Fuel Mixtures Research Articles

Ignition of a Fuel Mixture with a Spark and Initiated Streamer Discharge under Various Conditions

Ignition of a Fuel Mixture with a Spark and Initiated Streamer Discharge under Various Conditions

Multiple-Criteria Analysis of Energy Utilization of Coal, Oil and Plant Waste in the Composition of Fuel Mixtures

Multiple-Criteria Analysis of Energy Utilization of Coal, Oil and Plant Waste in the Composition of Fuel Mixtures

Uji Eksperimental Emisi Gas Buang Mesin Bensin 160 cc Berbahan Bakar Campuran Pertalite-Butanol dan Pertalite-Diethyl Ether (DEE)

Air pollution is increasing due to the high exhaust emissions of motorized vehicles using fossil fuels. The solution is the use of alternative energy. Butanol and Diethyl Ether (DEE) are alcohols that can be used as a fuel mixture and are environmentally friendly. This is because butanol and DEE have high oxygen levels so the oxidation process in the combustion chamber increases and the residual gas results from combustion is better. This study tested the residual gas from the combustion of a 160 cc gasoline engine using a mixture of pertalite-butanol and pertalite-DEE fuels with 5%, 10%, and 15% alcohol percentages. The test results show that adding DEE produces better engine exhaust emissions than adding butanol. CO emissions decreased by 87% using DEE15 while B15 reduced CO by 72%. DEE10 improves HC by 73% while B15 improves HC by 72%. However, DEE15 increases CO2 by 17% and B15 by 11%. Meanwhile, the oxygen content increased by 8% in DEE15 and 6% in B15 compared to pure pertalite.

Droplet Combustion and Thermogravimetric Analysis of Pure Coconut Oil, Clove Oil, and Their Mixture

The droplet combustion and thermal behavior of pure coconut oil (PCO), clove oil, and their mixture were experimentally investigated. The mixture fuels were PCO and clove oil at the percentage of 10% based on volume (PCO-CO10). The experimental method uses droplet combustion and thermogravimetric analysis. The fuel droplet was suspended in the junction of k-type thermocouple and ignited by a coil heater. The ignition and combustion processes of droplets were recorded using a digital single-lens reflex camera at 25 fps. Thermogravimetric analysis with alumina crucible was prepared to investigate the thermal behavior of fuel. The result showed that the sequence of ovoid flame for PCO and PCO-CO10 take place until 0.4 second and 0.44 second, respectively. Complete combustion was explained in that sequence. The ovoid flame was formed when eugenol, terpene, and lauric acid were evaporated first in both PCO and PCO-CO10. Minimum ovoid flame takes place in clove oil due to soot tendency in the burning process that marked flame as the open tip. PCO-CO10 has the highest peak temperature due to the presence both of double carbon chains in fatty acid and aromatic ring structures, which were easy to decompose in high energy input. Clove oil was the lowest onset temperature, which indicates more volatile matter in this fuel and PCO has the highest thermal stability due to the fatty acid component in their fuel.

Influence of the Pressure and Composition of the Fuel Mixture on its Ignition by a Subcritical Streamer Discharge

Influence of the Pressure and Composition of the Fuel Mixture on its Ignition by a Subcritical Streamer Discharge

Determination of the Effects of Some Additives Added to the Mixture of Diesel and Safflower Biodiesel on Engine Performance

In this study, fuel properties and engine performance values of biodiesel fuel (B100) and alternative blended fuels containing different volumetric amounts of diesel (M100), biodiesel (B100) and n-butanol (BU) or n-pentanol (P) (diesel / biodiesel / n-butanol and diesel / biodiesel / n-pentanol) were evaluated in comparison with the reference diesel fuel (M100). In addition, the effects of EHN on fuel properties and emission values have been examined by adding 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) cetane improver additive to mixture fuels at a concentration of 2000 ppm. Engine performance tests of all fuels and mixtures were carried out in a four-cylinder, four-stroke, and direct injection diesel engine at different speeds and full load conditions. 
 Fuel properties of diesel, biodiesel and blended fuels have been determined that in harmony with the biodiesel and diesel fuel standards. When the engine performance results for all fuels and blends were evaluated, the maximum engine power, engine torque, and the minimum specific fuel consumption were realized in M100 fuel with values of respectively 63.3 kW (2100 min-1), 339.65 Nm (1300 min-1), and 256.53 g kWh-1 (1600 min-1). Among the blended fuels, the closest results to M100 fuel in terms of engine performance were obtained from M85B10P5 + EHN fuel. Besides, mixed fuels containing n-pentanol showed better performance results than blended fuels containing n-butanol.

Comparison between Conventional and Non-Conventional Computer Methods to Define Antiknock Properties of Fuel Mixtures

Research Octane Number (RON) is one of the primary indicators for the determination of the resistance of gasoline fuels to autoignition. This parameter is usually determined with a test procedure involving a standardized engine that requires expensive hardware and time-consuming tests. In this work, a set of different methods with which to determine the RON of gasoline fuel surrogates is presented, considering only computer simulations, which allows to reduce both cost and time for the evaluation. A palette of 11 chemical species has been chosen as the basis for the surrogates’ database, which will be investigated in the work, allowing the representation of the complex chemical formulation of fuels in an easier way. A simplified zero-dimensional engine model of the standard variable compression ratio is used to provide pressure and temperature, then employed to calculate RON. This is done first by means of existing methods, and then by introducing new processes concerning a simplified chemical reactor built on kinetic schemes. Finally, these different methodologies are tested against a molar weighted sum of RONs of each chemical specie, allowing to have a criterion for comparison and evaluating their real prediction capabilities.

Pengaruh Co-Firing Biomassa terhadap Efisiensi Boiler PLTU Batubara

The use of fossil fuels such as coal still dominates as fuel for power plants in the world. The use of fossil fuels in most power plants can increase Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions that affect climate change. Biomass is one of the renewable energy sources that is expected to reduce Greenhouse Gas emissions. The use of biomass energy sources as a mixture of fossil fuels known as co-firing in power plants has been widely done to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. In this research will be reviewed the influence of biomass mixture on the efficiency of coal power plant boilers. The composition of the mixture as well as the type of biomass used will greatly affect the efficiency of the Boiler. The percentage of biomass composition as well as the right combustion settings will be able to produce optimal boiler efficiency. From the study in this research, it is hoped that it will be able to provide an overview of the performance of a power plant that performs co-firing so that in addition to getting the benefits of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, good boiler efficiency is also obtained.

An Experimental Study of the Effect of Different Blending Ratios of Dual and Triple Fuel Mixtures (Gasoline-Hydrogen-Ethanol) on Laminar Flame Speed


 
 
 
 Abstract
 In a centrally ignited constant volume chamber, an experimental research on the laminar flame speed of premixed gasoline/ethanol/hydrogen/air mixtures is undertaken at varied initial pressures (0.1-0.3 MPa), constant initial temperature (593 K), and variable equivalency ratios (0.75-1.5). The mixing method is based on the energy replacement principle, and various component blending ratios are tested. This has necessitated the construction of a specific laboratory experimental equipment. The flame speeds are measured using the Shelerian photography technique using a high-speed camera. The results reveal that adding hydrogen to dual fuel mixtures has a considerable impact on stretched laminar flame speed. The stretched laminar flame speeds for 20 percent H2-80 percent G, 40 percent H2-60 percent G, and 60 percent H2-40 percent G are 3.71 m/s, 7.329 m/s, and 11.0267 m/s, respectively, at 0.1 MPa initial pressure and stoichiometric mixture. For 20 percent H2-80 percent G, 40 percent H2-60 percent G, and 60 percent H2-40 percent G mixtures, the un-stretched flame speed at atmospheric pressure and stoichiometric is computed and found to be 1.23 m/s, 3.67 m/s, and 7.093 m/s, respectively. When the initial pressure is increased, both stretched and un-stretched flame rates drop. "
 The results of the triple fuel mixes demonstrate that the influence of ethanol addition on the stretched laminar flame speed is significant at constant hydrogen blending ratios, with 2.24 m/s at 20% H2-16% E-64 percent G and 2.68 m/s at 20% H2-32 % E-48 % G at 0.1 MPa for stoichiometric mixture. For dual fuel combinations, the effect of starting pressure on stretched and un-stretched flame speeds is the same. Where the flame speed has a maximum value for stoichiometric combustion, the equivalence ratio has a greater effect on flame speed. "
 
 
 

Using Machine Learning Methods to Predict the Effect of Alternative Fuel Mixtures on Exhaust Emissions

Machine learning is a science that deals with the design and development processes of algorithms that enable data-based learning. Machine learning methods try to find the most suitable model for new data prediction processes by using the past data. In this study, the data obtained from the engine trials with fuel mixtures of 5%, 10%, 15% by volume using 1-Propanol, 2-Propanol, AVGAS and gasoline fuel were used. Obtained data were compared with 100% gasoline values. In the study, a 4-cylinder engine with direct injection and turbocharging was used. With the obtained measurement results, a database was created to be used in machine learning. With the created database, estimation processes were carried out on ANN, GBA, SVM and AB machine learning models. At the end of the study, it was found that the most suitable model for the estimation of CO, CO2, HC, O2 values was ANN with an R2 value of 0.9999. For the NO value, it was determined that the AB method was used with an R2 value of 0.9996. In the estimation process of the CO value, GBA and AB methods are other machine learning methods that can be used as they have a higher value than 0.99 R2. CO2, HC and O2, and in the output value estimation process, GBA and AB are other methods that can be used instead of ANN as they have a higher value than 0.99 R2. It has been found that there is another machine learning method that can be used for NO value estimation, with an AB 0.99 R2 value.

H2 – CH4 blending fuels combustion using a cyclonic burner on colorless distributed combustion

H 2 – CH 4 mixture fuels can be promising for reducing carbon-based emissions. However, because of higher pollutant emission (such as NO X ) problems during hydrogen combustion, a new combustion method can be favorable. Colorless distributed combustion (CDC) is emerging here. CDC enables ultra-low pollutant emissions along with reduced flame instabilities, combustion noise, improved combustion efficiency, etc. Considering those benefits, methane and the hydrogen-enriched methane (60% CH 4 – 40% H 2 , 50% CH 4 – 50% H 2 , 40% CH 4 – 60% H 2 ) fuels have been consumed using a cyclonic burner providing more residence time at an equivalence ratio of 0.83 under distributed regime. For the modelings, Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) turbulence model, the assumed-shape with β-function Probability Density Function combustion model, and P-1 radiation model have been selected. To seek CDC, the oxygen concentration in the oxidizer was reduced with N 2 or CO 2 diluent from 21% O 2 to 13% O 2 at an interval of 2%. The air and the fuel temperatures were kept constant at 300 K. Besides, for seeking high-temperature air combustion (HiTAC) conditions the oxidizer temperature was changed to 600 K to simulate flue gas recirculation. The results showed that the temperature distributions changed to be more uniform considerably with a decrease in oxygen concentration for all cases. CDC also provided a considerable decrease in NO X and a favorable reduction in CO at a certain oxygen concentration. It has been concluded that CO 2 as the diluent was more effective for reducing temperature levels and NO X levels due to its greater heat capacity. • H 2 – CH 4 blending fuels combustion have been examined in a cyclonic burner. • Colorless distributed combustion (CDC) was sought for H 2 – CH 4 blending fuels. • Reduced oxygen concentration affected considerably all combustion characteristics. • Combustion characteristics were changed with increase in hydrogen content. • Ultra-low pollutant emissions were achieved under CDC.

Effect of Heavy Fuel Combustion in a Gas Power Plant on Turbine Performance: A Review

The current review focuses on the utilization of heavy fuel in operating gas turbine and their effect on the power plant performance. The literature survey includes a comparison of the different studies to reveal the effect of the fuel property on the combustion efficiency and fuel consumption. the most important of which is the generation of electric power by heavy fuels in power stations that use turbines. Gas turbine is becoming increasingly widespread in electric power generation and other branches of industry. It is known that the thermal efficiency of an open gas turbine cycle varies according to the type of fuel used in the plant. Gas turbines are particularly suitable for fuels with materials that have physical and chemical properties that help in continuous combustion and therefore the ease inherent in Fuel injection and mixture preparation.

MODELING AND SIMULATION OF COMPRESSION-IGNITION INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES’ EMISSIONS PRODUCED BY DIESEL AND BIODIESEL MIXTURES

Biofuels have been identified as possible solutions to the problems caused by the usage of fossil fuels in energy production. Although they generally produce fewer emissions, there are indications that engines powered with biodiesel mixtures emit pollutants such as nitrogen oxides in greater quantities than when powered by fossil diesel. So, further investigation on the emissions produced by these two fuels is needed, with the goal of best knowing what kind of harm to the environment each one of those is causing. One of the best tools available for expanding any subject’s comprehension, without spending lots of resources, are mathematical models. In order to better understand the relations between the fuel used to power a compression-ignition internal combustion engine (ICO) and the emissions produced as subproducts of the thermodynamic process, this paper aims at developing a mathematical model of the production of emissions according to the fuel mixture used. The main goal is to develop a simple model, from the point of view of chemical kinetics, but with the support of well-collected experimental data, and methods of mathematical model adjustments and validations, to make the model describe the reality of the phenomena with satisfactory precision. This Mathematical Model is completely implemented using FORTRAN® Language. There are 2 sorts of data: one used to calibrate and adjust the model’s constants so the model can properly describe the reality of the events, and the other as the basis of comparison for the validation of the model after adjustments and calibrations. With this work, it is expected that the knowledge about how the use of these fuels impact global emissions, and how it is possible to optimize our energy production by using the best mixture of fuels at the optimal point between net power outtake and net emissions produced.

Influence of co-combustion of unsuitable fuels with standardized fuels in households on CO, OGC, PM, and PAH emissions.

Waste combustion in residential small-scale combustion units is not legal in the Czech Republic or other European Union countries. The resulting gaseous and particulate pollutants expose inhabitants to smells and toxic compounds and may damage their property and health. This study is designed to define the emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants and determine the influence of municipal waste combustion on emission factors. Different types of solid fuels, municipal wood wastes (window frames, furniture chipboard), and mixtures of solid fuels with municipal wastes (namely, textiles, plastics, PET briquettes comprising a mixture of PET bottles + wood pellets + frying oil, paper, and floor coverings) were combusted in residential combustion units (such as gasification boiler, boiler with down-draft combustion, overfire boiler, and stove). Studies describing such an extensive range of waste samples combusted in different small-scale combustion units have not yet been published. Emission factors (EFs) for products of incomplete combustion (carbon monoxide (CO), organic gaseous compounds (OGC), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in gaseous and particulate phases) and particulate matter (PM) were within narrow intervalsand lowest for standardized wood fuel (dry wood logs only) and 2-4 times higher on average for unsuitable coal samples (coal unsuitable for the particular boiler type used and coal combined with waste), for which values fell within broad intervals.The EFs of pollutants resulting from incomplete combustion (CO, OGC, and 16 PAHtotal) and PM were lowest for standardized wood fuel (dry wood logs only) and almost two or four times higher on average for unsuitable coal fuels (coal unsuitable for the particular boiler type used and coal combined with waste).

Reducing GHG and NOx Pollutant Emissions with an Oxy-Hydrogen Burner

The paper presents experimental results obtained by authors in testing an own conception burner operating with a biofuel (hydrogen) and technical oxygen as a supplier of oxygen for combustion. The objective of the work is to create an equipment for producing thermal energy for industrial heating furnaces under conditions of complete elimination of greenhouse gas emissions GHG (mainly CO2) and significant reduction of NOx (NO2 and NO) emissions by using the most advanced known techniques. The hydrogen and oxygen staged mixture method is applied, which allows to self-cooling the flame to reduce the NOx emissions. Also, hydrogen is used uniquely without other fossil fuels in mixture and oxygen in the form of technical oxygen without being component of a combustion air even enriched in oxygen. The result of stand testing showed that the burner operation is stable without explosion danger in the thermal power range 14.85-30 kW, the CO2 and CO emissions are zero and the NO2 and NO emissions are relatively low below the maximum limits allowed in the world. The tested technical solution is optimal for the burner operation and meets the objective, but additional tests and verifications are still required for industrial application.

Development of a bi-fuel power supply system for a diesel engine

The relevance of the study is due to the lack of systems in which the proportions of the used fuels in the mixture and the values of the cycle supply are simultaneously controlled depending on the load-speed mode of the diesel engine. The aim of the research is to develop a design for a bi-fuel power supply system for a diesel engine, which allows for the simultaneous regulation of the proportions of the components of a mixture consisting of alternative and diesel fuels, as well as the values of the cyclic supply of this mixture to the diesel cylinders. As a result of the research, an algorithm was calculated for the simultaneous control of the proportions of the components of a mixture consisting of alternative and diesel fuels, as well as the values of the cyclic supply of this mixture to the diesel cylinders. As a result of the operation of the fuel supply system on mixtures of diesel and alternative fuels according to the developed algorithm, it made it possible to achieve the identical operation of a diesel engine on pure diesel fuel at all load-speed modes of diesel operation. Also, in the course of the research carried out, a bi-fuel power supply system for a diesel engine was developed, which makes it possible to simultaneously regulate the amount (cycle supply) and the composition of a mixture consisting of diesel and alternative fuel supplied to the diesel cylinders, depending on the speed and load modes of operation.

Analysis of Gas-Turbine Type GT-009 M Low-Toxic Combustion Chamber with Impact Cooling of the Burner Pipe Based on Combustion of Preliminarily Prepared Depleted Air–Fuel Mixture

This article analyzes the mechanism of formation of the main components of harmful emissions characteristic of combustion chambers operating on conventional hydrocarbon fuels. The method of combustion of a preliminarily prepared depleted air–fuel mixture was chosen as the object of the study. This method of suppressing harmful emissions was implemented in the design of a low-toxic combustion chamber developed as applied to the GT-009 M type unit with impact cooling of the burner pipe and provides for stabilization of the main kinetic flame by means of a diffusion-kinetic and a standby burner device. The results of the calculations performed with regard to the operating conditions of the low-toxic combustion chamber at the nominal load of GT-009 M allow us to conclude that the practical use of combustion of a depleted, preprepared, fuel–air mixture in combination with diffusion-kinetic stabilization of combustion is promising. The topic of this article is related to the problem of ecological improvement of gas turbine unit combustion chambers, which determines its utmost importance and relevance.

Size and Light Absorption of Miniature-Inverted-Soot-Generator Particles During Operation with Various Fuel Mixtures

Size and Light Absorption of Miniature-Inverted-Soot-Generator Particles During Operation with Various Fuel Mixtures

Multidimensional Analysis of the Injection Position on Fuel Spray and Mixture Formation in a Single-Cylinder Linear Engine Generator

Multidimensional Analysis of the Injection Position on Fuel Spray and Mixture Formation in a Single-Cylinder Linear Engine Generator

Multifactor Analysis of Energy Utilization of Coal, Oil and Vegetable Waste in the Composition of Fuel Mixtures

Multifactor Analysis of Energy Utilization of Coal, Oil and Vegetable Waste in the Composition of Fuel Mixtures