Waste Plastic Mixture Research Articles

Kinetic analysis for catalytic co-pyrolysis of palm kernel shell and plastic waste mixtures with bifunctional HZSM-5 and mussel shell catalyst

The present study is dedicated to investigate the kinetic analysis for catalytic co-pyrolysis of palm kernel shell (PKS) and polyethylene waste (HDPE) mixtures with bifunctional HZSM-5 and mussel shell (MS) catalyst. Artificial neural network (ANN) modeling through 17 models based on the functions of reaction mechanism denoted as chemical reactions, diffusion reactions, nucleation and growth reactions, interfacial phase reactions and power law reactions was used in this study to achieve a suitable order of reaction promoting higher rate of accuracy based on the data achieved. It was found that the 2nd order, 3rd order, anti jander, jander and ginsling were selected as the suitable models out of 17 reaction mechanism kinetic models due to the giving a positive values produced. And also, it was observed that 3rd order reaction mechanism model provided higher activation energy (E A) and A values for all feedstock used. Comparison between experimental data and predicted data using Logsig-Tansig (LT) and Tansig-Tansig (TT) were carried out and it was observed that the predicted results from ANN showed similar trend as experimental data with minimal error of 0.67%, 6.61%, and 2.46% for PKS, HDPE, and mixture of PKS and HDPE with the presence of MS and HZSM-5 catalyst, respectively. From the kinetic analysis, E A and A value of PKS, HDPE, and of PKS and HDPE with the presence of bifunctional of HZSM-5/MS catalyst are 196.93 kJ/mol, 388.00 kJ/mol, 147.12 kJ/mol, 3.24×1013 s-1, 6.00×1026 s-1, and 1.72×10-1 s-1, respectively.

Two-step optimization (catalyst and process) to maximize the liquid yield from the waste plastics mixture by hydrocracking process using hierarchical zeolite catalysts

Two-step optimization (catalyst and process) to maximize the liquid yield from the waste plastics mixture by hydrocracking process using hierarchical zeolite catalysts

Approaches for Management and Valorization of Non-Homogeneous, Non-Recyclable Plastic Waste.

The environmental accumulation of plastic wastes has become one of the most discussed topics in the scientific community. The development of new strategies to tackle this issue is of crucial importance, and different approaches are being investigated to effectively reduce plastic waste generated by improper or inefficient disposal. In addition to the efforts addressing the development of biodegradable plastics, the research is currently focused on the development of innovative recycling approaches. Indeed, although most plastic materials are potentially recyclable, only 15% of the worldwide plastic waste is currently recycled, while the remaining 85% is usually incinerated to recover thermal energy or landfilled. The hurdles to efficient recycling come from improper management of end-of-life plastic goods. Moreover, the highly heterogeneous nature and versatility of plastic and polymeric materials have led to the development of multilayered materials, composites, blends and many other different species, whose management and/or reprocessing to yield high-value products is extremely challenging. Thus, although these materials are extremely valuable from an industrial point of view, they add a high degree of complexity to the recycling process because each one of them is different from the other, but they cannot be separated efficiently. The aim of the present review is to return a comprehensive overview of environmental and management issues related to the complex and heterogeneous mixture of plastic waste that is generated at the end of the sorting procedures in Italian plastic recycling plants, the so-called ‘Plasmix’. This review lists the difficulties and limitations related to the management of non-recyclable Plasmix and highlights the strategies for the proper, sustainable and valuable use of this plastic waste.

Effects of Heating Rate and Temperature on the Yield of Thermal Pyrolysis of a Random Waste Plastic Mixture

Effects of heating rate and temperature on thermal-pyrolytic yield of a plastic-waste mixture were studied in a semi-batch reactor. The temperature in the range of 380–460 °C and heating rates of 10, 19, and 28 °C/min were evaluated through an experimental multi-level design. The results show that higher temperatures or lower residence time reduce the yield of pyrolytic oil at the expense of increasing the yield of gaseous products. The maximum liquid yield was 69%, obtained at 410 °C and a heating rate of 10 °C/min. The composition of pyrolytic oil covers a wide range of hydrocarbons; thus, a fractionation is necessary before using it as fuel in internal combustion engines. The fractionation process yielded 21.12 wt% of light fraction (gasoline-like), 56.52 wt% of medium fraction (diesel-like), and 22.36 wt% of heavy fraction (heavy diesel-like). The light fraction has an octane index and caloric value within the range of the typical gasoline values. On the other hand, the cetane index and caloric value of the medium fraction meet the requirements of the standards for diesel.

Unifying Step-Growth Polymerization and On-Demand Cascade Ring-Closure Depolymerization via Polymer Skeletal Editing

The inherent skeletal and thermal features to forge polymers by step-growth polymerization are conflicting with any depolymerization strategies via cascade back-biting reactions that necessitate adequate ceiling temperature, spacers, and functionalities to create cyclic compounds. Here, we report the edition of step-growth poly(carbonate-urea)s and poly(carbonate-amide)s that are depolymerized on demand into their native precursor or added-value offspring oxazolidinones, together with a hemiacetal cyclic carbonate. The unprotected in-chain secondary amide or urea functionalities of the polymers trigger their degradation via cascade ring-closing events upon a thermal switch (from 25 to 80 °C) in the presence of an organic base as a catalyst. Although most studies are realized in solution for understanding the deconstruction process, the polymers are also fully degraded in 2 h in neat conditions without any catalyst at 150 °C. At 80 °C, the organic base is required to accelerate the process. On the road to sustainability and circularity, we validate the concept by exploiting monomers designed from waste CO2 and upcycled commodity plastics. Ultimately, these polymers are selectively depolymerized from plastic mixtures composed of commodity poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polycaprolactone, offering new options for recycling plastic waste mixtures while delivering high-value-added chemicals.

Thermo-catalytic conversion of waste plastics into surrogate fuels over spherical activated carbon of long-life durability

Recovery of value-added fuels or chemicals from waste plastics by pyrolysis is a promising way to eliminate the waste plastics accumulation and alleviate the energy crisis, while developing efficient catalysts of high durability remains a challenge. Herein, activated carbon spheres of various surface chemistry were fabricated and subsequently used in ex-situ catalytic pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene to produce jet fuel and gasoline-ranged hydrocarbons. Experiment results indicate that with the increase of activation time and temperature, the acidity of activated carbon increased slightly owning to the oxygen-containing functional groups increased, and the specific surface area reached the maximum value (707 m2/g) at the activation condition of 800℃ for 60 min. The enlarged specific surface area promotes the C-C bond cleavage that releases more small gases at the expense of liquid yield, and the increase in density of oxygen-containing functional groups and acidity boosts the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons in liquid. When the activated carbon spheres were activated at 800℃ for 80 min, 100% of the hydrocarbons in the liquid belonged to jet fuel and gasoline, and their selectivity was 81.70 area.% and 96.25 area.%, respectively. More importantly, the catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic activity after four reactivation cycles, where the quality of the liquid product is similar to or even better than that achieved by the fresh catalyst. Furthermore, the catalyst still showed excellent performance in the catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastic mixture.

Substitution Garden and Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Plastic Waste as Refused Derived Fuel (RDF)

The generation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic and garden waste must be recycled to support the circular economy. An alternative way to reduce the plastics waste is to reduce this waste by converting it into energy such as Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) as an alternative for processing waste. Substitution of plastic and garden waste is an opportunity to be analyzed. Hence, This study aimed to investigate the potential for converting material substitution from PET and garden waste into RDF. The RDF characterized test method was carried out by proximate, water content, ash content, and analysis. At the same time, the calorific value. was tested by bomb calorimetry. Substitution of the mixture of plastic and garden waste affects each parameter of RDF pellet quality including water, ash, and caloric value (sig.< 0.05). The increase of plastic waste in pellets consistently increases the calorific value of RDF from 18.94 until 25.04 MJ/kg. The RDF pellet water and ash content also invariably affect the rate of increase in the calorific value of RDF in the multilinearity model (sig.<0.05; R2 is 0.935). The thermal stability of the pellets occurred at a temperature of 5000C decomposition of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin in mixed garden waste with plastic in RDF pellets. The decrease in the decomposition of PET into terephthalic acid monomer from the thermal stability of raw materials and waste PET plastic pellets occurs at a temperature of 4500˚C. This potential finding can be used as a basis for consideration in regions or countries that have the generation of garden waste and plastic, especially the type of PET to be used as an environmentally friendly fuel.

The mechanical response of dry-process polymer wastes modified asphalt under ageing and moisture damage

The use of waste polymers for modifying asphalt has remarkable environmental and economic advantages. However, limitation still exists in the resistance of these mixtures against moisture damage and ageing. This paper aims to explore the impact of ageing and moisture damage on the mechanical properties of modified asphalt mixtures with polymer wastes (plastic waste and crumb rubber). Asphalt mixtures designated asphalt concrete (AC14) were prepared using granite aggregate, 60/70 PEN asphalt, and filler (hydrated lime). The properties of indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus, dynamic creep, and rutting were calculated to examine the effect of short-, long-term ageing and moisture damage. The results of the mechanical tests for the modified mixtures were compared to the conventional dense-graded asphalt mixture. The findings showed that asphalt mixtures containing both polymers presented superior properties after short-term ageing. In contrast, long-term ageing has enhanced the control and plastic waste mixtures’ bonding properties while negatively impacting the rubberised asphalt. Long-term ageing has reduced the resistance of rubberised mixture against permanent deformation by about 33%. The moisture conditioning has significantly deteriorated the mixture’s resistance to cracking and permanent deformation, particularly for the control and rubberised mixtures. The modulus and rutting resistance of the asphalt mixtures modified by crumb rubber and waste plastic has decreased by up to 9% and 17% after moisture conditioning.

Plastic-containing food waste conversion to biomethane, syngas, and biochar via anaerobic digestion and gasification: Focusing on reactor performance, microbial community analysis, and energy balance assessment

To manage the mixture of food waste and plastic waste, a hybrid biological and thermal system was investigated for converting plastic-containing food waste (PCFW) into renewable energy, focusing on performance evaluation, microbial community analysis, and energy balance assessment. The results showed that anaerobic digestion (AD) of food waste, polyethylene (PE)-containing food waste, polystyrene (PS)-containing food waste, and polypropylene (PP)-containing food waste generated a methane yield of 520.8, 395.6, 504.2, and 479.8 mL CH4/gVS, respectively. CO2 gasification of all the plastic-containing digestate produced more syngas than pure digestate gasification. Syngas from PS-digestate reached the maximum yield of 20.78 mol/kg. During the digestate-derived-biochar-amended AD of PCFW, the methane yields in the biochars-amended digesters were 6–30% higher than those of the control digesters. Bioinformatic analysis of microbial communities confirmed the significant difference between control and biochar-amended digesters in terms of bacterial and methanogenic compositions. The enhanced methane yields in biochars-amended digesters could be partially ascribed to the selective enrichment of genus Methanosarcina, leading to an improved equilibrium between hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic methanogenesis pathways. Moreover, energy balance assessment demonstrated that the hybrid biological and thermal conversion system can be a promising technical option for the treatment of PCFW and recovery of renewable biofuels (i.e., biogas and syngas) and bioresource (i.e., biochar) on an industrial scale.

From trash to treasure: Chemical recycling and upcycling of commodity plastic waste to fuels, high-valued chemicals and advanced materials

Of all the existing materials, plastics are no doubt among the most versatile ones. However, the extreme increases in plastic production as well as the difficulty of the material for degradation have led to a huge number of plastic wastes. Their recycling rate after disposal is less than 10%, resulting in a series of serious environmental and ecological problems as well as a significant waste of resources. Current recycling methods generally suffer from large energy consumption, the low utilization rate of recycled products with low added value, and produce other waste during the process. Here, we summarized recently-developed chemical recycling ways on commodity plastics, especially new catalytic paths in production of fuels, high-valued chemicals and advanced materials from a single virgin or a mixture of plastic waste, which have emerged as promising ways to valorize waste plastics more economically and environmentally friendly. The new catalyst design criteria as well as innovative catalytic paths and technologies for plastic upcycling are highlighted. Beyond energy recovery by incineration, these approaches demonstrate how waste plastics can be a viable feedstock for energy use with the generation of clean H2, high-quality liquid fuels and materials for energy storage, and help inspiring more catalytic process on plastic upcycling to overcome the economical hurdle and building a circular plastic economy.

Morphological content and recyclability of separate collected packages: a case study for Kaunas, Lithuania**

Packaging materials can arise from a wide range of sources and are commonly used for food, medicine, household appliances, and items to enclose or protect products during distribution, storage, sale, delivery, and use. The choice of material (paper, plastic, glass, wood, metal, multi-layer or other packaging) to be used depends on the type and properties of product, the purpose of packaging, and the price.
 The aim of the investigation is to analyse the morphological composition of packaging waste collected separately in Kaunas (Lithuanian) private households and to evaluate its recycling possibilities. The mixture of paper, plastic, and metal packaging waste was analyzed in the winter and spring (one time per month) in the waste management company JSC "Kauno švara".

Using Waste Plastics as Asphalt Modifier: A Review.

The use of waste products in the production of asphalt binders and asphalt mixtures has become widespread due to economic and environmental benefits. In particular, the use of recycled waste plastic in asphalt binders and mixtures is gaining more attention. This review presents analyses and comparisons of various forms of waste plastic used in asphalt modification, and approaches to incorporating waste plastic into asphalt mixtures, both for single and composite modifications. It focuses on the properties of waste plastics, asphalt binders, and asphalt mixtures. Overall, the incorporation of plastic waste into asphalt mixtures can significantly improve high-temperature performance and has potential economic and environmental benefits. The performance of modified asphalt is highly dependent on multiple factors, such as waste sources, waste plastic dosages, blending conditions, and the pretreatment methods for waste plastic. There are different ways to apply waste plastics to blend into a mixture. In addition, this paper discusses the current challenges for waste plastic-modified asphalt, including the stability, low-temperature performance, modification mechanism, and laboratory problems of the blends. The use of chemical methods, such as additives and functionalization, is considered an effective way to achieve better interactions between waste plastics and the binder, as well as achieving a higher sufficiency utilization rate of waste plastics. Although both methods provide alternative options to produce waste plastic-modified asphalt with stability and high performance, the optimal proportion of materials used in the blends and the microcosmic mechanism of composite modified asphalt are not clear, and should be explored further.

Chemical, Thermal, and Rheological Performance of Asphalt Binder Containing Plastic Waste

In order to meet the environmental needs caused by large plastic waste accumulation, in the road construction sector, an effort is being made to integrate plastic waste with the function of polymer into asphalt mixtures; with the purpose of improving the mechanical performance of the pavement layers. This study focuses on the effect of a recycled mixture of plastic waste on the chemical, thermal, and rheological properties of designed asphalt blends and on the identification of the most suitable composition blend to be proposed for making asphalt mixture through a dry modification method. Thermo-gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis were carried out to investigate the effect of various concentrations and dimensions of plastic waste (PW) on the neat binder (NB). The frequency sweep test and the multiple stress creep and recovery test were performed to analyze the viscoelastic behavior of the asphalt blends made up of PW in comparison with NB and a commercial modified bitumen (MB). It has been observed that the presence of various types of plastic materials having different melting temperatures does not allow a total melting of PW powder at the mixing temperatures. However, the addition of PW in the asphalt blend significantly improved the aging resistance without affecting the oxidation process of the plastic compound present in the asphalt blend. Furthermore, when the asphalt blend mixed with 20% PW by the weight of bitumen is adopted into the asphalt mixture as polymer, it improves the elasticity and strengthens the mixture better than the mixture containing MB.

Gasoline like fuel from plastic waste pyrolysis and hydrotreatment

Recycling of plastic waste is desirable to lower environmental pollution and fulfil the requirements of circular economy. Energetic utilization is another possibility, however, municipal solid waste containing plastics is usually combusted to generate heat and electricity. An attractive way of dealing with plastic waste is pyrolysis, which has the potential of producing liquid hydrocarbons suitable as a transportation fuel. The pyrolysis results of three plastics produced in the largest amount globally, namely polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene as well as their mixtures are presented. The experiments were performed in a laboratory scale batch reactor. The pyrolysis oils were further processed by distillation to provide gasoline and diesel like (distillation cuts at 210 and 350 °C) hydrocarbons. The gasoline fractions were analysed by GC-MS and the composition was compared with the EU gasoline standard. It was found that the oils from PE, PP and PS contain compounds present in standard gasoline. Mixing PS with PE and PP before the pyrolysis, or the oils afterward produces much closer results to standard requirements as PS pyrolysis generates mostly aromatic content. As standard maximizes the olefin content of gasoline to 18 Vol%, hydrogenation was also performed using Pd based catalyst. The hydrogenation process significantly reduced the number of double bonds resulting in low olefin content. Results show that the pyrolysis of plastic waste mixtures containing PE, PP and PS is a viable method to produce pyrolysis oil suitable for gasoline-like fuel extraction and further hydrogenation of the product can provide gasoline fuels with low olefin content.

H2-enriched gaseous fuel production via co-gasification of an algae-plastic waste mixture using Aspen PLUS

Thermo-chemical conversion of biomass is a promising technological alternative for producing renewable fuel and reducing waste disposal. This simulation study includes the first attempt to perform co-gasification of algae-plastic waste for H2-enriched gaseous fuel production. An Aspen Plus-based simulation model was developed to evaluate the influence of gasifier temperature and equivalence ratio on the syngas composition, heating value, and carbon conversion efficiency. Simulation results indicated that the rise in gasifier temperature favoured the H2 and CO formation, and further, plastic loading enhanced H2 production to a greater extent. It was observed that the product (H2 and CO) yield decreased significantly with the rise of the equivalence ratio. At the same time, CO2 formation increased due to more carbon conversion after enhancing O2 content in the gasifier. It was also noticed that the synergy of biomass and plastic waste significantly enhanced H2 content and improved heating value, leading to a produced energy-efficient gaseous product. It is inferred that H2-enriched feedstock acts as an H2 donor to the H2 deficient biomass. Based on the findings, consistency in the simulation results was observed compared with the previous literature. Hence, a mixture of biomass and plastic waste favours obtaining an energy-efficient renewable fuel that could be utilized for different applications.

Separate two-step and continuous two-stage pyrolysis of a waste plastic mixture to produce a chlorine-depleted oil

In this study, a separate two-step pyrolysis (using auger and fixed-bed reactors) and a continuous two-stage pyrolysis (using auger and fluidized bed reactors) were conducted. This two-step pyrolysis was conducted to understand the effect of a 300 °C thermal pretreatment with the auger reactor before main pyrolysis on the chlorine removal. The fixed-bed pyrolysis of a solid product obtained after the pretreatment produced an oil with 464 ppm chlorine. An oil with only 14 ppm of organic chlorine could be obtained when a solid containing CaO was pyrolyzed in the fixed-bed reactor. Thermal pretreatment also caused changes in the yield and product composition; pretreatment led to an increase in gas yield and aromatic content of the oil. In the continuous two-stage pyrolysis of a waste plastic mixture having 3 wt% polyvinyl chloride at 730 °C, chlorinated gases were removed in parallel from the outlet of the auger reactor line and through a CaO hot filter; this produced an oil with 6.3 ppm organic chlorine. In the two-stage pyrolysis, an aromatic-rich oil (80 wt%) was obtained. The two-stage pyrolysis successfully converted the waste plastic mixture into an oil which could be acceptable as a feedstock for petrochemical industries.

Chemically recyclable thermoplastics from reversible-deactivation polymerization of cyclic acetals.

Identifying plastics capable of chemical recycling to monomer (CRM) is the foremost challenge in creating a sustainable circular plastic economy. Polyacetals are promising candidates for CRM but lack useful tensile strengths owing to the low molecular weights produced using current uncontrolled cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) methods. Here, we present reversible-deactivation CROP of cyclic acetals using a commercial halomethyl ether initiator and an indium(III) bromide catalyst. Using this method, we synthesize poly(1,3-dioxolane) (PDXL), which demonstrates tensile strength comparable to some commodity polyolefins. Depolymerization of PDXL using strong acid catalysts returns monomer in near-quantitative yield and even proceeds from a commodity plastic waste mixture. Our efficient polymerization method affords a tough thermoplastic that can undergo selective depolymerization to monomer.

Influence of WPO (Waste Plastic Oil) - gasoline mixtures for emission characteristics on working spark-ignition engine

The utilization of liquid products as transportation fuel derived from the thermal decomposition of different plastic waste mixtures was investigated. The production of pyrolysis oils was performed in a laboratory-scale batch reactor utilizing polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) waste blends. Two different mixtures (10% PS – 60% PP – 30% HDPE; 10% PS – 30% PP – 60% HDPE) were prepared, and the influence of reflux was also studied. The pyrolysis oils were blended to commercial gasoline in the 0-100% range. It was found that each blend could be successfully used as an alternative fuel in a traditional spark-ignition engine without any prior modifications or fuel additive. However, based on the engine tests, the presence of the reflux is vital as the composition of the pyrolysis oil is closer to the commercial gasoline. The emission measurements showed increasing NOx emissions compared to neat gasoline, but, on the other side, a decrease in CO was noticed. These changes were much smaller in cases when reflux was used during oil production. Based on the obtained results, the utilization of reflux-cooling is an effective method to enhance the gasoline range hydrocarbons in the plastic waste pyrolysis oils, and therefore blending these oils to commercial gasoline might be viable.

Catalytic pyrolysis of mechanically non-recyclable waste plastics mixture: Kinetics and pyrolysis in laboratory-scale reactor

Post-consumer waste plastics that cannot be mechanically recycled represent a concerning environmental issue. According to the latest available data for Europe, as much as 25% of collected post-consumer waste plastics are landfilled, 43% is energy recovered, and 32% is recycled. One possible way of recovering non-recyclable plastics is pyrolysis, which is considered environmentally friendly technology for obtaining fuel or chemicals from plastic waste. To tackle the challenge of recovering non-recyclable plastics via pyrolysis, it is necessary to determine their actual composition. Visual separation of collected non-recyclable plastics was performed, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to confirm the accuracy of visual separation. A significant amount of plastics labelled as “other” was found. Since the composition of “other” waste plastics has not been sufficiently investigated, relatively few studies on their pyrolysis have been conducted. Therefore, they were characterised and added to the mixture with other found polymer types of non-recyclable plastics. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted to determine thermochemical behaviour and kinetic parameters required for laboratory pyrolysis investigation. Kinetic analysis was conducted using the Friedman isoconversional model-free method and non-linear multivariate regression method. The goal of this paper was to analyse the kinetics, determine the product yield and characteristics of the pyrolysis process of non-recyclable plastics over zeolite catalysts. It was found how the decomposition of non-recyclable plastics occurs in two decomposition steps. The activation energy of non-recyclable plastics was 144 kJ/mol in the first stage of decomposition and 262 kJ/mol in the second stage of decomposition. It decreased by 34% and 6.5% after fresh fluid catalytic cracking catalyst was added and 41% and 18.3% with iron-modified Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 catalyst. The yield of condensate was 55% (wax) for the original sample, and it decreased to 50% (wax and oil) and 27% (mostly oil) with fresh fluid catalytic cracking and iron modified Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 catalysts. Processes with catalysts promoted the formation of olefins and aromatic compounds in pyrolytic oil. All pyrolysis products had a high value of higher heating value ranging from 39 MJ/kg to 43 MJ/kg showing good potential for further energy use.

Thermo-catalytic studies on a mixture of plastic waste and biomass

AbstractThe effects of various catalysts on the composition of volatile pyrolysis products of a plastic waste and biomass mixture (1:1) were studied, by pyrolyzing the mixture sample using slow and fast heating rate. Various zeolite catalysts (β-and Y-zeolites, ZSM-5 and FCC) and nickel-molybdenum catalyst on alumina support were applied to find suitable catalysts for upgrading the quality of the thermal decomposition products of the waste mixture. A sample to catalyst ratio of 2:1 was used in the experiments. The rate of evolution of the decomposition products under slow pyrolysis was measured by thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry (TG/MS). The composition of the pyrolyzates was analyzed in detail by pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) method. The influence of all applied catalysts was more pronounced on the plastic content of the sample than on biomass. The pyrolysis experiments revealed that the catalysts promoted the cracking reactions of the evolved hydrocarbons; furthermore, the formation of aromatic products was enhanced remarkably in the presence of all zeolite catalysts. Beta-zeolite and ZSM-5 catalysts were found the most effective in cracking hydrocarbons to gaseous products and in aromatization, while the highest CO2 formation was obtained by FCC from the biomass part of the studied waste mixture. NiMo catalyst promoted the H2 production from the plastic part; furthermore, slight aromatization and cracking effects were also observed.