Meal Mixture Research Articles

El empleo de licor y harina de germen de maíz en dietas para pollos de engorda

The objective of the study was to evaluate in broiler diets, the feeding value of corn germ meal (CGM) mixture at 50% and the addition of 50% corn liquor (CL) without and with carbohydrase enzymes (CH) and fermentation for 24 hours. A trial with CL + enzymes for non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and CL with fermentation for 24 h was carried out. A total of 240 male Ross 708 broilers were used, from 6 to 50 days of age fed corn + soybean paste based diets (starter, grower and finisher), with 5, 10 and 20 % CGM, with the inclusion of different presentations of CL (0 % CL, natural CL and fermented CL) in percentages equal to those of CGM without and with carbohydrase enzymes (103 000 U/g of xylanases, 128 000 U/g of cellulases and 33 000 U/g of beta-glucanases) at 25 ppm. Weight gain of 6- to 50-day-old chicks improved 5 % (P<0.05) with the addition of natural CL to CGM. The combination of CGM + natural CL increased feed value in broiler diets. The addition of enzymes in diets with CGM + natural CL did not affect broiler performance.

Growth and Testicular Spermatozoa Reserve Potential Of Pre-pubertal Rabbits Fed With Diet Containing 16% Bovine Rumen Digesta-BIood Meal Mixture (50:50) In combination With 18% Cooked Macuna Bean Meal

The growth response of pre-pubertal rabbits and their gonadal sperm reserve potential at pubertal stage when fed diets containing a combination of 16% (50-50) bovine rumen digesta-blood meal (BRDBM) mixture and 18% cooked mucuna bean (CMBM). This was in replacement of 500/0 of the maize and 50% of the groundnut cake of a pre-pubertal control diet. Twenty-four male rabbits of mixed breed aged between 6-8 weeks and body weight range 900-915g were randomly allocated to two diets: the control (diet 1) and the experimental (diet 2). Daily feed intake (72.4±7.5g vs 64.0±9.1g), total weight gain (518±1g Vs 406±18g) and Terminal live weight (1427±48g vs 1317±410 were significantly (P &lt;0.05) higher in the control than experimental group. Feed to gain ratio in group I was marginally lower (7.5±2.6g Vs 8.5±1.2g) than for diet 2. However, dressing percentage (68.6±7.00/6 Vs 75.4±9.0%) was significantly higher in the rabbits on diet 2 than diet l. The cost per kg of diet Vs as well as the cost per kg live weight gain (N352.6±O.l VsN344.5H).l) was significantly lower for diet 2 than diet l. The paired testes weight (1.8±0.6g Vs 1.9±0.40, daily sperm production (3.6x 108 Vs 3,8x 108) and testicular spermatozoa reserve were marginally higher in rabbit on diet 2 (experimental) than diet 1 (control). The paired epididymal weight for rabbits on diet 2 was significantly (P &lt;0.05) higher (0.6±0.3g Vs 1.2±0.30 than those on diet l, indicating more efficient sperm storage. The hematological measured were not affected (P&gt;O. 05) by the dietary treatments. The non-significant difference (P&gt;O. 05) in the efficiency of sperm production and sperm reserve between the two diets confirmed that the inclusion of these materials, in the diet of rabbits supports the ventures Of increasing animal protein sources through cheaper rabbits production process in Nigeria

Effects of mixed Gmelina arborea and Moringa oleifera leaf meal inclusion on growth performance and blood profile of Red Sokoto bucks fed Digitaria smutsii hay based diets

The use of browse plants as supplement have been shown to enhance intake, improve growthrate and increase reproduction in ruminants. However, most of these forage trees have notbeen widely used because they often contain anti-nutritional compounds that havedeleterious effects on animal performance Moringa oleifera and Gmelina arborea arewidely distributed in many locations in the tropics. Moringa oleifera and Gmelina arboreaare promising plants which could contribute to increased intake of some essential nutrientsand health-promoting phytochemicals and also provide cheaper alternative forages of highquality for ruminants. The study was carried out to investigate the effect of mixed Gmelinaarborea and Moringa oleifera (GMMO) leaf meal inclusion on the growth performance andblood profile of goats fed Digitaria smutsii hay based diets. Twenty intact Red Sokoto bucksbetween 4-5 months of age with an average weight of 12.00 kg were used. The bucks wererandomly allocated to four treatments with five animals per treatment in a completelyrandomized design. Gmelina arborea and Moringa oleifera leaf meals were mixed at ratio of75 and 25% respectively and included at 0, 10, 20 and 30% in a 40% Digitaria smutsii haybase. Each level of inclusion serves as a dietary treatment. The parameters measured werefeed intake, body weight gain, haematological and biochemical constituents. Feed cost andproximate analysis of GMMO were also carried out. The results showed that inclusion ofGMMO leaf meal improved dry matter intake of bucks. Dry matter intake ranged from310.28 g/d in T to 372.61 g/d in T . Weight gain and average daily gain were significant 1 3(P&lt;0.05) higher in bucks fed 20% GMMO leaf meal (4.20kg and 46.67 g/d) respectively thanthe other treatments. Regression analysis showed 25% inclusion as the optimal level ofGMMO leaf meal inclusion in the diets of growing bucks. The haematological andbiochemical parameters of Red Sokoto bucks measured were within the normal range forhealthy goats. The cost-benefit analysis showed that goats fed 20% GMMO leaf meal gavemore profit than those on other treatments. Net profit was highest in 20% followed by 30%,10% and 0% inclusion (N1108.30, N 853.90, N506.20 and N485.00) respectively. This studyconcludes that the mixture of gmelina and moringa leaf meal can be included at 25% in thediets of Red Sokoto bucks for improved productivity.

Effects of dried water melon and sweet orange peel (dwmop) meal mixture on the haematological and serum indices of growing rabbits

The objective of the present study was to evaluate effects of dried water melon and sweet orange peel (dwmop) meal mixture on some haematological and serum indices of growing rabbits. A total of sixty rabbits 7-8 weeks old with an average weight of 630 – 645 g were randomly divided into five (5) dietary treatments with three (3) replicates and four rabbits per replicate in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The dietary treatments include a control diet with no DWMOP in (T1), T2 (5.0% DWMOP), T3 (10.0 % DWMOP), T4 (15.0 % DWMOP) and T5 (20.0 % DWMOP) respectively. Feed and water were offered ad libitum throughout the experiment which lasted for 12 weeks. Data obtained were used to evaluate the haematological parameters (PCV, RBC, Hb, MCV, MCH , MCHC, WBC and its differentials ), some serum biochemical indices (Albumin, globulin, total protein, creatinine, bilirubin, AST and ALT). All the haematological parameters measured were significantly (P˂0.05) different among the treatments. Total protein, bilirubin and creatinine values were not significantly (P˃0.05) influenced by DWMOP, however, glucose level and activities of ALP and AST were significantly (P˂0.05) affected by DWMOP. It was concluded that inclusion of DWMOP at 20 % in the diet of rabbits does not have any deleterious effect on the health status of the animal.

Comparison of Physicochemical, Functional and Nutritional Properties between Proteins of Soybean and a Novel Mixture of Soybean-Maize

Vegetable proteins are potential low-cost alternatives to solve the protein deficiency of the world population. A protein extracted from a mixture of soybean meal and maize germ was developed to offer more protein alternatives with high nutritional value. In this study, physicochemical, functional, and nutritional characteristics of isolates and hydrolysates of soybean and counterparts extracted from a soybean meal-maize germ were compared. The isolate and hydrolysate of the soybean-maize blend had a protein content of 93.9% and 73.6%, respectively. These protein mixtures contained 10% and 52% more solubility, 303.9%, and 22.7% more emulsifying capacity, 4.5% and 4.2% higher foam density and 36.3% and 1.2% more coagulation capacity compared to the soybean isolate and hydrolysate. Electrophoretic profiles of soybean-maize proteins showed four additional bands to the typical soybean pattern of 56, 55, 52 and 18 kDa, which could correspond to globulins and zeins from maize. The isolate extracted from the mixture of soybean meal and maize is a new alternative to provide the necessary amino acids for proper physical and mental development. Additionally, it has a high potential to be used as an ingredient by the food industry due to its excellent functionality and nutritional value.

Molecular approach for insect detection in feed and food: the case of Gryllodes sigillatus

The production of insects on an industrial scale has attracted the attention of the research and agricultural industry as novel protein sources. To detect the presence of Gryllodes sigillatus (GS) in feed and food, a real-time PCR method based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b (CYB) gene is proposed by this study. Forty DNA samples of animal and plant origin were used to confirm the specificity of the qPCR system. The detection method’s performance was evaluated on different processed GS matrices including native GS (UnGS) and different commercial products: crunchy roasted samples (RoGS), insect meal mixtures (ACGS) and energetic snacks containing GS (GSS). Data on sequencing were aligned with the reference gene to confirm the PCR products. The regression curve (y = −3.394 x + 42.521; R2 = 0.994, d.f. 14) between Ct values and Log DNA concentrations of Gryllodes sigillatus resulted in an efficiency of 96.4%. The severity of the technological processing treatments and the matrix structure affected the intensity of the PCR signal with the same amount of insect DNA as observed by different y-intercepts of the three-regression lines for RoGS, ACGS, and GSS. The real-time PCR method resulted in robust and sensitive outcomes able to detect low amounts of GS DNA (5 g/100 g) in a complex matrix, making it suitable for detecting the presence or absence of labeled Gryllodes sigillatus material both in feed and food.

Effect of a Fermented Mixture of Papaya Leaf and Seed Meal on Production Traits and Intestinal Ecology of the Indonesian Indigenous Crossbred Chickens

The work investigated the impact of a fermented mixture of papaya leaf and seed meal (FERM) on production traits, biochemical indices, intestinal ecology and carcass proportion of the Indonesian indigenous crossbred chickens (ICC). A 300 day-old ICC were assigned to five groups and fed on starter (1–4 weeks) and finisher diets (5–8 weeks) containing corn, soybean (CONT) or diets containing 1% (FERM1), 2.5% (FERM25), 5% (FERM5) or 7.5% (FERM75) of FERM. On week 8, blood was collected from birds prior to slaughter. The increased levels of FERM linearly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) feed conversion and feed cost per kg weight gain, and increased (P &lt; 0.05) income over feed cost of chickens. The relative weight of proventriculus linearly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) with the enhanced contents of dietary FERM. The haemoglobin, erythrocytes and haematocrit values linearly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) as the proportions of FERM enhanced. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) levels were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in FERM1 and FERM25 than that in control. The number of heterophils was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in FERM1 than that in FERM25 and FERM5, but was not distinct from CONT and FERM75. The increased levels of FERM linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) thrombocytes values. Feeding FERM at 2.5% resulted in higher (P &lt; 0.05) high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) ratio than that of control and FERM1. FERM reduced (P &lt; 0.05) serum content of alanine aminotransferase (ALT). FERM75 had higher (P &lt; 0.05) level of creatinine than control, FERM1 and FERM25. In duodenum, the increased levels of FERM linearly (P &lt; 0.05) increased crypt depth (CD). At 7.5%, FERM reduced (P &lt; 0.05) CD and enhanced (P &lt; 0.05) villus height (VH) to CD ratio in jejunum. In ileum, CD linearly elevated (P &lt; 0.05) with the increased FERM, while feeding 2.5% FERM enhanced (P &lt; 0.05) VH and VH to CD ratio. In conclusion, FERM was beneficial in improving economic performance, immune responses, physiological condition and intestinal morphology of ICC.

Effect of Cassava Peels and Palm Kernel Cake Meal Mixtures on the Heamatological and Serum Biochemical of Finisher Pigs

The research was carried out for a period of twenty two (22) weeks at the Piggery unit of the Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of cassava peels and palm kernel cake (PKC) mixture at 1:1 ratio on haematological and serum biochemical of finisher pigs. Fourty (40) finisher pigs of large white breed were used for the study. Each group of finisher pigs contained eight pigs per treatment, were respectively allocated to five treatment diets in a completely randomized design (CRD). At the end of the twenty two (22) weeks feeding trial, ten pigs consisting of two pigs per treatment were randomly selected; animals were starved of feed for 12 hours before blood samples were collected from the two pigs each per treatment via the ear vein using a sterilized disposable syringe and needle. The parameters determined were red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell (WBC), total protein, albumin, globulin and serum cholesterol. This finding therefore recommended that cassava peels/pkc mixtures can successfully replace maize in finisher pigs ration without any adverse effect on the animals and consumers, since the haematological and serum biochemical parameters fell within normal values for pigs.

Analysis of high clinker ratio of Portland Composite Cement (PCC)

According to Indonesian Standard SNI 15-7064-2004, Portland Composite Cement (PCC) or blended cement is defined as a hydraulic binder which consists of clinker, gypsum and one or more inorganic materials where their contents range from 6% to 35% of the total mass of PCC. However, some factories still have their clinker levels in PCC above 80%. Many factors are suspected to be the cause of this high clinker level problem in PCC, such as the quality of the raw meal mixture, the clinker combustion process, the quality of clinker and inorganic materials, and others. This paper presents the results of the study on high clinker content PCC produced by two different preheater configuration of Indonesian cement plants, SLC and SLCI. The analysis is based on the clinker microscopic examination, particle size distribution (PSD), and CFD process simulation of raw meal in the calciners. The results showed that high clinker content PCC were suspected to be closely related to PSD of raw meal, preheater configuration, and cooling speed of clinker when out of the kiln. Configuration of the preheater and speed of clinker cooling process can influence the uniformity of the pyroprocessing, which results in different residence time of the particles, clusterization of the belite phase as well as its distribution in the clinker.

Development of amino acid balanced food systems based on wheat flour and oilseed meal

The analysis of the main methods of increasing the nutritional and biological value of wheat flour has been conducted. Considerable attention is paid to the issue of adjusting the protein content in flour due to additives. The relevance of improving the amino acid composition of flour protein is emphasized. The feasibility of comprehensive studies for the development of food system formulations with a balanced amino acid composition based on wheat flour and oilseed meal is substantiated. The amino acid content has been experimentally determined and the biological value of raw materials proteins for food systems which are sunflower and soybean meal has been calculated. The mixture composition of sunflower and soybean meal with an improved amino acid composition has been scientifically substantiated. It has been found that the protein composition of the meal mixture is maximally close to the reference in terms of the content of leucine, lysine and the amount of sulfur-containing amino acids (methionine, cystine). The score of isoleucine, tryptophan, phenylalanine and tyrosine in the protein composition of oilseed meal is 1.1–1.47 times higher than the reference. The amino acid composition has been calculated and the biological value of the protein of food systems containing 80–90 % wheat flour and 10–20 % composition of soybean and sunflower meal with improved amino acid composition has been determined. It has been found that the formulation of the food system containing 20 % of the composition of meal mixture and 80 % of wheat flour has the greatest biological value in comparison with wheat flour. In this food system, the limited amino acids – lysine and sulfur-containing (methionine and cystine) are the closest to the reference one and are 67.68 % and 70.12 %. The fatty acid composition has been experimentally determined. The biological effectiveness of the fats of the developed food systems has been calculated. The closest to the fatty acid ratio recommended by nutritionists is the food system with a ratio of meal mixture: wheat flour of 20:80. The resulting formulations of food systems will be useful in technologies of flour products with high biological value.

Influence of Eugenia jambolana and Psidium guajava Leaf Meal Mixture Supplementation on Carcass Characteristics and Economics of Broiler Chickens

Influence of Eugenia jambolana and Psidium guajava Leaf Meal Mixture Supplementation on Carcass Characteristics and Economics of Broiler Chickens

Mutual Influence Study of Food Acids and Polysaccharides of Different Nature on the Sensory Perception of Low-Calorie Sweet Dishes

Abstract The inclusion of polysaccharide thickeners in the recipes of sweet dishes increases the functional reserves of the body, contributes to the preservation of health and the prevention of diseases. The purpose of the research is to study the sensory characteristics of polysaccharides of various nature when combined with food acids, to develop a recipe for a basic mixture of low-calorie meals for public catering. The authors analyzed citric, lactic and succinic acids in combinations with polysaccharides of various nature. Organoleptic tests were evaluated by a touch panel. The organization of the tasting analysis corresponded to GOST ISO 6658-2016; the consistency was determined according to GOST 31986-2012, GOST ISO 11036-2017, GOST ISO 8588-2011. The optimal organoleptic combinations of the presented food acids and complex additives of sweeteners (CDP) were identified, which included aspartame, sodium saccharinate, Sucralose, sweetness coefficient – 340: the mixture with citric acid had a long pleasant aftertaste without foreign tastes and the best taste characteristics. Using the “A-not A” method, we found that the sample with the addition of CDP is identical to the sucrose solution. In the second part of the study, polysaccharides were added to model samples of acids with complex sweeteners; the best sensory characteristics were obtained by model samples consisting of a mixture of low-esterified Apple pectin with lactic acid and KDP. The technology of obtaining a stable elastic jelly using low-esterified Apple pectin has been developed, since the complex mixture of sweeteners and food acids does not have a dehydrating effect. Developed a dry mix recipe that can serve as a basic development, low-calorie sweet products for catering and has a variance of use of lactic and succinic acids, depending on the flavor characteristics of the raw materials used and its corrective ability.

Breast meat characteristics of broilers fed fermented mixture of cassava pulp and Moringa oleifera leaf meal

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of feeding fermented mixture of cassava pulp and M. oleifera leaf meal (FCPMO) on the breast meat characteristics of broiler chickens. From day 8 onward, 400 Lohmann broiler chicks were allotted to four dietary groups included CONT (maize-soybean-based feed with no additive), BACI (maize-soybean-based feed supplemented with 0.1% zinc bacitracin), FERM (feed containing 20% of FCPMO) and FERB (feed containing 20% of FCPMO and 0.1% probiotic Bacillus subtilis). At day 35, one male chick from each replicate (10 chicks per treatment group) was taken and slaughtered. After being eviscerated and de-feathered, sample of breast meat was obtained for the assessment of meat characteristics. Results showed that feeding FCPMO had no effect (P&gt;0.05) on pH and water holding capacity (WHC) of breast meats. Compared to other groups, FERB meat had higher (P&lt;0.05) cooking loss. FERM and FERB meats had lower (P&lt;0.05) moisture content than that of CONT and BACI meats. Feeding FCPMO with or without B. subtilis increased (P&lt;0.05) crude protein content of breast meats. Feeding FCPMO resulted in lower (P&lt;0.05) fat content in the breast meat. Compared to other meats, breast meats from BACI had higher (P&lt;0.05) ash content. Cholesterol was lower (P=0.08) in FERB than in BACI and FERM meats. The 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) IC50 values were higher (P&lt;0.05) in meat of CONT than that in other groups. Feeding FCPMO resulted in higher (P&lt;0.05) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), lower (P&lt;0.05) monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and had no effect on saturated fatty acids (SFA) contents of broiler breast meats. In conclusion, feeding FCPMO produced healthy broiler meat as reflected by the higher contents of protein, PUFA and antioxidants, and lower fat in meats.

The use of oil-based mud cuttings as an alternative raw material to produce high sulfate-resistant oil well cement

Oil-based mud (OBM) is used during the oil well drilling processes to cool drilling pits and remove the cuttings. As a result of these processes, the oil-based mud (OBM) cuttings are produced. The composition of the OBM cuttings depends on the geological conditions of the boreholes and the OBM used during the drilling operation. In this study, the OBM cuttings were used as an alternative material to produce a special cement known as oil-well cement (OWC). Raw meal mixtures were prepared with various percentages of OBM cuttings (5, 11, 13, 15, 18, and 20%). Then they were sintered up to a temperature of 1450 °C, and the resulting cement clinker was ground to produce highly sulfate resistant OWC. The burnability of the raw meal was studied to explore the effect of OBM cuttings on raw meal behavior during the clinkerization process. The results of the study indicated a decrease in the decarbonation temperature and an increase in the rate of clinkerization as the OBM cuttings increased. The produced cement was tested per American Petroleum Institute’s testing procedure for OWC. Also, the cement hydration for 2, 7 and 28 days was carried out to study the behavior of the produced OWC.

Mixed Red Ginger (&lt;em&gt;Zingiber offinale var rubrum&lt;/em&gt;) with Turmeric (&lt;em&gt;Curcuma longa&lt;/em&gt;) as Feed Additive to Improve Conversion Meat Protein Broiler

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal levels of a mixture of red ginger and turmeric meal with a ratio of 1 : 1 as feed additive on the conversion meat protein broiler.Research Method : This study used 100 DOC broiler chickens that were kept until 35 days old. The experimental design used was a CRD with 4 treatment levels and five replications each. The treatments consisted of P0 (basal ration without a mixture of red ginger and turmeric meal), P1= 0.5% mixture red ginger and turmeric meal, P2 = 1 % mixture red ginger and turmeric meal and P3 = 1.5 % mixture red ginger and turmeric meal. The parameters observed were protein consumption, body weight gain, protein conversion, and meat protein conversion.Findings : Research showed that the P1 and P2 were not significantly different from the conversion value of meat protein but the meat protein conversion value was significantly lower compared to treatment P0 and P3. This finding indicates that diet given that contains a mixture of red ginger and turmeric meal 1% (P2) were still able to support the good result to meat protein conversion value of broiler.Value : It is better to maintain broiler with a mixture of turmeric and ginger 1% and in order to produce a profitable maintenance, this is a useful evidence for breeders and animal husbandry experts.

The Effectiveness of Cassava Leaf Flour (Manihot esculenta C.) and Fish Flour as Artificial Meal on Growth of Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus)

Aquaculture is an effort to look for profits through the maintenance and breeding of aquatic organisms in an environment. Agricultural waste that is not utilized by humans can actually be used as a mixture in the manufacture of tilapia fish feed as long as it has sufficient protein content such as old cassava leaves. This study aims to determine whether cassava leaf flour (Manihot esculenta C.) can be used as a mixture of fish meal ingredients in the manufacture of tilapia fish feed (Oreochromis niloticus) and at what concentrations of artificial feed made from a mixture of fish meal and cassava leaf flour is effective as a feed parrot fish. This research was conducted in the village of Sidodadi Asri, Jati Agung, South Lampung using RAL method with four treatments and two repetitions, namely commercial feed, mixed feed 75% Fish meal: 25% cassava leaf flour, 50% fish meal: 50% cassava leaf flour , and 25% fish meal: 75% cassava leaf flour will be tested on tilapia for 30 days. The parameters observed were the growth of tilapia, survival rate, protein content in feed, and pond water quality. From the results of research on the effectiveness of fish meal and cassava leaf flour (Manihot esculenta C.) as tilapia fish feed (Oreochromis niloticus) showed artificial feed with a mixture of 75% fish meal and 25% cassava leaf flour gave the most optimal growth results.

Effect of Eugenia jambolana and Psidium guajava Leaf Meal Mixture Supplementation on Performance, Biochemical Profile and Histopathological Changes of Broiler Chicks

Effect of Eugenia jambolana and Psidium guajava Leaf Meal Mixture Supplementation on Performance, Biochemical Profile and Histopathological Changes of Broiler Chicks

Biotechnological Upgrade of High Fibre-low Protein Industrial Plant By-products in Broiler Diets: Carcass and Organs Characteristics

Aims: To explore the possibility of utilizing bio-fermented industrial plant by-products (composite mixture of fermented palm kernel meal, brewers dried grains and molasses) as supplementary crude protein source in broiler production. &#x0D; Study Design: Two hundred and eighty-eight (288) day old birds were picked and randomized into six treatments in a completely randomize designed experiment.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Research study was carried out at the Teaching &amp; Research Farm of Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti between June and September, 2016.&#x0D; Methodology: The composite of the palm kernel meal (PKM), brewer dried grains (BDG) and molasses were prepared using a ratio of 50 L of water to 25 kg of PKM, 25 kg of BDG and 2.5 L of molasses. The fermented composite of palm kernel meal, brewer dried grains and molasses (PBMC) was dried before incorporation into experimental diets as protein supplement at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35% inclusion levels in a completely randomized designed experiment. The control diet had no composite of PKM, BDG and molasses. At the end of the experiment, birds were randomly selected from the 6 treatments, weighed and sacrificed. After slaughtering, the carcasses were scalded at 55-60°C in water bath for 30 sec before de-feathering. The data collected were subjected to One Way Analysis of Variance using Minitab computer model (Version 16). The dressed chicks were eviscerated and some carcass cuts and weights of organs determined.&#x0D; Results: The live weight of broilers fed the diet 1 (control diet without PBMC) was statistically similar (P&gt;0.05) to those obtained for broiler finisher birds fed 15, 20, 25 and 35% PBMC but significantly different (P&lt;0.05) from broilers fed 30% PBMC, respectively. Similar results were obtained for the dressed and eviscerated weights. There were predominant similarities among the weights of the determined carcass cuts and internal organs.&#x0D; Conclusion: The use of PBMC can be safely practiced to further improve the utilization of PKM and BDG in poultry diets at a maximum inclusion level of 20%. This inclusion level supported carcass characteristics and standard weights of organs at the end of the finisher phase of broiler production.

Assessment of growth performance of African catfish (Clariasgariepinus) fed with feed produced from blend of pigeon pea (&lt;i&gt;Cajanuscajan&lt;/i&gt;) bambara groundnut (&lt;i&gt;Vignasubterranea&lt;/i&gt;) and fish meal

A 3-factor -factorial experiment (2K) was designed to produce fish feeds from mixture of pigeon pea, bambara groundnut and fish meal as major ingredients, while maize, red palm oil, salt and micro nutrient pre-mix were added as minor ingredients. The raw materials were processed into flours. The ingredients were weighed out in various ratios and mixed. The mixture was extruded; sun-dried and packaged and labeled F1-F8 and a commercial feed labeled F9 served as control. The feeds were feed to juvenile Clariasgariepinus kept in 9 separate plastic bowels and fed for 42 days. The forty-five fish of uniform weight and age were grouped into 9 and stocked in the nine artificial ponds, each pond contained five fish. The feeds were analyzed for proximate composition, while the growth performance of the fish was evaluated at the end of the feeding period. Result showed that F3 (20g pigeon pea, 20g Bambara ground nut and 16g fish meal) contains the highest protein (33.14 %) and F1(20g pigeon pea, 30g bambara ground nut and 16g fish meal) the least (23.13 %). F3 exhibited the highest specific growth rate (1.14 %) followed by the F9 (control) which contains 1.09%. The highest weight gain (16 g) was observed in the fish fed the control feed. However, F3 and F4 (20g pigeon pea, 30g bambara ground nut and 18g fish meal) ranked next to the control with respect to growth performance. It is therefore possible to produce quality catfish feed from bend of pigeon pea, Bambara ground nut and fish meal.&#x0D; Keywords: catfish, fish feed, bambara groundnut, pigeon pea, fish meal

Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Meats of the Indonesian Indigenous Crossbred Chickens Fed Fermented Mixture of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Leaf and Seed Meal

The objective of this present study was to investigate the effect of feeding fermented mixture of papaya leaf and seed meal (FERM) on the physical and chemical characteristics of meats of the Indonesian indigenous crossbred chicken (IICC). The study was carried out with 300 day-old IICC. The chicks were randomly distributed to five treatment groups, i.e., CONT (control diet based on corn-soybean- diet), FERMA (diet containing 1% FERM), FERMB (2.5% FERM), FERMC (5% FERM) and FERMD (7.5% FERM). Each treatment group consisted of 6 replicates with 10 IICC in each. At week 8, one chick from each replicate was randomly taken and slaughtered. After being de-feathered and eviscerated, samples from breast and thigh meats were obtained. Results showed that the increased levels of FERM was followed by the increased (P&lt;0.05) pH values, moisture and crude protein content of breast meats of the IICC. Dietary incorporation of FERM especially at the level of 2.5% increased (P&lt;0.05) the content of fat in the breast meat of IICC, while further increased levels of FERM did not alter (P&gt;0.05) the fat content of the IICC breast meat. Dietary treatment did not have any effect (P&gt;0.05) on the lightness (L*) values of breast meat of the IICC. The redness (a*) values were higher (P&lt;0.05) in FERMD breast meat than other. FERM diet resulted in lower (P&lt;0.05) yellowness (b*) values in the IICC breast meat. The pH values and moisture content of thigh meat increased (P&lt;0.05) with the increased level of FERM. The WHC decreased (P&lt;0.05) with the elevated levels of FERM in the diets. There was an increase (P&lt;0.05) in crude protein concentration in FERMA as compared to the other meats. Crude fat and ash concentrations in thigh meat were affected (P&lt;0.05) by the treatments. Dietary treatments had no impact (P&gt;0.05) on L* values of thigh meats. Feeding FERM at 7.5% from diets increased (P&lt;0.05) and decreased (P&lt;0.05) the redness and yellowness of meats. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of FERM especially at the level of 7.5% from diets improved the physical and chemical characteristics of the IICC meats.