]terfurazan-4-yl)-diazene (DAzFNF) were first experimentally determined. It is found that the energy increment for replacing the nitro group with an azide group in the furazan cycle averages 290 kJ/mol and is close to the increment for replacing NO2 with N3 in trinitroethane. The dependence of the energy parameters of metal-free rocket propellants based on a mixture of ammonium perchlorate and DNFNF or DAzFNF with an active binder on the content of the high-enthalpy component in the formulation was studied by thermodynamic analysis.

Effect of Na+ on Fermi resonance of CH3CN

Raman spectra of acetonitrile (CH3CN)–sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) mixture solutions at different concentrations and temperatures have been studied. It was suggested that the shifts and intensities of Raman modes of CH3CN varied significantly due a novel Fermi resonance (FR) was formed between the ν2′ and (ν3 + ν4)′ bands of CH3CN-Na+ complex. The phase transition underwent from the liquid to solid phase β at 223 K, and from β to α at 213 K, which were induced by the strong cationic-molecule interaction. In addition, the impact of Na+ on FR was discussed by the FR parameters at different concentrations and temperatures.

Behavior of Low-Velocity Detonation in Stoichiometric Mixture of Ammonium Perchlorate and Polymethyl Methacrylate

Low-velocity detonation in mixtures of ammonium perchlorate and fuel additives in high relative density charges is an interesting subject for the scientific research, with potential for practical applications in pulse nozzle and projective setups. However, information about the process is scanty and mainly concerns the measurements of the wave propagation velocities. This paper describes the results of a research aimed at obtaining the data base on properties and behavior of low-velocity detonation (LVD) in pressed charges of the mixture of ammonium perchlorate and 15% polymethyl methacrylate. The firings have been fulfilled at the pulse laboratory projectile setup and the strong steel confinements equipped with the nozzle block or a projectile with the process initiated by a booster produced from RDX or the TNT/RDX 30/70 mixture. The thrust impulse, trajectory of the projectile, pressure, and LVD wave front trajectory have been recorded. According to the measurement results, the muzzle velocity, the pressure at the projectile, and the burning completeness of the mixture have been calculated. In the experiments, the relative charge density has varied from 0.85 to 0.96, the ammonium perchlorate particle size has been from 20 to 200 μm, and the charge length and the projectile mass have varied as well. The experiments were supplemented with numerical simulation. Emphasis was lain on the interaction of a low-velocity detonation wave with end rarefaction waves. The conditions under which the high completeness of chemical conversion of the mixture can be reached with the acceptable level of the maximum pressure (1–1.5 GPa) are considered.

An Analysis of the Different Flow Characteristics of a Closed Bomb Test in Cylindrical and Spherical Closed Vessels

A zirconium/potassium perchlorate (ZPP) mixture is ignited inside cylindrical and spherical closed vessels. The performance of an explosive is measured via pressure histories. Each experiment maintains the same conditions (other than vessel shape), but the outputs indicate different pressure characteristics. The cylindrical vessel shows oscillating pressure values, while the spherical vessel exhibits dampened pressure values. A 2-D numerical simulation and a 0-D performance analysis are thus utilized to reveal the physical phenomena inside the vessels and select the adequate vessel shape for the test. It is determined that the different pressure characteristics occur due to the different pressure shock wave movements generated by the rapid ZPP combustion. The cylindrical vessel retains its shock longer than the spherical vessel because the cylinder has a constant cross-sectional area. The spherical vessel has a narrow–wide–narrow shape, which consistently reflects the side of the shock wave along with its propagation. A flow visualization inside the thick closed vessel provides elementary understandings on the closed bomb test that helps to interpret the combustion characteristics.