Biodiesel Mixtures Research Articles

Effect of ethanol enrichment and engine parameters on the performance of an HCCI engine fuelled with biodiesel/ethanol mixtures

Based on models resulting from the merging of validated kinetic schemes, four reaction mechanisms were developed to describe the combustion of biodiesel-surrogate/ethanol blends in an HCCI engine. The proposed models were then compared to experimental data issued from a modified cooperative fuel research (CFR) engine which can be considered as an HCCI engine. The kinetic scheme displaying the best predictive capabilities, in conjunction with the single-zone HCCI code from the chemkin library, was used to investigate effects of ethanol enrichment and the variation of some important parameters, such as inlet temperature, relative air/fuel ratio and compression ratio, on the combustion and performance characteristics of the investigated HCCI engine. The blended fuels were formed by incrementally adding 10% of ethanol to the neat biodiesel mixture. The inlet temperature ranged from 320 to 420 K with a step of 20 K, whereas air/fuel and compression ratios were varied from 2 to 5 with a step of 0.5, and from 9 to 14 with a step equal to 1, respectively. The obtained data indicated that ethanol effects on the starting of combustion, combustion duration and indicated mean effective pressure were dependent on intake temperature, air/fuel and compression ratios.

Influence of Pressure and Temperature in the Speed of Sound of Isobutanol + Biodiesel Mixtures

Influence of Pressure and Temperature in the Speed of Sound of Isobutanol + Biodiesel Mixtures

Effects of Exhaustion Gases from Biodiesel Blends on the Lichen Cladonia verticillaris: A Complimentary Evaluation

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of gases emitted by blends of biodiesel with petroleum diesel at intermediate concentrations (between 10 % and 40 %) on the biochemistry of the lichen Cladonia verticillaris (Raddi) Fr. Samples of the respective species were exposed to the gases during a period of sixty minutes, using a stationary engine, with blends of 20 % (B20), 25 % (B25) and 30 % (B30) of biodiesel, from the oil from cotton, to petroleum diesel. In the period of 30, 60 and 90 days, the concentrations of primary metabolites (chlorophylls and pheophytins) and secondary (protocetraric acid and fumarprotocetraric acid) were determined. A control group was used for comparison purposes. The gases emitted during the combustion process were also evaluated at three times (0 minutes, 30 minutes and 60 minutes). The results did not show significant differences for chlorophylls, when all treatments and control materials were compared, however, variations were observed for the other metabolites. The concentration of protocetraric acid was higher compared to fumarprotocetraric acid, indicating that there were blocks in the synthesis of the metabolic pathway. Cluster analysis showed that for groups B20 and B25, pheophytins are related to CO2, while for B30 their chlorophylls are related to NO2. The results demonstrate that the respective mixtures do not affect the integrity of the species, confirming the recommendation to use mixtures of biodiesel with petroleum diesel up to 40 %. Keywords: biofuels, environmental impact, living organisms, lichen substances, biomonitoring.

Comparative analysis of filterability behavior of B30 and B40 biodiesel blends on various porosity and dimension of fuel filter

This report is focused on comparative analysis of the impact of using biodiesel blends containing more than 30% biodiesel in diesel engine filtration systems. The objective of this study is to support the sustainability of the mandatory biodiesel utilization program by more than 30%. To evaluate filterability behavior of high-percentage biodiesel blends, namely B30 and B40 (30 and 40%-vol biodiesel on diesel fuel), the study employed the ASTM D 2068 Filter Blocking Tendency (FBT). After filter rig test, fuel filter pressure was also evaluated using the JIS 1617 standard method. It is important to note that fuel filter plays an important role in removing contaminants from fuel, and, hence, the effect of the difference in filter porosity needs to be observed with pressure difference across fuel filter monitored at the flow rate (0.03 m3/h and fuel temperature (15 ⁰C and 25 ⁰C). Furthermore, the effect of changes in temperature and surface morphology on the characteristics of filter was observed in this study. Based on FBT analysis, a polynomial regression (R2 > 0.98) was used to describe the relationship between FBT value and the effect of biodiesel blends on filterability. It was concluded that the temperature, monoglyceride content, and FAME concentration in the diesel fuel influenced their FBT. However, the rise in waxy particles at 15oC (near Cloud Point) could result in a more significant average pressure drop than at 25⁰C (ambient temperature). It was also found that a higher biodiesel mixture potentially results in a higher-pressure difference due to the lower fuel temperature and the formation of waxy contaminants that can clog filter.

AN INTERFERENCE FREE ABSORPTION IN THE MID-INFRARED TO FOLLOW THE OBTAINING OF BIODIESEL BY TRANSESTERIFICATION OF WASTE FRYING OILS

To trace the production of biodiesel in a base-catalyzed transesterification of waste frying oils and methanol, mid infrared spectra were acquired by Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) of the organic phases isolated from the reaction medium at 0, 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes from the start of the process and analyzed qualitatively in comparison with the IR spectrum of the waste oil in its initial condition. Among all the signals or regions of the infrared spectrum proposed by other authors as suitable for monitoring the biodiesel content in blends, which were indeed observed in these ATR FTIR spectra, the signal at 1195 cm−1, attributable to the stretching of the bond between sp2 carbon and oxygen in methyl carboxylate -(CO)-OCH3 resulted in the most suitable signal to follow the biodiesel production in the reaction medium through the IR spectrum of the corresponding isolated organic phase. The signal at 1195 cm−1 appeared only in the infrared spectra of the organic phases containing some biodiesel, and its intensity increased steadily during the reaction. For the rest of the signals proposed in previous publications as useful for quantifying biodiesel in mixtures, it was demonstrated, by these infrared spectra, that there is interference by signals attributable to species, other than biodiesel, present in the mixture.

Experimental studies on performance and emission measures of a 4-stroke compression ignition engine using palm bio-diesel blended with N-butanol

The enormous consumption of energy, stiff increase in oil prices, and customary fuel degradation contribute to massive fuel crises in most of the developed countries. Despite the mild energy disaster and extreme environmental regulations, Diesel engines pose a vital option for automobile vehicles. However, the increased Diesel emissions and the higher labor cost associated to cut down the same make the Bio-diesels blended with N-butanol a better option to resolve the fossil gasoline problems in the future. Hence, the present study highlights the performance and emission measures of a 4-stroke Compression Ignition (CI) engine using N-butanol additive (solvent) with Palm Bio-diesel. Experiments are conducted (i) with only Diesel (ii) with Palm Bio-diesel (in percentages of 10, 15, and 20) mixed with Diesel, and (iii) with N-butanol additive (considered 10% only) to the mixture of Palm Bio-diesel (in percentages of 10, 15, and 20) and Diesel. Experimental analyses are carried out in the same engine using an eddy current dynamometer. The effect of various performance parameters like Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), Brake thermal efficiency (BTE), Brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), and Exhaust gas temperature (EGT) on the engine load (varying between 0 and 16 N) is evaluated. On the other hand, different regulated emission measures like Smoke opacity, Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and Hydrocarbons (HC) are also evaluated at the same engine loads. The idea is to identify the feasibility and potential benefits of these biofuel blends in the CI engine. Adding 10% N-butanol to Bio-diesel, the HC, CO2, CO, and smoke opacity are reduced to a greater extent. The NOx emissions are also controlled to a larger extent using N-butanol. Again, the BA10 (10% Palm Bio-diesel, 10% N-butanol, and 80% Diesel) has a 2% higher BTE and a 1.33% lower BSFC compared to Diesel and B10 (10% Palm Bio-diesel, and 90% Diesel). The addition of N-butanol to Diesel also helps in reducing the fuel density, kinematic viscosity, and cetane value of blended fuels and can be used as a substitute fuel for Diesel engines.

Effect of Density and Viscosity on Injection Characteristic of Jatropha - waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Mixture.

Biodiesel has an important role in the world of transportation and its existence is taken into account. So the availability of biodiesel fuel in the future will be difficult to eliminate and must continue to be fulfilled. Therefore, it is necessary to innovate to increase the availability of biodiesel fuel. Biodiesel can be made from biological materials and includes renewable energy as a substitute for diesel oil. The production of biodiesel in this study jatropha and waste cooking oil as raw materials. This study aims to determine the effect of density and viscosity on the injection characteristics of jatropha-waste cooking oil biodiesel mixtures (1:4 and 4:1) on various B5-B40 fuels. Production of biodiesel from jatropha and waste cooking oil through degumming, esterification and transesterification processes. The results showed that the jatropha-waste cooking oil biodiesel mixed with 1:4 level B15 and 4:1 mixed with B10 level complied with SNI 7182-2015 biodiesel standards. The higher the density and viscosity values of jatropha-waste cooking oil biodiesel, the narrower the spray angle and the longer the spray penetration

Studi Kinerja Mesin Diesel Berbahan Bakar Campuran Biodiesel Kacang Tanah Dan Solar

Biodiesel is an oil produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. Peanut is one of the vegetable that can be used to produce biodiesel due to its high vegetable oil content. This research was conducted to investigate fatty acid characteristics of biodiesel produced from peanut and perfomance of a diesel engine which is fueled by mixture of peanut biodiesel and diesel fuel. Biodiesel was produced by some processes namely degumming, free fatty acid content testing, esterification and transesterification. It was produced 1450 ml biodiesel per 10 kg peanuts. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry device was used to determine fatty acid content of peanut biodiesel which consists of 52.77% of oleic acid, 16.59% of palmitic acid and 10.63% of behenic acid, respectively. Four mixtures of peanut biodiesel and diesel fuel were created, namely B0 (pure diesel fuel) , B5, B10, B20 where index number is percentage of biodiesel in the mixture. These mixtures were applied to fuel an engine diesel to observe engine perfomances with variation of load and speed on engine. The best engine perfomance result from experiments was found using B20 with spesific fuel consumption (SFC) value is 0.175 kg/kWh at 30 psi of load and 1250 rpm engine speed, the air-fuel ratio (AFR) is 15,26 at 20 psi of load and 1500 rpm engine speed and termal eficiency is 46.37 percent at 30 of load and 1250 rpm engine speed.

Flash point of biodiesel/glycerol/alcohol mixtures for safe processing and storage

Mixtures of biodiesel, glycerol, and ethanol/methanol are commonly processed and stored in biodiesel production. In this work, non-ideal models are used to calculate the Flash Points (FPs) of binary and ternary mixtures, using data available from different feedstocks. Despite the fact that biodiesel is considered safer than common diesel fuels, results show a synergistic effect of biodiesel/methanol and biodiesel/ethanol mixtures, resulting in a reduction of the flash point of mixtures to values lower than the ones of pure compounds. Most soluble ternary mixtures were found flammable, the only exception being mixtures with a relatively lower alcohol content (45% mol. ethanol or 42% methanol) at temperature lower than 303 K. Accidental increase in temperature can cause domino effect, due to the higher solubility and the formation of new flammable ternary mixtures.

Enhancing diesel engine performance and reducing emissions characteristics using ternary blends of diesel-biodiesel- CH3NO2

ABSTRACT Researchers are exploring for new alternatives to fossil fuels to improve the performance and reduce the pollution of internal combustion engines. This is because fossil fuels are becoming more expensive and pollution levels are going up. The purpose of this research was to find a way to replace standard diesel with blended fuels. This was done by putting mixtures of diesel, biodiesel, methanol, and nitromethane (CH3NO2) into an engine and looking at how they burned, how well they worked, and how much pollution they made. The fuels that were tested were diesel, B10 (90% D and 10% biodiesel), B10NM1 (diesel 87%, biodiesel 10%, methanol 2%, CH3NO2 1%), B10NM2 (diesel 86%, biodiesel 10%, methanol 2%, CH3NO2 2%), and B10NM3 (diesel 85%, biodiesel 10%, methanol 2%, CH3NO2 3%). Experiments were done on a single-cylinder, four-stroke DI diesel engine using blends of diesel, biodiesel, and nitro methane to find the ideal blending ratio and engine operating conditions for enhancing performance and minimizing emissions. Under normal engine conditions, the B10NM3 blend (made up of 85% diesel, 10% biodiesel, 2% methanol, and 3% nitro methane) gave the highest performance and the least amount of pollution. Compared to pure B10, the B10NM1 mix decreased emissions (HC by 8.1% and CO by 13.6%) while raising BTE by 15.6%, NOx by 7.2%, and cylinder pressure by 2.2%. On the other hand, NOx emissions went up by 7.2%.

Market Reaction to Government Policy for Implementation of Biodiesel Mixture Proportion to Palm Oil Plantation Issuers

This research attempts to make investors in palm oil plantation capital market can take appropriate action on their portfolios if in the future the government issues a policy of implementing biodiesel. The manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2015 to 2019 served as the study object. Purposive sampling was utilized in sample selection, yielding 15 samples. The research conducted is quantitative with the Single Index Model (SIM) method were the analytical techniques used in this study, with the SPSS 25 program being used for the t-test. The analysis results indicated that mandatory B30 implementation have a significantly different impact between before and after the announcement. The study's findings offer insight and input for palm oil plantation company management that the next mandatory is good news. The findings of this study should be helpful to investors how to implement action in the capital market. This study uses samples were taken without regard to the size of the company based on market capitalization and the number and class of investors, and the domestic CPO price variable only takes one price point.

Combustion characteristics of CI engine fueled with WCO biodiesel/diesel blends at different compression ratios and EGR

AbstractThe present study investigated the effect of compression ratio (CR) with the use of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology on the performance of combustion characteristics at different CRs and engine loads; the brake thermal efficiency (BTE), specific fuel consumption (SFC), volumetric efficiency (VOL.EFF), exhaust gas temperature, carbon dioxide emission (CO2), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and oxygen content (O2). The single‐cylinder, four‐stroke compression ignition engine was run on a mixture of diesel and biodiesel prepared from Iraqi waste cooking oil at (B0, B10, B20, and B30). A comparison has been achieved for these combustion characteristics at different blends, load, and CRs (14.5, 15.5, and 16.5) at 1500 rpm constant engine speed. The transesterification process is used to produce biodiesel and ASTM standards have been used to determine the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel and compare them to net diesel fuel. The preliminary conducting tests indicated that engine performance and emissions improved with the B20 mixture. Experimental test results showed an increase in BTE when CR increased by 17% and SFC increased by 23%. It also found a higher VOL.EFF by 6% at higher pressure ratios. A continuous decrease in BTE values and an increase in SFC were sustained when the percentage of biodiesel in the mixture was increased. Emissions of carbon dioxide, HC, and NOx increased by 12%, 50%, and 40%, respectively, as CR reached high values. NOx increased with the addition of biodiesel to 35%, which necessitated the use of EGR technology at rates of 5% and 10%. The results indicated that the best results were obtained in the case of running the engine with a mixing ratio of B20 with the addition of 10% EGR, NOx decreased by 47% against a slight increase in other emissions.

Optical properties as a tool for the biodiesel industry: A review

AbstractOptical properties analysis is not included in biodiesel quality standards. However, it provides valuable information about biodiesel and its feedstocks. In particular, very accurate refractive index measurements can be carried out using low‐cost (less than 1000 USD) and fast (a few seconds) equipment. Therefore, the most urgent question is to determine if the optical properties are a suitable tool for the biodiesel industry and in which applications they can currently be implemented. This work provides a comprehensive and systematic analysis of literature dealing with applications of refractive index measurements of biodiesel, its feedstocks and its blends with other fuels. Experimental data, typical ranges of values and mathematical models of refractive index are systematically presented and discussed, emphasizing biodiesel mixtures with diesel fossil fuel. Other applications, like transesterification monitoring, combustion, atomization and aging are also reviewed. At the present state of knowledge, measurements of refractive index can be used to determine the proportion of diesel and biodiesel blends and monitor the transesterification reaction.

Fungal Resistance and Leaching Behavior of Wood Treated with Creosote Diluted with a Mixture of Biodiesel and Diesel

This study evaluated the effect of biodiesel as a co-solvent with the wood preservative creosote to reduce the amount of hydrocarbon-based carrier utilized. Small blocks of wood were treated at a pilot scale using three different creosote concentrations. The diluent used was a blend of 80% soybean biodiesel and 20% petroleum diesel. The efficacy of creosote was tested against brown rot and white rot fungi. The results of the wood-block test and agar test suggested that there was no significant effect of biodiesel on the efficacy of creosote as a wood preservative. As creosote-treated wood is commonly used for railway ties, its potential impact on the surrounding environment was also assessed by studying the leaching behavior of creosote–biodiesel–diesel blend treated railway ties. Rainfall simulators were used to imitate an exposure of treated wood to a significant amount of rainfall. Wood core drilled from the exposed railway ties and leaching water samples were analyzed for the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs). Overall, this study demonstrated that the diluent containing biodiesel had no negative effect on the performance of creosote as a wood preservative and towards the natural environment.

Pengaruh Bahan Bakar Campuran Biodiesel Berbahan Dasar Minyak Sawit terhadap Elastomer NBR

The government implemented the use of a 30% biodiesel mixture in diesel fuel for all types of sectors in 2020. In the upcoming years, this policy will probably continue to be strengthened. The compatibility of the elastomers (seals, gaskets, and O-rings) used in the fuel system needs to be carefully considered, though, as biodiesel may have an adverse effect on components composed of natural rubber or synthetic rubber. This study aims to determine the compatibility of elastomeric fuel mixtures of 30% and 40% biodiesel based palm oil (CPO) in Indonesia. The elastomer used in this study, acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), is frequently utilized in the automobile industry or in fuel storage systems in the production of electricity, mining, and other industries. Using the ASTM D471 technique, the compatibility of this elastomer is evaluated based on mass swelling, swelling volume, tensile strength, and hardness. It was discovered by mass swelling, swelling volume, tensile strength, and hardness tests that the compatibility of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber diminishes with increasing biodiesel content (FAME).

Assessment of the mechanical and environmental behavior of diesel engines operating with biodiesel mixtures

Biodiesel is one of the best renewable fuels to reduce dependence on petroleum derivatives. The objective of this work is to evaluate the mechanical and environmental performance in compression ignition engines with the use of biodiesel in proportions of 5 % (B5), 15 % (B15), and mixtures with additive B5A and B15A, through the experimentation and use of automotive measuring equipment, for mass application in automotive vehicles. The methodology applied is based on the development of two stages; the first is the preparation of the mixtures to be used in the research with the corresponding diesel/biodiesel percentage for each, and the second is the analysis of mechanical and environmental behavior through the use of properly calibrated and updated diagnostic equipment. The results show that the B5 mixture shows the best values, managing to maintain power and torque with non-significant decreases compared to diesel, with averages of 1.1 % and 0.3 %, respectively. As the percentage of biodiesel increases, the opacity value decreases from 44.8 % with B15 and 59.3 % with B15A. In relation to exhaust gases, additive mixtures show the most significant reduction in CO2, CO, and HC emissions, while NOx emissions rise slightly as biodiesel concentration increases, but statistically, it is not significant.

Environmental Effect of Zinc Oxide Metal Nano Additives in Microalgae Biodiesel in Diesel Engine

We investigated how to extract energy from algal oil and convert it to biodiesel by transesterification in this study. In addition to performing engine performance tests with varying quantities of fuel mixture, parameters such as power, hourly torque consumption, specific consumption, and emissions of dioxide and monoxide were evaluated as an alternate solution to the pollution problem caused by fossil fuels. A 5.2 kW diesel engine powered the engine. The production of algal oil-based biodiesel was carried out effectively. The algal oil extraction procedure resulted in the production of biodiesel, which was then blended with commercial diesel in the amounts of 20, 40, and 60%. The engine performance testing revealed no statistically significant difference between the power and torque delivered by the various commercial diesel blends. Both hourly and particular consumption showed an increase of 15% and 20%, respectively, regarding commercial diesel consumption. However, the most significant advantage is the reduction in pollutant emissions, as demonstrated by the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by more than 20% in any mixture of commercial diesel and biodiesel when compared to commercial diesel.

A review of electrical properties of biodiesel and its blends: experimental data, prediction models and applications

AbstractBiodiesel is widely used pure or mixed with diesel fossil fuel in diesel engines. Standards for determining biodiesel quality establish limits for the values of several physicochemical properties. However, the procedures to determine many properties are time‐consuming and demand specialized personnel and expensive equipment. Other methods to characterize biodiesel, such as electrical methods, are particularly interesting. Measurements of electrical properties (permittivity and conductivity) give valuable information about biodiesel, its feedstocks, and its blends with fossil fuel diesel, and solve the usual cost and time drawbacks. This work aims to present a thorough and systematic review of the literature on applications of electrical properties measurements of biodiesel, its feedstocks, and mixtures with other fuels. An overview of the experimental data, typical ranges of values, prediction models, and applications is presented and analyzed in detail, emphasizing blends of biodiesel with fossil fuel diesel. Correlations with important properties (kinematic viscosity, methanol content) are reviewed. Applications include transesterification monitoring, biodiesel aging, the detection of contaminants and electromagnetic heating. This research aimed to determine whether electrical properties are a valuable tool for the biodiesel industry, and what applications may be realized in light of current scientific development. It was determined that, in the current state of research, permittivity measurements could be used to accurately determine the amount of diesel and biodiesel in mixtures. © 2023 Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of Spray Characteristics of Biodiesel Blends with Diethyl Carbonate in a Common-Rail Injection System

This study examines the spray characteristics of biodiesel, diethyl carbonate (DEC), and their mixtures in a common-rail injection system. Using the schlieren method, the spray tip penetration, spray cone angle, spray tip velocity, spray area, and spray liquid core ratio were observed with a high-speed camera. The test results show that the spray pressure and ambient pressure have significant effects on the spray characteristics. Increasing the spray pressure and decreasing the ambient pressure can increase the spray tip penetration, decrease the spray cone angle, and increase the spray area. After the addition of DEC to biodiesel, with increasing the mixing ratio, the viscosity and surface tension of the mixed fuel are reduced, but the density is increased. This increases the spray cone angle and spray area of the mixed fuel, and it reduces the Sauter mean diameter (SMD). The SMD of droplets were calculated, and it was found that DEC30 has the smallest SMD, and it is of the same order as that of diesel. An improved calculation model for the spray tip penetration of the DEC and biodiesel mixture under high injection pressure was obtained by modifying the exponent of an existing model. By comparing the linear relationship between the injection pressure and the spray tip penetration, it was found that the spray tip penetration of DEC10 has the largest increase.

Yield optimization and fuel properties evaluation of the biodiesel derived from avocado pear waste

This work used a solvent extraction technique to obtain oil from avocado pear seeds and peels. Next, this extracted oil was pre-treated with methanol and H 2 SO 4 to decrease its free fatty acids below 1.0 wt%. A central composite design was employed to optimize biodiesel production via trans-esterification between the pre-treated extracted oil and methanol catalyzed by NaOH. The optimum biodiesel yield recorded was 91 wt% at a CH 3 OH/pre-treated extracted oil molar ratio of 8:1, catalyst dosage of 0.7 wt%, temperature of 65 °C, time of 60 min, and agitation speed of 400 rpm. The biodiesel was mixed with the fossil diesel at different mass ratios, and the diesel engine tests were carried out. Engine torque, speed, fuel consumption rate, thermal efficiency, brake power, and emissions were assessed. The results showed that the engine used less than 20 % biodiesel mixture to generate the same amount of useful work compared to fossil diesel. Overall, the 20 % biodiesel mixture exhibited the best engine performance among all biodiesel/fossil diesel ratios at a torque of 70 N m, speed of 1900 rpm, brake thermal efficiency of 0.631, brake specific fuel consumption of 0.129 kg/kW h, brake power of 13.9 kW and very low emissions. • Avocado pear waste was used as the feedstock for the production of biodiesel. • Response surface methodology was employed to evaluate and optimize the biodiesel production. • The adjusted model suggests a maximum biodiesel yield of 91 wt%. • The biodiesel yield predicted by the adjusted model is consistent with the experimental results. • B20 generates the same amount of useful work as that fossil diesel.